带状采伐毛竹林生产力变化规律

【目的】通过研究毛竹林带状采伐对其竹林恢复的影响，阐明不同处理样地内生物量分配差异，揭示林分生物量分配格局及年生产力动态变化，以期为评估伐后林分质量恢复水平提供理论基础。【方法】以8 m带宽采伐样地(SC)及其保留样地(RB)为研究对象，以传统经营毛竹林为对照(CK)，调查伐后5年不同处理样地毛竹各组分生产力及生物量积累规律，采用相关性分析对不同处理样地毛竹各组分生产力与土壤养分含量的关系进行研究。【结果】1)不同处理样地毛竹各组分生产力在发笋大年均表现为竹秆>竹蔸>竹根>竹枝>竹叶，在发笋小年表现为竹根>竹蔸>竹秆>竹叶>竹枝。2)伐后第1年SC的毛竹各组分生产力与RB和CK无显著差异；伐后3年CK的竹枝生产力显著高于SC和RB(P<0.05)；伐后5年RB的竹根生产力显著高于SC和CK，但竹蔸生产力显著低于SC和CK(P<0.05),SC地上生物量积累量(73 357.74 kg·hm^-2)达到CK(63 728.99 kg·hm^-2)水平。3)相关性分析发现，3种处理样地中新竹...     

不同方法施肥对毛竹竹笋产量和新竹质量的影响

为了探索可以达到毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)林丰产高效的最佳方法施肥。在大小年明显的毛竹笋竹两用林纯林中,选用有N、P、K三要素的肥料对毛竹林地开展不同方法施肥的施肥试验,结果表明:伐桩施肥、竹蔸施肥、开沟施肥这3种方法的毛竹竹笋产量、新竹的平均株数与不施肥比较,F值F_(0.01)(15)5.95,且P-value值0.01,均达到极显著差异;新竹平均胸径及平均全竹高在施肥后第2个春笋大年时才达到显著差异;伐桩施肥、竹蔸施肥、开沟施肥这3种方法施肥之间比较,效果最好的是竹蔸施肥,其次为伐桩施肥,开沟施肥最差。由此可见,在毛竹笋竹两用林的培育经营中,要获得竹材高产、经济高效,施肥的最佳方法是竹蔸施肥。     

竹腔(蔸)施肥对雪灾后毛竹林生长的影响

设置4种施肥方式:竹腔施毛竹增产剂BNP、竹蔸施尿素、竹腔施BNP+竹蔸施尿素、竹腔施植物生长调节剂GGR,不施肥为对照,试验研究了不同施肥方式对雪灾后毛竹林生长的影响。结果表明:毛竹竹腔(蔸)施肥,可以明显提高毛竹林立竹数和平均胸径,促进雪灾后毛竹林尽快恢复;连续施肥3年后,毛竹林立竹数和平均胸径分别较对照提高16.8%和5.6%。不同施肥方式比较,以竹腔施BNP+竹蔸施尿素效果最好,其次为竹腔施BNP和竹蔸施尿素,而竹腔施GGR则对毛竹胸径生长有明显的促进作用。这几种施肥方式均值得在生产中推广应用。     

