河南地区花生一年两熟方法研究

为较好地解决花生新品种繁殖系数低、推广速度慢的技术难题,笔者通过对几种河南地区花生一年两熟方法的研究和比对,得出河南地区花生一年两熟的可行性,并挑选出最佳的播期和种植方式。试验选用普通型大果品种‘豫花9326’和珍珠豆型小果品种‘远杂9307’为试验材料,利用大棚、双拱棚、地膜覆盖3种方式,研究两季不同播期组合,对河南地区花生一年两熟效果的影响。试验结果表明:3种方式均能达到河南地区花生一年两熟的效果,全年繁殖系数在23.85~226.51之间。其中以第一季双拱棚种植、第二季6月25日播种繁殖系数最大,达179.14;第一季地膜种植、第二季6月25日播种繁殖系数最小,仅37.46。第一季种植最佳时期,大棚、双拱棚种植应在3月下旬为宜,地膜覆盖应在4月初,第二季播期应在6月底。结果证明,3种方法均可达到在河南地区一年两熟的效果,但相比较而言,双拱棚的可操作性和效果更好。     

四川地区彩色花生一年两熟种植时期研究

为解决四川花生新品种繁育加代慢、鲜食花生供应周期短的问题,试验探究了四川地区花生一年两熟的可行性。试验以‘蜀花1号(SH1)’、‘蜀彩花1号(SCH1)’、‘蜀彩花2号(SCH2)’3个彩色花生品种为材料,在四川攀西仁和试验基地对其在全年不同月份播种的生长发育状况、产量相关性状及繁殖系数进行了研究。结果表明：各个品种自身产量最高的种植时期有所不同,但时期差异不大,种植时间对各品种生长性状和产量性状均产生显著性影响,在1—9月播种期间出苗率、成熟株高、单株结果数、繁殖系数呈现先升高后降低的表现趋势,生育期则与之相反,因积温过低等气候条件限制,10—11月播种3个品种均未结果。进一步分析发现：5月播种‘SCH1’的单季繁殖系数为试验最高值,加权平均计算结果显示,3月播种‘SH1’和‘SCH2’时的全年繁殖系数最高,1月播种‘SCH1’的全年繁殖系数最高,最适宜一年两熟种植。结果证明：在攀西地区进行花生一年两熟种植可行,尤其是使用生育期较短的品种效果更好,可延长四川地区鲜食花生供应时长,同时为四川花生新品种本地快繁加代提供可能。     

大棚冬蔬菜茬鲜食玉米一年三熟栽培技术

近年来 ,地处苏北姜堰市大地农业科技园研究示范的大棚冬季蔬菜茬鲜食玉米一年三熟新型种植模式 ,使该三熟玉米均错开了大面积露地玉米上市季节 ,经济价值较高。鲜食玉米年总产量达 3 .75万ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 左右 ,产值 3 .5万～ 5万元 /ｈｍ2 。其主要栽培技术如下 :1　第一熟春玉米栽培品种为沪玉糯 1号 ,2月上旬播种 ,5月底 6月初采收 ,产量指标为 1 .5万ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 。双棚育苗。⑴播种 :在大棚内采用营养钵育苗 ,大田制足营养钵 7.5万只 /ｈｍ2 ,营养钵直径 8～ 1 0ｃｍ。于 2月初播种 ,盖种后苗床上搭小拱棚增温防冻。⑵苗床管理 :播后增温保…     

不同播期对甬优6号生育期、产量及构成因素的影响

2006年晚季在福建省上杭县南阳镇南阳村沙下坪塅进行了籼粳杂交稻甬优6号不同播种期试验,试验采用随机区组设计,分5期播种.试验结果表明,甬优6号为中熟偏感光组合,同一地区不同时期播种,其出穗期变化辐度小,而生育日数的变化辐度大,对产量及其构成因素影响也大.联系南阳镇耕作实际,甬优6号作烟后稻种植时,宜选择6月10日左右播种,这样对烤烟和水稻生产均有利;甬优6号作晚稻种植时,宜选择6月15～20日播种且要因地制宜适当早播.     

