秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放时空动态分析

为了分析2000—2011年秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放的时空变化,研究根据省级温室气体清单编制指南,采用排放因子法,对秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放进行了估算。结果表明:秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放量自2000年的27.4 Gg CO2-eq增长到2011年的34.1 Gg CO2-eq,整体呈较平稳的增长趋势。在三类温室气体中,畜禽肠道发酵甲烷排放量所占比例最大,平均值为25.4 Gg CO2-eq;牛排放贡献率最大,占排放总量的62.4%。畜禽粪便管理甲烷排放量和畜禽粪便管理氧化亚氮排放量平均值分别为4.9 Gg CO2-eq和0.7 Gg CO2-eq;猪排放贡献率最大,分别占排放总量的76.7%和39.6%。秦皇岛市畜禽温室气体排放在空间分布上呈现较为明显的集聚特征,主要集中在昌黎县、抚宁县和卢龙县。     

南阳市畜禽温室气体排放量评估

为了对南阳市畜禽规模化养殖的温室气体年排放量进行定量估算,试验以跨政府气候变化委员会(IPCC)温室气体(GHG)清单指南和最新文献资料公布的各类畜禽温室气体排放量数据为依据计算温室气体排放参数,并计算了畜禽温室气体甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)排放量。结果表明:甲烷的年排放总量是2.58×108kg,氧化亚氮的年排放总量是2.74×107kg,其中生猪的甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量分别占甲烷、氧化亚氮总排放量的64.03%、70.99%,生猪的粪便源甲烷排放量占总粪便源甲烷的93.10%;年甲烷当量排放量为5.42×106kg,氧化亚氮为8.49×106kg。说明规模养殖生猪是畜牧业温室气体排放的关键排放源,其中生猪养殖的粪污处理环节又是养殖业温室气体减排工作的重心。     

内蒙古地区家畜温室气体排放量估算研究

采用《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单编制指南》提供的计算方法,估算了内蒙古自治区2007~2011年5年间畜禽养殖温室气体排放量。结果表明:甲烷年均总排放量为758.29Gg,其中,畜禽肠道发酵年均总排放量为696.60Gg,占总排放量的91.86%,畜禽粪便管理系统的甲烷平均总排放量为61.69Gg,占甲烷总排放量的8.14%。各类家畜甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量依次递减为:反刍动物猪马驴骡,其中反刍动物甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量占年均总排放量的92.82%和86.44%。结论得出:内蒙古连续5年畜禽养殖温室气体的排放量来看,有总体下降的趋势。     

青岛地区奶牛温室气体排放估算

畜牧业是农业温室气体的主要排放源,本文采用《低碳发展及省级温室气体清单编制培训教材》提供的计算方法,估算了青岛市2009~2014年奶牛养殖温室气体排放量。结果表明:青岛市年均奶牛肠道发酵甲烷、粪便管理甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量分别为10376.7t、981.1和243.3t。应结合青岛地区奶牛温室气体排放特点,尽快开展温室气体减排技术研发,提出温室气体减排策略,从而推动奶牛养殖业的健康可持续发展。     

青岛地区猪温室气体排放潜力

畜牧业是农业温室气体(Greenhouse Gas,GHG)的重要来源。根据青岛市2011-2016年猪饲养量,按照《低碳发展及省级温室气体清单编制培训教材》提供的计算方法,评估了青岛市2011-2016年猪GHG排放潜力。结果表明:青岛市年均猪肠道发酵甲烷、粪便管理甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量分别为2 139.68 t、10 869.58 t和374.44 t;2013年猪GHG排放量最高,为50.76万t(CO_2-eq);2013-2016年呈下降趋势,降幅22.91%。应结合青岛地区猪GHG排放特点,尽快开展减排技术研究,提出猪GHG减排策略。     

基于IPCC排放系数估测主要畜禽甲烷温室气体排放量

为了解我国畜禽养殖甲烷温室气体排放情况,以31个省市主要畜禽出栏数和年末存栏数为统计基数,根据畜禽甲烷排放系数,估测全国主要畜禽甲烷温室气体排放情况。结果表明, 2016年全国主要畜禽猪、牛、羊和家禽甲烷温室气体排放总量为2 500×10~4 t,其中肠道发酵甲烷排放量为1872.8×10~4 t,粪便管理甲烷排放量为627.2×10~4 t,分别占74.9%和25.1%;肠道发酵甲烷排放量最多的为牛,粪便中甲烷排放量最多的为猪;猪和牛甲烷排放量占80%左右。     

利用IPCC法分析湖南省畜禽养殖业温室气体排放趋势

本文旨在探明湖南省2001-2011年畜禽甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放量的历史变化。该研究跟据政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC,2006年）公布的畜禽养殖业温室气体排放系数和计算方法,结合我国的统计数据,估算了湖南省2001-2011年温室气体的排放总量。研究结果表明：湖南省猪、牛、羊CH4和N2O排放总量呈现先上升,后下降,最后趋于平衡的趋势,从全国畜禽生产的CH4和N2O排放情况来看,湖南省养殖业温室气体排放量一直居中国前列。     

养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素及减排措施

21世纪以来温室气体大量排放造成的全球气候变暖已经引起了全世界的高度重视,如何减少二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、一氧化二氮(N2O)等温室气体(GHG)的排放,减缓温室气体带来的全球气候变暖已经成为亟待解决的战略性问题。养殖业温室气体的排放量,约占全球温室气体排放总量的18%,寻找有效途径减少温室气体排放迫在眉睫。本文主要从养殖场管理模式和粪污处理、不同家畜种类及其饲料组成,以及反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控等三方面阐述养殖业温室气体排放的影响因素,并据此提出温室气体减排措施。     

青岛地区猪温室气体排放量评估

畜牧业是农业温室气体(GHG)的重要来源。通过开展青岛市猪GHG气体排放量估算与评价,结果表明:青岛市2013-2016年猪肠道发酵甲烷、粪便管理中产生的甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量分别为2 076.00_t、10 546.10_t和363.30_t;2013年猪GHG排放量最高,为50.76万吨二氧化碳当量(CO_2-eq),2013-2016年呈下降趋势,降幅22.91%。应结合青岛地区猪GHG排放特点,尽快开展减排技术研究,提出猪GHG减排策略。     

我国猪肉产业发展及温室气体排放量估算

生猪养殖业温室气体排放控制的重要性已日益凸显。本文描述了2001—2012年期间我国猪肉产业生产、消费和贸易进展,估算了各年度我国各省份生猪养殖业肠道发酵甲烷、猪粪便管理甲烷、猪粪便管理氧化亚氮排放量及其二氧化碳等值。得出的结论表明:我国猪肉产业温室气体排放量年均递增2.15%,低于猪肉产量年均2.48%的增长率;从整体上看,我国生猪养殖业正向环境友好型方向转变;生猪养殖业温室气体排放区域的集中度高于猪肉产量区域集中度,生猪主产区温室气体排放控制的任务较重。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein