盐碱地土壤养分的空间变异及合理取样密度研究

本研究以东营市河口区新户土地开发项目二期为研究区,运用经典统计法和地统计分析相结合的方法,对土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮等养分以及土壤全盐的空间变异性质进行研究,并对不同采样密度下有机质的空间插值结果进行分析比较,用均方根误差和相关系数检验不同密度下的插值精度,以确定盐碱地有机质的合理取样密度。结果表明,研究区速效钾的变异系数为18.4%,属于低等程度的变异;有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、土壤全盐的变异系数在57.4%~76.9%之间,属中等程度变异。研究区的各种土壤属性均具有较好的空间结构,表现出一定的空间自相关性。有机质和速效钾的空间变异性主要影响因素与成土母质、土壤类型、气候条件等有关,而碱解氮、速效磷、土壤全盐的空间变异性与耕作方式及农业生产中施肥等有关。随着采样点密度的增加,克里格插值精度提高,适当减小样点密度可以满足插值分析的需要,充分考虑土壤养分空间变异评价的精度分析,确定研究区土壤有机质合理取样数为111个,合理取样单元为48 hm~2,合理取样间距为692 m。     

黑土区小流域土壤速效磷空间分布模拟方法

为探索东北黑土小流域土壤AP空间分布模拟的最佳方法,综合考虑区域尺度、景观格局和采样方法等信息,选取两个典型黑土小流域(光荣和海沟河流域)作为研究对象,结合半变异分析、回归分析、主成分分析等方法,比较了不同空间插值方法(反距离权重法、径向基函数法、普通克里格、协同克里格、多元线性回归模型、地理加权回归模型、回归克里格和地理加权回归克里格)对AP空间模拟精度的影响。结果表明:(1)引入主成分分析后能够提高回归克里格和地理加权回归克里格方法的模拟精度(4.5%和2.4%);(2)地理加权回归克里格方法可以作为最优空间插值方法模拟黑土区小流域AP的空间分布格局。地理加权回归克里格方法相较于传统插值方法能在一定程度上提高黑土小流域土壤AP空间模拟精度,为小流域尺度黑土养分管理提供技术支撑。     

县域农田土壤养分空间变异及合理样点数确定

以武功县为例,应用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,对土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮等土壤养分空间变异特征进行研究,并对不同采样密度下有机质的空间插值结果进行分析比较,用均方根误差和相关系数检验不同密度下的插值精度,以确定县域有机质合理采样数。研究结果表明:各土壤养分均存在中等强度空间变异,土壤养分变异系数的顺序是速效磷速效钾有机质碱解氮。各土壤养分均存在正的基底效应,其中,有机质和速效钾的空间变异性受人为因素影响较小,控制其空间变异性的主要因素与成土母质、土壤类型、气候条件等有关。而碱解氮和速效磷的空间变异性受人为因素影响较大,控制其空间变异性的主要因素与耕作方式及农业生产中施肥等有关。随着采样点密度的增加,克里格插值精度提高,适当减少样点数可以满足插值分析的需要,充分考虑土壤养分空间变异评价的精度分析,确定县域土壤有机质合理采样数应控制在2213个以上,即最大以17.8 hm2为一个采样单元。     

基于地统计学的高原县域耕地土壤养分最优插值方法研究

选择适宜区域土壤属性特征的空间插值方法是高效揭示土壤养分空间分异的基础。以地处青藏高原与黄土高原过渡区的甘肃省临夏县为案例区,利用该县2007年农业部测土施肥采集的5 475个样点数据,以及地统计学的交叉验证和样点验证两种评价方法,筛选出适合研究区耕地土壤养分(有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾)分布预测的高效插值方法。从交叉验证结果来看,有机质和碱解氮采用析取克里格插值精度较高,而有效磷和速效钾分别采用普通克里格和简单克里格插值精度较高。从样点验证结果来看,有机质和速效钾分别以析取克里格和简单克里格插值精度较高,这也与交叉验证相吻合;而碱解氮和有效磷分别采用简单克里格和泛克里格插值精度较高,与交叉验证结果并不一致。由于交叉验证是具有一定"欺骗性"的自我验证,本研究认为基于样点验证的精度评价方法更可靠,因此临夏县耕地碱解氮和有效磷适宜的插值方法分别为简单克里格和泛克里格。     

耕地养分空间插值技术与合理采样密度的比较研究

土壤养分连续空间分布数据是土壤信息系统工作的基础,土壤养分空间插值的研究因此变得尤为重要。对湖北省鄂州市进行土壤养分采样调查,以对作物生长作用较为密切的有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、pH为研究对象,运用克里格法(Kriging)、样条函数法(Spline)、距离权重倒数法(IDW)3种插值方法对数据进行栅格化处理,分析比较3种插值方法所得结果的特性以及对耕地养分数据插值的适宜性。通过调整空间采样点密度,比较几种空间采样密度对插值结果的影响,总结3种插值方法在不同空间尺度下的插值精度,并在不同土壤类型内进行不同采样密度的插值分析。     

