枫香人工林枯落物和土壤层重金属含量的季节变化

对长沙市郊枫香人工林枯落物和土壤层重金属含量季节变化进行研究。结果表明:枯落物中Fe、Zn、Ni含量季节之间的变化差异性显著(P0.05),Mn、Cu、Pb、Cd元素含量季节之间的变化差异性不显著(P0.05);7种重金属元素含量在A、B、C层土壤之间差异性和每层季节变化之间的差异性都不显著(P0.05);枯落物与A层土壤重金属含量的季节变化正好相反,A层土壤重金属含量春季到秋季逐步增加,秋季达到最大值,冬季回落。     

桤木人工林细根与土壤养分含量季节动态变化

对桤木人工林细根、土壤养分含量的季节变化及其两者之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)桤木细根中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季高,春季最低;微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd含量冬季最低,春夏季较高.(2)土壤各层中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季最低,夏季最高;微量元素Mn、Zn含量在冬季最低,秋季最高;Fe、Ni、Pb、Cu、Cd含量在冬季最高,春秋较低.(3)细根和土壤中大量元素含量在冬季存在负相关关系,微量元素Fe、Ni、Cd含量在一年四季均存在显著负相关关系,Mn、Cu含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在负相关关系,Zn、Pb含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在正相关关系.     

桤木人工林根系—土壤复合系统养分含量的变化规律

对桤木人工林根系-土壤复合系统中大量元素、微量元素、土壤有机质含量和pH值等的季节动态变化进行了研究,结果表明:在桤木根系中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季最高,春季最低,微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd含量冬季最低,春夏季较高;土壤中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季最低、夏季最高,微量元素Mn、Zn含量在冬季最低、秋季最高,Fe、Ni、Pb、Cu、Cd含量在冬季最高、春秋较低;土壤有机质含量、pH值的季节动态变化与根系大量元素变化趋势保持一致;土壤各层有机质含量大小顺序为0～15 cm层、＞15～30 cm层、＞30 cm层,pH值大小顺序为＞15～30 cm层、0～15 cm层、＞30 cm层.     

苏南丘陵主要森林类型土壤微量元素含量及其动态特性

以苏南丘陵主要森林类型土壤为对象,分析测定了土壤中微量元素Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,B的全量和有效量.并对林木叶、枯落物和土壤微量元素的动态特性进行了分析.结果表明：该地区森林土壤全量B,Zn,Mn低于全国平均水平,属低B区;Fe,Mn,Cu全量较为丰富.有效态B,Mo,Cu含量很低,处于临界含量水平以下;有效2n含量稍高,有效Fe,Mn特别丰富.毛竹叶片对各微量元素有较为突出的富集作用;林木叶、枯落物和土壤微量元素的动态变化随林分类型和元素不同而异.与叶相比,土壤微量元素的变幅较大、枯落物是森林土壤微量元素的重要供应库.     

同林龄马尾松与湿地松幼树凋落物养分及能量动态

对福建省政和县杨源乡相似生境下5年生的马尾松、湿地松幼树凋落物生物量、热值及养分元素之间相关性进行研究。结果表明:除春季生物量为马尾松小于湿地松之外,马尾松幼林夏季、秋季、冬季凋落物生物量均高于湿地松幼林;不同养分元素的平均含量,两者的C含量差别不大,而N、P、Mg含量为马尾松大于湿地松,K含量除秋季马尾松小于湿地松外,其他三季马尾松均大于湿地松,Ca含量马尾松春季和冬季均小于湿地松,夏季和秋季均大于湿地松;两种造林树种不同季节的平均干质量热值,马尾松均高于湿地松;春季和秋季马尾松凋落物热值与C养分质量分数呈显著相关,与其他养分质量分数相关均不显著;春季湿地松凋落物热值与C质量分数呈显著的正相关。     