毛竹向杉木林扩展过程中叶功能性状的适应策略

【目的】揭示毛竹和杉木叶功能性状变化规律,探索毛竹林扩展过程中毛竹和杉木叶片的适应特性和生存对策,为毛竹林合理调控与生态经营提供依据。【方法】沿毛竹向杉木林扩展方向设置3个10 m×50 m调查样带,每一样带平均划分为10个5 m×10 m样方,在每个样方内选取不同年龄的标准毛竹和杉木,选取叶片测定比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)及叶片中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,并计算其比值。【结果】1)毛竹与杉木比叶面积(除Ⅰ度竹)与毛竹比例呈负相关关系,干物质含量与毛竹比例呈正相关关系。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ度平均比面积分别为291、215、207、213 m~2·kg~(-1),平均干物质含量分别为0.38、0.40、0.42、0.42 g·g~(-1),均显著高于杉木(115 m2·kg~(-1)与0.34 g·g~(-1),P0.05)。2)Ⅰ度竹和Ⅳ度竹叶片N、P含量随着毛竹比例增加呈增加的趋势,Ⅱ、Ⅲ度竹和杉木叶片N、P含量呈降低的趋势。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ度竹平均叶碳含量分别为46.5%、46.1%、45.5%和46.0%,氮含量分别为27.6、22.3、21.7和20.8 g·kg~(-1),磷含量分别为1.6、1.4、1.2和1.2 g·kg~(-1)。其中,毛竹叶氮、磷含量显著高于杉木(分别为13.6和1.0 g·kg~(-1))。3)毛竹SLA,LDMC与叶C、N、P含量,C∶N,N∶P等性状之间存在显著或极显著相关关系。【结论】毛竹叶片具有比杉木叶片更高的SLA和叶N、P含量,且其向杉木扩展过程中,不同年龄毛竹的SLA,LDMC与叶C、N、P含量及C∶N,N∶P等叶功能性状采取的适应策略不同,具有互补效应,能够比杉木更有效地利用资源。     

毛竹林叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征的海拔梯度效应

毛竹是中国重要的经济竹种,区域上具有明显的垂直分布特点。为揭示毛竹林叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征的海拔梯度效应,为毛竹林科学的林分管理与土壤养分补充提供理论依据,测定了3个海拔梯度毛竹林叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,分析了其化学计量特征和异速增长关系。结果表明:随着立竹年龄的增大,毛竹林立竹叶片碳、氮、磷含量及N∶P均总体上呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P则总体上呈升高趋势,1度立竹叶片碳、氮、磷含量均显著高于2度、3度立竹,且后2者间碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量比均无显著差异。随海拔梯度的升高,毛竹林叶片碳含量略有降低,而氮、磷含量呈降低趋势,其中,中、低海拔叶片氮、磷含量显著高于高海拔,且前2者氮含量无显著差异,而磷含量差异显著;叶片C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均呈上升趋势,其中,中、低海拔叶片C∶N显著低于高海拔,中、高海拔叶片N∶P显著高于低海拔,叶片C∶P海拔梯度间差异显著,其他均无显著差异;不同海拔梯度毛竹林叶片碳、氮、磷间呈显著的正异速增长关系,随海拔梯度的升高,C-N、C-P异速增长指数显著下降,而N-P异速增长指数显著提高。研究表明,随海拔梯度的升高,毛竹林叶片氮、磷含量降低,利用率提高,P素限制性作用增强,建议在高海拔毛竹林经营中宜适当增加磷素的补充。     

毛竹林立竹伐数的确定与采伐更新的关系

毛竹属地下茎植物,分地上(竹子)和地下(竹鞭)两部分.地上部分形成一个由不同伐数竹株形成的一种异龄林;地下部分形成一个由不同鞭龄组成的错综复杂的鞭根系统.上下交差连在一起,互相依赖,循环增殖.但是,毛竹立竹的伐数与它的生活强度和更新能力有着密切关系.因此,正确区别立竹的伐数,对于合理采伐,进一步提高竹林生产潜力有着十分重要的意义.现就几年的观察资料,谈点粗浅看法.     

冰冻雪灾对黄山区毛竹林的损害及影响因子

研究安徽省黄山区2008年1月冰冻雪灾对毛竹林的损害及影响因子.结果表明:此次雪灾对毛竹林破坏严重,各类受损竹比例达45.8%,其中翻蔸竹13.9%,断裂竹9.4%,对竹林生态系统影响较大.从毛竹生物学影响因子看,年龄和胸径对受灾程度的影响不大;而从各林地状况因子与毛竹受灾程度的关系看,海拔、地形、坡向和立竹度对毛竹受损率影响显著,T检验P值分别为0.008,0.000,0.045和0.052,并呈现出不同的主要受损类型,经营状况和树种组成的影响程度不明显.     