不同播期对超级稻双季早稻产量结构的影响

为摸清超级稻种植气候生态适应性,合理利用气候资源、合理安排播种期,减轻农业气象灾害对益阳地区双季超级早稻生产的影响, 以株两优819为试验材料,在益阳市赫山区连续2年进行分期播种试验,分析不同播期产量结构差异性及产量与气候条件之间的关联。结果表明：连续2年均以第三播期产量最高,不同气候年景下,超级稻产量年际变幅增加;超级稻双季早稻全生育期随着播期延后而缩短,不同播期超级稻双季早稻的差异主要体现在生殖生长阶段;总粒数与拔节至孕穗期间日平均气温≤22℃的天数呈负相关;乳熟至成熟期间日最高气温≥35℃持续日数是否超过5d可作为高温是否对其造成明显影响的临界指标。通过分期播种试验并结合气象资料分析,益阳地区超级稻双季早稻适宜播种时间为3月下旬后期至4月上旬。     

花生一年两熟地膜覆盖增产增效研究

为增加农民的经济收入,进行了一年两熟花生地膜覆盖增产增效研究。结果表明,鲜食花生第1季、第2季667m2产量分别为563.2kg和437.2kg,两季净产值合计为6 172.8元/667m2。     

不同播期对超级稻早稻产量结构的影响

为摸清超级稻种植气候生态适应性,合理利用气候资源、合理安排播种期,减轻农业气象灾害对益阳地区双季超级早稻生产的影响,以‘株两优819’为试验材料,在益阳市赫山区连续2年进行分期播种试验,分析不同播期产量结构差异性,分析产量与气候条件之间的关联。结果表明:连续2年均以第三播期产量最高,不同气候年景下,超级稻产量年际变幅增加;超级稻双季早稻全生育期随着播期延后而缩短,不同播期超级稻双季早稻的差异主要体现在生殖生长阶段;总粒数与拔节至孕穗期间日平均气温≤22℃的天数呈负相关;乳熟至成熟期间日最高气温≥35℃持续日数超过5天可作为高温对其造成明显影响的临界指标。益阳地区超级稻双季早稻适宜播种时间为3月下旬后期至4月上旬。     

贵州低热地区果菜地膜加小拱棚栽培技术

地膜加小拱棚栽培,就是在地膜覆盖的基础上,再加小拱棚覆盖的栽培方法,它可以提高地温、气温,促使土壤养分的转化,增加土壤温度,促进植株生长发育,提早蔬菜上市期,防止自然灾害,提高产量,增加产值。经1986年以来的试验、示范及推广,在我省低热地区,对茄子、辣椒,番茄、豇豆、四季豆、黄瓜、南瓜等果菜类蔬菜的早熟栽培,效果特别好。罗甸县上述几种果菜地膜加小拱棚栽培,比地膜覆盖栽培提早上市20～35天,亩产值达1352～1595元,比地膜覆盖栽培产值增加74～103％。1986～1991年全县累计种植面积     

开封地区不同类型高油酸花生最适播期研究

为了确定开封地区不同类型高油酸花生最佳播种时期,更好地促进高油酸花生种植,以3个高油酸花生品种为材料,设置7个播种时期,调查了不同播期花生的农艺性状、产量和产量构成因子。发现随着播期推迟主茎高和侧枝长先升高后降低,出仁率和百果重表现为先升高后降低,且相邻播期处理间存在显著性差异。5月18日播种,3个品种的千克果数和千克仁数最低,出仁率、百果重和产量最高,分别为6235.5kg/hm²、6241.5kg/hm²和6139.5kg/hm²,较其他播期增幅分别为11.68%～47.12%、15.72%～45.29%和0.91%～48.36%。综合考虑农艺性状、产量及产量构成因子,开封地区露地平播种植模式下油酸花生的最适播期为5月18日左右,小果品种开农1760在5月18日至6月7日范围内越早播种产量越高,最迟不应晚于6月7日。     

花生赶茬种植技术

花生是民权县的主要经济作物,栽培方式主要以春种地膜覆盖为主,占花生种植面积的95％以上。一般在5月1日前后播种,9月下旬或10月初收获。为了探索花生田增收的途径,2009—2011年民权县农技站利用油料倍增项目连续三年进行花生赶茬种植技术试验与示范,每667m2年平均增收600元以上,现将主要种植技术介绍如下。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.