Boundary conditions of morphodynamic processes in the Mura River in Slovenia

Many alpine gravel-bed rivers have been altered in the past due to human interventions. A typical transboundary alpine river in Central Europe flowing over Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary is the Mura River (length: 465 km, catchment area: 14,304 km²). The main problem of the river before leaving Austria is bed degradation (average 0.5 m from 1970 to 2000) as a combined consequence of river regulation works and the reduced sediment supply from the upstream reaches due to the construction of hydro power plants. River restoration measures for the river reach on the border between Austria and Slovenia (SLO–A Mura reach) were proposed in 2000 to support both ecological and flood protection purposes that apply the concept “of self-restoration”. In order to apply similar process-oriented restoration strategies in the Mura River downstream in Slovenia, we consider the potentials for self-forming river processes. We have analysed the sediment granulometry and morphology of the Mura River in Slovenia, and discussed morphodynamic processes to detect potential for the Mura River recovery into a more diverse morphological structure. The cross section area increased by 8% between 1979 and 2005 on average, mainly due to riverbed degradation. On average, the thalweg of the Mura riverbed in Slovenia had degraded by 0.28 m in the 1979–2007 period, with the highest degradation of 2.28 m in one cross section and some cross sections being stable. The high river degradation trend from the SLO–A Mura reach is slowly shifting to the downstream direction into the Mura River in Slovenia. Nevertheless, the clear downstream coarsening of river sediments turns into the normal trend of sediment fining in the Mura River reach in Slovenia. The “self-restoration” potential in the Mura River reach in Slovenia is larger than on the SLO–A Mura reach due to still active morphological fluvial processes. These processes can be enhanced by the inflow of fresh coarse sediments from the SLO–A Mura reach, where active measures for re-establishing sediment transport are under way. In the long term, this will not work as proposed, if no sediment inflow is re-established from the Mura headwaters in Austria.     

江河源区生物多样性问题研究

江河源区西部、南部、东南部和东北部都毗邻生物多样性中心,生态系统多样,物种较丰富。这种生物多样性是随着青藏高原的隆起而产生和发展起来的并以其环境为生存条件,因而比较独特,不乏特有种、珍禽异兽、名贵药材和受到国家保护的物种。全面了解江河源区特殊的生物多样性将有利于该区的生态环境保护和区内自然保护区的建设。     

基于Morlet小波的呼伦湖流域降水多时间尺度分析

利用Morlet小波分析方法对呼伦湖流域,海拉尔市、满洲里市、克鲁伦河水文站与乌尔逊河水文站的1961—2014年降水序列进行小波特征分析,根据降水序列多时间尺度分析结果,揭示呼伦湖流域多年降水变化特征。结果表明:（1）研究区年降水量的周期变化特征主要为,海拉尔市年平均降水存在6 a,11 a与27 a的主周期;满洲里市存在10 a,16 a与27 a的主周期;克鲁伦河存在7 a,13 a与28 a的主周期;乌尔逊河存在5 a,13 a,20 a与29 a的主周期。（2）通过对各序列枯水期的计算,预测海拉尔市与满洲里市将于2017年进入枯水期,克鲁伦河与乌尔逊河将于2019年进入枯水期;（3）预测显示呼伦湖流域在2018—2026年,呼伦湖流域降水减少,进入枯水期;在2027—2035年,呼伦湖流域的降水量充沛,进入丰水期。     

新安江、富春江区域水质变化的风险分析

通过收集整理10年的地表水环境监测资料，综合分析了钱塘江下游干流新安江和富春江区域的水质变化规律。应用斯毕曼秩次相关性检验、相关分析和方差分析，研究了两江流域内水质变化的趋势与联系，结果表明．两江流域内水质总体仍处于低风险水平，仅在部分区段和时段内出现个别项目超标。两江流域水质的主要胁迫因子均与社会经济活动有关，但尚未超出流域内环境容量容许范围，总体水质仍能满足功能区要求。说明通过合理控制污染排放，完全可能实现两江流域社会经济与环境保护协调发展。     

黄河流域与长江流域生态环境建设的差异与重点

在分析说明黄河流域和长江流域生态环境建设现代成就的基础上,比较了两流域生态环境建设的差异,对两流域生态环境建设的重点提出了一些看法。     

Effects of anthropogenic activities on the Lower Sakarya River

We investigate the effects of anthropogenic activities on the Lower Sakarya River. The impacts of dam, levee, and bridge constructions, sand-gravel mining activities and water withdrawals during the industrialization period of the Sakarya River Basin have been explored by analyzing flow, sediment and channel cross section data from different periods in time by comparing pre- and post-1975 periods. The year 1975 is roughly determined to be commencement of heavy human activities. Assessment of data shows that average annual flow is reduced by almost 20% after 1975. Due to increased regulations after 1975 flow became less variable, i.e. low-flows are increased and high-flows are reduced. Flow showed less variation with seasons during the post-1975 period compared to the pre-1975 period. Close inspection of precipitation and temperature patterns over the course of this period indicates that these changes in the flow regime cannot be attributed to natural causes and must be instigated by anthropogenic activities. Analyses of sediment data point toward a consistent reduction in sediment concentration and loadings with years in the Lower Sakarya River. Sediment rating curves developed for pre- and post-1975 exhibit a similar pattern. The impact of the anthropogenic activities on the river cross section is also examined by employing data from 1965, 2003 and 2006 at various points along the river profile. We found as much as 1 m aggradation at the thalweg elevation along the river profile starting from the river mouth up to the 12th km. Degradation in thalweg elevation is observed upstream of the 12th km, as much as 7 m at some locations. This research clearly undermines how human activities can alter the river hydrology and morphology. The adverse impacts of these modifications on the stream ecology in the Lower Sakarya River unfortunately remain unresolved.     

窟野河、孤山川、秃尾河 近期入黄泥沙及未来变化趋势分析

窟野河、孤山川、秃尾河三流域,是黄河中游多沙粗沙区的核心部分。三条河自1953年有观测资料以来,平均每年输入黄河的泥沙量为1.65亿t,其中粗沙量为0.89亿t。三条河各站1970年以来输沙量均为减少,其主要原因并非水土保持发挥了作用,而是由于降雨总量和降雨强度减少所致。神府煤田开发,至公元2000年平均每年将增加入黄泥沙量450万t。随着全球的增温,流域内的降雨量将会增加,植被的生境条件将得到改善,侵蚀产沙强度会随之减弱。但是,由于人口的增加,土地利用结构与垦殖指数都不会有明显的变化,所以流域的产沙不可能有大幅度的减少。     

引江济汉工程对汉江中下游生态环境影响

引江济汉工程作为南水北调的配套工程,将在改善汉江中下游生态环境方面发挥不可忽视的作用.基于河流水质模型及河流综合水质生态模型,从水文、水质、鱼类、藻类及血吸虫病传播等方面,论述了引江济汉工程的实施对汉江中下游生态环境的影响.研究结果表明:引江济汉工程在一定程度上提高了汉江中下游的水位和流量,降低了汉江中下游水体的污染物(COD)浓度,能够在一定程度上控制“水华”现象,改善鱼类的生存空间,但同时也存在造成血吸虫病传播的潜在风险.     

闽江赣江上游流域长时间序列NPP变化分析

闽江和赣江上游流域是闽赣水系的主要水源涵养区,其生态环境好坏直接关系到区域水资源可持续利用;而植被净初级生产力(NPP)对生态变化具有重要指示作用,因此有必要分析流域长时间序列NPP变化趋势及原因。通过对闽江和赣江上游流域NPP自1990年以来6期数据的模拟计算,结合DEM和实地考察,发现:(1)两流域NPP总体上都经历了一个快速增长期,且增长最快阶段均为1995—2000年,既得益于当地良好的水热条件,也与政策驱动有关;(2)NPP增长较快地带主要位于对自然破坏相对较少的高海拔山区和欠发达偏远地区;(3)闽江上游流域各期NPP值均高于赣江上游流域,且全流域普遍增长趋势较赣江上游流域明显,得益于其更丰沛的降水和更少的植被破坏;(4)闽江上游流域NPP增长相对持续稳定,赣江上游流域则经历了两次波动,应与城镇化等经济开发有关。     

Characterisation of river reaches: The influence of rock type

The characterisation of geomorphological, hydrological and ecological properties of river systems represents a popular and important research direction in fluvial studies, particularly with regards to contemporary international environmental legislation. Recent research has also drawn attention to the unique ecological value and high level of environmental threat associated with groundwater-fed catchments, emphasising the importance of underlying rock type in the development of river typologies. A standardised field method for assessing physical river habitat quality known as River Habitat Survey (RHS) has been developed in the UK and provides an extensive data set of surveyed river reaches. This paper uses information from the RHS database to explore the influence of rock type on reach-scale sedimentological and vegetation characteristics. A range of reach-scale indices are derived from the RHS database for analysis, supported by landscape variables which provide detail on the catchment context. River reaches were then classified into broad lithological groups which reveal statistically significant differences along two key gradients in environmental conditions: an energy gradient associated with stream power and sediment calibre which is inversely related to in-channel vegetation roughness, and a riparian vegetation gradient that also reflects the inverse relationship between instream and riparian vegetation cover. The results emphasise the differences in reach-scale geomorphological and ecological structure between groundwater-fed and surface water-fed catchments, supporting the inclusion of underlying reach lithology in the development of river typologies.