风景竹林复壮技术

通过采取垦复、施肥、疏伐、挖竹蔸、劈山等措施对杭州宝石山景区毛竹林进行6a的复壮,已使立竹度渐趋合理,平均胸径明显增大,尤其是胡羊尾巴区块的毛竹林,其平均胸径从2.88cm上升至5.78cm.     

不同氮水平条件下油茶苗养分积累及化学计量特征

【目的】研究氮添加对油茶幼苗养分积累和主要大量营养元素含量、比值等计量特征的影响,为探究氮对油茶苗生长的影响机理及其与碳、磷等互作关系提供科学参考,同时可为油茶苗氮素养分管理提供理论依据。【方法】以油茶2年生实生苗为试验材料,设置0 mmol·L^-1(N0,CK)、5 mmol·L^-1(N1)、10 mmol·L^-1(N2)、15 mmol·L^-1(N3)、20 mmol·L^-1(N4)共5个氮浓度处理,开展盆栽试验。测定油茶苗各器官生物量和碳氮磷钾元素含量,计算养分累积量、养分利用效率和元素化学计量比。【结果】氮添加显著提升油茶体内N素含量,各器官N含量均在N3水平下达到峰值。随着氮水平的升高,根系C、P含量和叶片P含量呈下降趋势,叶片C和茎部C、P、K含量保持不变。中高浓度氮素(N3、N4)能促进油茶苗干物质和养分的积累,N4处理促进作用最大。氮浓度处理改变了养分的分配格局,随着氮水平的升高,根系养分占比下降,叶片养分比例升高。氮添加降低了N素利用效率,对P、K利用效率影响...     

毛竹和林下植被芒箕凋落物分解特征研究

[目的]探讨竹林与其林下植被凋落物叶之间相互影响的潜在机制,为合理经营管理毛竹林林下植被提供理论参考。[方法]采用原位分解袋法研究了四川长宁毛竹与林下植被芒箕凋落物叶分解和养分释放过程。[结果](1)芒箕凋落物叶初始C、N、P含量和羟基碳高于毛竹(P 0. 05),而C∶N、C∶P、烷基碳、氧烷基碳和芳香碳低于毛竹(P 0. 05)。(2)凋落物叶分解和养分释放速率芒箕整体高于毛竹,芒箕和毛竹分解常数(k)分别为0. 58±0. 03和0. 73±0. 02,C、N、P养分释放均表现为净释放。(3)凋落物叶混合对分解速率没有显著影响,但抑制了N、P元素整个分解周期和C元素中后期的释放。(4)凋落物叶分解过程中元素含量变化格局表现为C含量和C∶N比整体呈下降趋势,N含量和N∶P比有小幅上升,P含量有微弱的下降趋势,C∶P比呈波动性变化。(5)凋落物叶分解速率与土壤温度、初始凋落物叶N和P含量呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),与初始凋落物叶的C∶N和C∶P呈极显著负相关(P 0. 01),与土壤含水量相关不显著。[结论]单独分解过程中,毛竹凋落物叶分解速率低于林下植被芒箕,养分释放特征均表现为直接释放;混合分解过程中,毛竹和芒箕凋落物叶分解速率无显著混和效应,但养分释放的混合效应表现出一定负效应和不同阶段性。     