东北羊草草地土壤-植物间锌的动态研究

对东北羊草草地土壤-植物间锌含量的动态研究结果表明:土壤中全锌含量较低,有效锌含量中等,植物体不缺锌。在生长季各时期,全锌和有效锌含量在土壤剖面分布从上向下呈下降趋势,有效锌含量与有机质含量呈显著正相关而与pH值呈显著负相关。由于淋溶作用土壤深层含量增加。全锌各月平均含量变化在生长季呈“V”型曲线,7月含量最低;有效锌平均含量从5–8月与全锌相似,8月后则逐渐减少。羊草各器官及枯落物全锌和有效锌含量有很大变化,总的趋势是:根>根茎>叶>茎>枯落物;有效锌含量A层与B层的比值比全锌含量A层与B层的比值高2倍多,这说明A层土壤富集有效锌的能力强。羊草根部富集的锌含量平均为土壤有效锌含量的44.17倍。根部的吸收强度与土壤中锌的活性成显著负相关(r=-0.8800,p<0.01)。图5表1参23。     

杉木观光木混交林凋落物热值及灰分含量的季节动态分析

通过对福建三明 2 7年生杉木观光木混交林和杉木纯林凋落物的热值、灰分含量及其季节动态的分析表明 ,混交林中杉木凋落物各组分的干重热值介于 2 0 6 37～ 2 1 96 0kJ·g-1之间 ,观光木凋落物各组分干重热值介于 19 6 35～ 2 0 0 5 8kJ·g-1之间 ,杉木纯林凋落物各组分的干重热值介于 2 0 70 5～ 2 1 90 8kJ·g-1之间 ,各树种凋落物均以叶、花的热值较高 ,而果、枝的热值较低。观光木凋落物各组分的灰分含量高于杉木。杉木落叶灰分含量季节间变化均较小 ;而观光木落叶灰分含量的变化模式为 :夏季 >秋季 >春季 >冬季。杉木落叶干重热值和去灰分热值季节变化模式均为 :冬季 >秋季 >春季 >夏季 ,而观光木落叶则均为 :冬季 >夏季 >秋季 >春季     

京北山区人工刺槐水源涵养林主要养分元素含量特征分析

北京北部山区刺槐水源涵养林生态系统的总生物量(包括乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯落物层)为26 301kg/hm2。刺槐林不同器官中各养分元素的含量差异较大,在叶和枝中各养分元素的含量顺序相同,均是Ca>N>K>Mg>P;在干中的含量顺序是N>Ca>Mg>K>P;根系中的养分元素除Ca随着根系直径的增加呈升高的趋势外,其余的养分元素的含量随着根系直径的增加而降低。刺槐林生态系统5种养分元素的贮存量为514.90 kg/hm2,其中,乔木层中的养分贮存量占总贮存量的85.5%。若以各养分元素在生态系统生物层中的贮存量来计,则Ca的贮存量最大,P的最小,不同养分元素贮存量的顺序为Ca>N>K>Mg>P。     

青海高寒区4种人工林细根生物量及其养分储量变化特征

【目的】研究青海高寒区4种人工林的细根生物量及其养分储量时空变化特征,为该地区植被恢复和人工林经营提供理论依据。【方法】在青海高寒区选择白桦、青杨、华北落叶松和青海云杉4种典型人工纯林,2019年5—10月采集0～60 cm土层细根样品,测定细根生物量及其C、N、P含量,通过方差分析探究季节、树种和土层对细根生物量及其养分储量的影响。【结果】白桦、青杨、华北落叶松和青海云杉4种人工林0～60 cm土层的细根生物量分别为7.63、6.89、6.11和19.31 t·hm^-2,青海云杉林细根生物量显著高于其他林分(P<0.05)。各林分细根生物量季节差异显著(P<0.05),均表现为秋季>夏季>春季。细根生物量主要分布在表层土壤,0～20 cm土层占比超过68%,随土层加深呈指数型降低。阔叶林细根的养分含量高于针叶林,阔叶林生长表现出较高的养分需求。各林分细根C含量表现为秋季>夏季>春季,N、P含量总体表现为夏季显著低于春季和秋季(P<0.05)。细根C、N和P含量总体上随土层加深而减小。青海云杉林细根C、N、P储量在各季节均...     