植烟土壤有效态微量元素空间变异特征

基于GIS和GPS定位技术,结合网格取样,用地统计学方法研究了褐土烟区土壤有效态微量元素养分(速效Fe、速效Mn、速效Cu、速效Zn)的空间变异规律,并绘制了微量养分空间分布图。结果表明:土壤速效微量养分在整个研究区内均表现出中等变异水平,其变异性大小表现为:速效Zn速效Mn速效Cu速效Fe。除速效Mn外,其他微量元素都表现出很强的空间结构性,速效Cu、Zn变程较短,分别为182m和175m,速效Mn变程较长为850m。基于半方差函数模型,用普通克里格法对研究区土壤速效微量养分进行了克里格插值,结果表明:速效Fe在研究区内普遍缺乏,速效Mn、速效Cu含量中等偏高,而速效Zn含量在整个研究区表现出明显的差异性。     

基于RBF神经网络的土壤重金属空间变异研究

本文采用径向基函数神经网络(Radial Basis Function Neural Network,RBFNN)预测太原市晋源区表层土壤中重金属Cr、Cd、Hg的空间变异,并与普通克里格(Ordinary Kriging)插值结果进行对比分析,以选择更合适的土壤重金属空间插值方法。研究结果表明:1)在拟合RBFNN模型过程中,选择合适的spread散布常数可以使模型达到最优,研究区域土壤Cr的最优散布常数为0.08,Cd的最优散布常数为0.10,Hg的最优散布常数为0.14,这组散布常数对于局部区域农田土壤重金属插值模拟有一定的参考意义。2)RBFNN方法与Ordinary Kriging方法对区域重金属浓度分布的预测趋势一致,土壤Cd含量在区域中部较高,尤其是从东北方向到西南方向的轴线上较高,向两侧形成扩散递减趋势;土壤中Cr含量总体分布趋势也是中部较高,其他区域相对较低;土壤Hg含量在区域东北部较高,由东北方向到西南方向浓度逐渐递减。且土壤重金属在区域中的分布与当地的污染源分布相对应。在样本数有限的情况下对土壤重金属进行空间变异研究时,RBFNN方法比Ordinary Kriging方法的预测精度更高更有效。     

不同尺度下土壤养分空间变异特征的研究

在不同取样尺度下采集了农田土壤样品并测定土壤有机质、全N和有效P含量，研究不同尺度下地统计学方法对土壤养分空间变异分析的适用性和空间插值质量。研究结果表明，大比例尺下土壤有机质含量、有效P含量、全N含量的分布呈正态分布，在中小比例尺下呈现轻微偏态分布。各养分空间变异系数存在明显空间变异(C．V.介于17％—27％之间)，大比例尺下，空间变异较小；中小比例尺下，空间变异程度大(C.V.和峰度值较小)。在各种尺度下，土壤养分均存在典型的半方差结构，表明在各种取样比例尺下采用地统计学方法进行土壤养分空间变异分析都是可行的。在大中比例尺下，各养分块金系数介于0．28—0．38之间，表明土壤养分具有明显空间自相关；而在小比例尺下，块金系数介于0—0．17之间，表明土壤养分具有强烈空间自相关，其中有机质含量具有恒定的空间自相关(块金系数为0)，有效P含量的空间自相关程度相对较弱；空间插值和交互检验结果表明，球状模型空间插值结果与实测结果符合性很好，交互检验均达到极显著水平。在小比例尺下其估计比大比例尺下精度更高。不同养分的空间预测结果质量不尽相同，土壤有机质含量空间预测符合度最高。     

梁子湖湿地土壤养分的空间异质性

2003年10月利用地统计学方法对梁子湖湿地保护区内一块63.9km2区域的土壤养分的空间变异进行了研究。以400m400m的网格采集了101个表层(015cm)土壤样品。分析结果表明,土壤养分有较大的空间变异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮变异系数分别是36.0%、30.6%1、3.7%和29.3%;速效磷的变异系数最高为50.4%。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷的理论模型均为球状模型。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮具有中等空间自相关性,随机变异分别是68.5%、68.3%、75%和71.5%;速效磷的自空间相关性较弱,变异为82.4%。5种养分的空间自相关距离比较接近,变程在2853m～963m之间。通过克里格插值进行土壤养分空间插值制图显示,土壤养分表现出空间分布的相似性。     

采样尺度对土壤养分空间变异分析的影响

以高密度土壤养分采样数据为数据源,通过随机抽取生成不同采样尺度的样点数据,分析采样尺度对土壤养分空间变异特征分析的影响。研究结果表明:区域土壤养分预测均值随采样尺度减小呈下降趋势,而变异系数增加;养分空间分布的全局趋势随采样尺度增大而增强,但不影响半方差模型;当采样尺度较大,样点间自相关较弱时,相对较少的样点也能满足区域统计参数估测分析需要,但不能用于空间变异特征和插值分析;当样点数大于最佳采样数时,养分统计参数、空间变异特征和插值分析随着采样尺度减小而精度提高,当采样尺度达到0.2左右时,能够满足中等空间变异的土壤养分空间插值分析需要;样点空间布局对相关距和空间插值分析精度的影响比采样尺度本身更为显著。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.