Decomposition of Pinus radiata coarse woody debris in New Zealand

The decomposition of Pinus radiata (D. Don) stems, coarse woody roots and stumps was studied in Tarawera forest, Bay of Plenty region, North Island, New Zealand. The study examined the residues from two thinning events with 6 and 11 years of decay. Changes in the mass of stems, and density of roots and stumps were used to estimate the decay rate constants using a single exponential model. The decay rate of stems was not significantly related to DBH and averaged 0.1374 year⁻¹ (22 years for 95% mass loss). The decay rate of coarse woody roots was not significantly different to stem decay and averaged 0.1571 year⁻¹ (19 years for 95% mass loss). A large range in stump decay rates was measured and a significantly lower decay constant was observed for stumps (0.1101 year⁻¹, 27 years for 95% mass loss), possibly due to the stumps being kept alive after felling through root grafting and a resistance to decay due to the presence of resin. The concentration of C remaining in stems and stumps increased with mass loss from 52% to 55% C after 11 years of decay. The C concentration in coarse woody roots initially increased but then declined near to the original level of 50% after 11 years of decay. Nitrogen concentrations increased substantially in all components with decay.     

Sprouting ability of two‐year‐old Betula pendula stumps exposed to different light intensities during five years

Altogether 1 080 two‐year‐old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) were planted in groups of 36 plants at aspacing of 20 x 20 Cm in spring 1983 on a nursery field at lat. 60° 15 N and long. 16°00 E. In spring 1984 all plants were cut with 10 cm high stumps and light screens were arranged on the stump groups. Relative ¡rradiance (RI) 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of full sunlight were used. After five growing seasons, all stumps exposed to 5 or 10% light intensity were dead, and 64–94% of stumps exposed to 25–100% RI were alive. 1.3–1.4 sprouts per living stump were living five years after cutting. The mean height of sprouts was highest on stumps exposed to 100% light. Also dry weights of leaves and sprouts, number of leaves per sprout, and leaf area were highest on stumps exposed to full sunlight. Stumps producting only one sprout five years after cutting have higher height and dry weight values than stumps with more sprouts. The biomass production per hectare and year for silver birch sprouts at a spacing of 0.2 m and with 90% survival was calculated as 5.4 tonnes. The biomass of leaves was 8.1 tonnes/ha/year five years after cutting.     

Decomposing stumps influence carbon and nitrogen pools and fine-root distribution in soils

Decomposing stumps could significantly increase soil resource heterogeneity in forest ecosystems. However, the impact of these microsites on nutrient retention and cycling is relatively unknown. Stump soil was defined as the soil fraction directly altered by the decomposition of the primary rooting system (e.g. taproots) and aboveground stumps. Study sites were located in mature hardwood stands within the Jefferson National Forest in the Ridge and Valley Physiographic region of southwest Virginia. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the total soil volume altered by the decomposition of stumps and underlying root system, (ii) compare and contrast total C and N, extractable ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃⁻), potentially mineralizable N, microbial biomass C (MBC), root length and root surface area between the bulk soil (i.e. O, A, B and C horizons) and stump soil and (iii) evaluate how nutrient concentrations and fine-root dynamics change as stumps decompose over time using a categorical decay class system for stumps. Potentially mineralizable N was 2.5 times greater in stump soil than the A horizon (103 mg kg⁻¹ vs. 39 mg kg⁻¹), 2.7 times greater for extractable NH₄⁺ (16 mg kg⁻¹ vs. 6 mg kg⁻¹) and almost 4 times greater for MBC (1528 mg kg⁻¹ vs. 397 mg kg⁻¹). Approximately 19% of the total fine-root length and 14% of fine-root surface area occurred in the stump soil. Significant differences occurred in C and N concentrations between all four decay classes and the mineral soil. This validated the use of this system and the need to calculate weighted averages based on the frequency and soil volume influenced by each decay class. In this forest ecosystem, approximately 1.2% of the total soil volume was classified as stump soil and contained 10% and 4% of soil C and N. This study illustrates that including stump soil in soil nutrient budgets by decay class will increase the accuracy of ecosystem nutrient budgets.     