桥板河小流域各种植被 类型下的土壤肥力特征研究

在板桥河小流域选择植被一土壤具有代表性的样地,对植被结构、生物量和枯落物层、土壤的物理、化学、微生物学性质进行了研究。结果表明:(1)该流域的各种植被类型中,以灌丛草坡的面积最大(占39.5％),现有森林多为幼林,结构较差;(2)各种植被下土壤的有机质、全N、速效K含量都较丰富,但有效P含量较低;不同植被类型的土壤养分状况具有明显的差别,其中以竹林土壤的养分元素含量最高,灌丛草坡的最低;(3)森林植被的土壤物理性质明显优于灌丛草坡和灌木林;不同植被类型下的枯落物层最大持水量在5.89～29.45t/ha,以竹林的枯落物层贮水量最大;(4)土壤酶活性和C/N值表明,竹林土壤中有机质分解状况最好,而灌丛草坡的最差;(5)不同植被生物生长量大小为:竹林>针阔混交林>阔叶林>灌木林>针叶林>灌丛草坡,结合土壤理化、微生物性状来看,该流域的森林植被的土壤均具有较高的肥力水平,而灌丛草坡的土壤肥力状况相对较差。     

抚育间伐对人工林凋落物分解的影响

抚育间伐是提高林分生产力的有效措施之一, 以往研究主要集中在间伐对凋落物分解速率、养分归还量以及对土壤肥力影响等直接效果方面, 而对间伐引起这些变化的原因涉及较少。文中主要综述了抚育间伐后凋落物性质、林下植被、林内小气候和土壤性质等的变化情况, 以及这些变化对凋落物分解的影响作用。     

马尾松两种林型土壤养分特征及其与凋落物质量的关系

【目的】研究土壤养分和地被层凋落物养分含量的差异,为马尾松人工林营林措施及地力维持提供科学依据。【方法】以鼎湖山两种典型林型(马尾松纯林和马尾松-黧蒴混交林)为研究对象,对比分析0~60 cm土层的土壤养分含量及地被层凋落物养分含量的差异,探索凋落物质量如何影响土壤养分。【结果】1)林型对土壤有机质、全氮和硫酸根含量有显著影响(P<0.05),对土壤全磷、交换性K+、Ca2+和Mg2+有极显著影响(P<0.01),混交林土壤养分含量(除硝态氮含量和交换性H+含量以外)均高于纯林。2)相同林型不同土层间土壤养分含量差异极显著(P<0.01),其中,土壤有机质和全氮含量随土层的加深而递减,且主要聚集在0~10 cm土层,表聚效应十分明显。3)纯林凋落物有机碳、全氮、C/N和全磷等含量高于混交林;相同林型不同分解层凋落物有机碳、全钙和全镁含量有显著差异(P<0.05),均表现为未分解层>半分解层>腐殖质层。4)土壤养分与地被层凋落物质量的RDA分析表明,0~10 cm土层土壤养分与腐殖质层有机碳呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与腐殖质层C/N呈显著负相关(P<0.05);在10~20 cm土层,土壤养分与腐殖质层有机碳呈极显著负相关(P<0.05)。【结论】纯林的土壤养分低于混交林的主要原因是纯林凋落物具有较高的C/N和有机碳含量。     

米槠人工林土壤微生物群落组成对凋落物输入的响应

全球气候变化显著影响森林凋落物数量,进而会对土壤微生物群落造成影响。本研究以亚热带米槠人工林为研究对象,探究不同凋落物量输入处理(凋落物去除、凋落物加倍、对照)下,森林土壤微生物群落组成的变化。结果表明:与去除凋落物相比,凋落物加倍后0~10 cm土壤铵态氮(NH4^+-N)、硝态氮(NO3^--N)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(AP)含量分别显著增加了30.30%、49.66%、12.77%和13.90%。与对照相比,凋落物加倍与去除处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)含量分别显著增加和下降(P<0.05),但凋落物加倍与去除处理间无显著差异。凋落物加倍处理下土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、革兰氏阳性菌[G(+)]、革兰氏阴性菌[G(-)]、放线菌(ACT)、真菌(F)丰度和总磷脂脂肪酸(TPLFA)含量分别比去除凋落物处理的土壤高68.35%、63.35%、82.65%、69.02%、40.56%和65.85%,而土壤革兰氏阳性菌与阴性菌比值、真菌与细菌比值则分别降低11.64%和26.67%。冗余度分析表明,铵态氮是影响该人工林土壤微生物群落组成的最主要环境因子。可见凋落物输入量变化改变了土壤养分有效性,进而显著影响了土壤微生物群落组成,这对进一步深入探究全球气候变化对亚热带森林土壤养分循环的影响具有重要意义。     

落叶松人工林土壤主要营养元素时空变异

运用经典统计学方法,对东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场落叶松人工林林地土壤主要营养元素时空变异进行研究。研究结果表明,随林龄的增加,土壤全N、全P、C元素含量及pH值均较1983年的观测值下降;C元素和pH值呈现随深度增加先增加后减小的变化趋势;全N呈现出随深度增加先减小后增加的变化趋势,水解性N表现出与全N相近似的变化趋势;全P呈现随深度增加而增加的变化趋势,速效P则表现为随深度增加先减小后增加的变化趋势;全K与速效K在深度方向上无显著变化;除C元素随观测月份的增加表现出积累作用外,其他各项土壤营养元素均表现出生长旺盛月份含量（或值）较低,其他月份含量（或值）较高的变化趋势;观测期内除pH值为弱变异外,其他各营养元素仅为中等变异,林地土壤均质性较好。     

土壤水分梯度对阔叶红松林结构的影响

2002年8月,在吉林省白河林业局红石林场(12755E,4230N),沿着一个山坡设置了一个长宽为112m8m、包含14个样方的样带。调查了群落结构、0-10cm和10-20cm的土壤含水量、枯落物现存量及其C、N、P含量,主要树种的叶片和枝条的C、N、P含量。沿着山坡的不同位置土壤含水量的不同导致阔叶红松林的群落结构发生变化。蒙古栎的比例随着土壤含水量的下降而逐渐升高,而其他主要阔叶树种则逐渐减少乃至消失。枯落物的水分变化趋势与土壤一致。在不同坡位枯落物的分解状况不同,干重差异显著。坡下枯落物含量较坡上的丰富,部分原因在于群落结构的变化。水分和养分含量的变化影响了枯落物的成分、降解及其养分的释放,进一步影响了林木的生长速度和林分结构并最终影响整个生态系统。图7表2参14。     

Nutrient cycling and distribution in different-aged plantations of Chinese fir in southern China

The distribution in tree biomass and understorey vegetation and annual biological and geochemical cycling of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were measured in young, middle-aged and mature plantations (8-, 14- and 24-years old) of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) in southern China. Although >98% of nutrients occurred in the soil, soil nutrient content decreased with plantation age. Nutrient outputs from the soil exceeded inputs in stands of all ages but the net soil nutrient loss increased significantly for N, P and Ca with plantation age. Comparison of nutrient fluxes showed that the smallest (and hence limiting for nutrient cycling) fluxes were litter decomposition in the young plantation in contrast to canopy fluxes (apart from for Mg) in the middle-aged and mature plantations. Nutrient use efficiency, release of nutrients from litter decomposition and nutrient return, particularly in litterfall, increased significantly with plantation age. These results suggest that, as stand age increases, nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantations is increasingly dominated by biological processes and becomes less dependent on external nutrient sources in rainfall and the soil. It therefore appears that prolonging the rotation length of Chinese fir plantations by approximately 5 years could be beneficial for maintaining the soil nutrient status for successive plantings.     