Soil Amendment Effects on Growth and Sprouting Success in a Pennsylvania Northern Red Oak Stand on Extremely Acidic Soils

Abstract

On the Laurel Hill, anecdotal accounts reported coppice regeneration of oaks to be limited. Possible causes of poor sprouting success were large stump size, deer browsing, season of cutting and poor tree vigor. Our study site had been partially cut three years before this study to salvage some northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) which had died. We attempted to increase Q. rubra vigor, as measured by increasing basal area growth, with soil amendments of 6,600 kg/h dolo-mitic lime, 110 kg/h K2O equivalents and 220 kg/h P2O5 equivalents while accounting for other growth variables. The objective was to improve overall Q. rubra sprouting success by increasing vigor prior to harvest. The soil amendments increased soil available calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) and reduced available aluminum (Al). Foliar concentrations of Ca, Mg and K were increased. Basal area increment of treated Q. rubra trees increased by 10 percent and terminal elongation increased by nearly 100 percent. Two years after treatment, the trees were cut during the dormant season and all stumps were protected from deer browsing. After two years, 80 percent of the stumps had sprouted. No effect of lime and fertilizer on the sprouts was found.     

Infection of Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta stumps by basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum

Infection of Pinus contorta and Picea sitchensis stumps by basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum is extremely variable, both within and between sites, but in general P. sitchensis stumps are less sus-ceptible than those of P. contorta. Measurement of the cross-sectional area occupied by H. annosum on each stump provides a more sensitive test of species susceptibility than assessment of the proportion of stumps infected. P. sitchensis stumps become infected on a variety of soils but there is evidence to suggest that infection may be reduced by high rainfall. In some infected stumps, H. annosum is confined to the lower stump tissues. Its absence from the upper portion of the stump may be due to replacement by other micro-organisms or, alternatively, physical conditions in the upper stump tissues may prevent its continued survival after infection has taken place. In both species, but more commonly in P. sitchensis, some stumps remain alive for at least two years after felling, particularly on peat soils, due to the presence of root grafts with neighbouring trees. Results for P. sitchensis suggest that infection occurs more readily in living stumps than in those which die rapidly after felling. The viability of H. annosum basidiospore suspensions can be determined more accurately and more rapidly on a selective agar medium than on conifer stem sections.     

Effects of coppicing on the root and stump carbohydrate dynamics in birches

Whole birch stems were cut off in order to determine how coppicing affects root and stump starch, glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations and their correlation with shoot regeneration capacity. The Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth studied included intact trees, trees that had been coppiced 8 years earlier, trees coppiced at the beginning of the experimental season, and birches that had been coppiced twice, 8 years earlier and at the beginning of the experimental season. Carbohydrate accumulation differed between 8 years earlier coppiced and intact trees. Recent coppicing clearly decreased the starch and sugar concentrations of the roots, which were often highest in the thin roots. The concentrations of these compounds in the stumps were always low, although the carbohydrate concentrations of stumps, in particular, correlated with shoot regeneration capacity. Starch was the most labile of the carbohydrates measured and most clearly reacted to coppicing. Differences in starch- and sugar-reserve dynamics indicate a difference between these birch species in the use and replenishing of root and stump reserves. This information may also be of help when the effects of other stresses, for example, severe animal damage or burning, on the regrowth of young birch stands are estimated.     

Effects of Mounds and Stumps on the Root Architecture of Sitka Spruce on a Peaty Gley Restocking Site

Root systems from Sitka spruce trees planted at stump, awayfrom stumps and on mounds were extracted from a restocking site14 years after planting. Compass direction and diameter of allmain roots were measured and the position of the centre of diameter,a concept analogous to the centre of mass, was calculated. Themagnitude and direction of the centre of diameter from the stemcentre were used in the statistical analysis of root systemsymmetry. The presence of a stump close to the planting positionprevented the development of a uniform root system and causedconsiderable clustering of roots away from the stump. Root systemsof trees planted away from old stumps or on mounds were moreuniform, although there was enhanced root growth in the directionof the mound centre for those trees planted on the side of themound. The implications for tree stability are discussed andalternatives to planting close to stumps are suggested. Received 3 September 1990.     