Nutrition and growth of wheat–sorghum rotation in soils amended with leaf litter of trees before planting of wheat

Nutrient release from plant residues can be manipulated as per crop demand through several approaches. A pot study was conducted to study the influence of incorporation of leaf litter of poplar (Populus deltoides), eucalypt (Eucalyptus hybrid) and dek (Melia azedarach) inoculated with cellulolytic fungus culture (Aspergillus awamori) on the nutrition and biomass of wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. PBW 343) in loamy sand and sandy loam soils. The residual effect of leaf litter after wheat harvest was studied on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, cv. Punjab Sudax Chari 1). The treatments consisted of a control (no leaf litter) and three uninoculated as well as inoculated leaf litter levels of tree species–0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% (w/w, dry weight basis). A uniform dose of N, P and K @ 50, 11 and 10 mg kg⁻¹ soil, respectively from inorganic fertilizers was applied to all the treated pots. Straw and grain yield, and nutrient content of wheat increased with increasing level of uninoculated or inoculated leaf litter in both the soils. The inoculated leaf litter augmented the yield and nutrient content of crop significantly (P < 0.05) as compared to the corresponding uninoculated treatments. Poplar and dek leaf litter produced higher wheat yield, plant nutrient content and available nutrients in soil after wheat harvest than eucalypt leaf litter. Dry matter yield of sorghum raised on residual fertility increased significantly with increasing levels of leaf litter application. The comparative responses in yield and nutrient content of crops were higher in loamy sand than in the sandy loam soil. The study shows the beneficial influence of use of cellulolytic microorganisms on enhancement in decomposition and nutrient release from litterfall of tree species.     

杨树人工林叶营养元素季节性变化的研究

对I-69杨和I-72杨2个杨树无性系人工林叶片营养元素的含量及季节性变化进行了研究,结果表明叶中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn的含量随季节的变化而发生显著的变化。各营养元素的变化幅度分别为82 6%、82 2%、84 9%、94 2%、90 4%、84 6%、79 1%和91 2%。2个无性系叶片中常量元素的含量及变化规律相近似,而微量元素的含量及变化呈现不同的规律。     

Alkalinity effects of different tree litters incubated in an acid soil of N.S.W., Australia

The impact of trees on processes involved in soil acidification is not clearly understood. This study has measured the cation and anion composition of leaf litter from 28 tree species including both indigenous species and those exotic to Australia, which varied widely in composition. The excess cation content was calculated and shown to be highly correlated with ash alkalinity, determined by ashing and titration. Calcium (Ca) was the dominant cation in these samples and was highly correlated with ash alkalinity. Four rates of ground litter samples were incubated with an acid soil and after eight weeks soil pH and extractable cations were determined. The pH was strongly influenced by the addition of litter, and the increase in pH was linearly related to the amount of ash alkalinity added. Extractable Ca in the soil was highly correlated with Ca added in the litter. A second property of litter measured was the ability of water extracts from the material to complex aluminium (Al). This was assessed by reacting leaf litter extract with Al solution under standardised conditions and measuring the uncomplexed (monomeric) Al using the 8-hydroxyquinoline 15 sec reaction. Species varied markedly in complexing ability. Using the two properties, complexing ability and ash alkalinity, a framework is developed in which the effects of different species on nutrient cycling and podzolisation processes in relation to soil acidification are discussed, and predictions compared with available evidence from field studies. This index for assessing the potential impact of the removal/addition plant material could be used to predict the long- term consequences of cut and carry agroforestry systems on soil chemical properties. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of vegetation and land use on soil fertility in Wutai Mountains of Shanxi Province

IntroductionSoilpropertiesdependonclimate,vegetationtypes,parentmaterials,landformandsoilderivedage(Bei-jingForestryCoIlege1982).VegetationpIaysasig-nificantroIeintheformationofsoiIparticuIarIyforthepropertiespfSurfBcesoil.PlantsabsorbselectivelynutrientfromsoilandbuiIdtheirbodies.ThenutrientpartofIitterdecomposedgradualIybymicrobeswouldraturntoground-TheroOtsystemOfplantaIsoplaysasignificantroleinsoiIproperties.EffectofpIantsonsoildependonthevegdstiontype,speciescomposi-tion,age,dens…