Eucalyptus urophylla root growth, stem sprouting and nutrient supply from the roots and soil

Lack of information concerning root growth of trees limits our knowledge of plant development and fertilizer response. The objective of this work was to study root growth dynamics of an E. urophylla forest after harvesting and the supply of nutrients from the roots and the soil to the new sprouts originating from the stumps. About 7-year-old eucalypt trees were felled and the sprouts and roots were sampled at 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 330 days after harvesting. The roots were separated into fine roots (<1 mm), medium roots (1–3 mm), coarse roots (>3 mm), and taproot. Nutrient supply to sprouts from the old roots and the soil was calculated based on the change in nutrient content of the roots with time and accumulation of nutrients in the sprouts. Fine, medium and coarse root biomass increased with time after harvesting. However, the increase was more pronounced with fine roots. Between harvesting and day 60 of the new growth, all nutrients allocated to the sprouts, excluding potassium, were supplied by the soil. K was the nutrient most dependent on root reserves for the initial growth of sprouts. The contribution of the old roots to N, P, Ca, and Mg accumulation in the sprouts increased between day 60 and 120. At 330 days after harvesting, about 9.2, 23.9, and 12.6% of the N, K, and Mg, respectively, that had accumulated in the sprouts were supplied by the roots, while all P and Ca were supplied by the soil.     

Presence of Heterobasidion infections in Norway spruce stumps 6 years after treatment with Phlebiopsis gigantea

Natural colonization by the root and butt rot causing fungi Heterobasidion spp. on Norway spruce (Picea abies) stumps following thinning and treatment with the biological control agent Phlebiopsis gigantea was investigated on three sites in southern Sweden 6 years after treatment. The fully treated stumps and control stumps were excavated and sampled to compare the survival of Heterobasidion spp. in the long term. Six years post‐treatment, 47 and 11% of untreated and treated stumps, respectively, had Heterobasidion infection. There was no difference in the relative infected area in discs collected from the butt and the roots for the different treatments. Control efficacy was 83% for treated stumps. After 6 years, there were no apparent differences between the remaining infections in treated compared with those in untreated stumps regarding the number of colonies, their size or relative infection area. Although infections, 3 months after treatment with P. gigantea, were significantly fewer and smaller than in untreated stumps, Heterobasidion inoculum can survive for at least 6 years in the stump and, when it does, constitute a risk for neighbouring trees.     

Development of suckers by two‐year‐old birch (Betula pendula Roth) at different temperatures and light intensities

Two‐year‐old seedlings of Betula pendula Roth of three provenances were cut to stump heights of 0 and 10 cm. The birch stumps were exposed to different light levels (25–400 μEm^?2s^?1) and temperatures (6–24°C) for 100 days in climate chambers. Birches were also cut down to seven stump heights (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) and exposed to light intensity 25 and 200 μEm^?2s^?1 at 12/6°C for 100 days in climate chambers. In the third experiment 10 cm stumps of birch were exposed to different light intensities (10–400 μEm^?2s^?1) for 30 days in a greenhouse at 20°C. Starch content in root systems was analyzed before and after treatment. Ten stumps per treatment were used in the experiments except the third experiment where 15 stumps were used. The number of sprouting stumps was correlated with light intensity and temperature. None of the stumps exposed to 6 or 9°C produced suckers. At stump height 0 cm fewer sprouting stumps were produced than at 10 cm. The mean height of suckers was higher the higher the temperature both on 0 and 10 cm stumps. There were differences between provenances in height growth. The number of suckers per sprouting stump was not related to temperature or light intensity. Starch content in root systems of 10 cm high stumps was 4.0% compared with 14.7% in root systems of non‐stumped birch plants after 30 days in the greenhouse. Starch content decreased from 4.0 to 3.0% with decreasing light intensity (400–10 μEm^?2S^?1). The number of suckers and their mean height were correlated with starch content depending on light intensity.