Biogeochemical Cycle of Mercury and Methylmercury in Two Highly Contaminated Areas of Tagus Estuary (Portugal)

Mercury (Hg) dynamics was evaluated in contaminated sediments and overlying waters from Tagus estuary, in two sites with different Hg anthropogenic sources: Cala Norte (CNOR) and Barreiro (BRR). Environmental factors affecting methylmercury (MMHg) production and Hg and MMHg fluxes across sediment/water interface were reported. [THg] and [MMHg] in solids (0.31–125 μg g^?1 and 0.76–201 ng g^?1, respectively) showed high variability with higher values in BRR. Porewater [MMHg] (0.1–63 ng L^?1, 0.5–86% of THg) varied local and seasonally; higher contents were observed in the summer campaign, thus increasing sediment toxicity affecting the sediment/water Hg (and MMHg) fluxes. In CNOR and BRR sediments, Hg availability and organic carbon were the main factors controlling MMHg production. Noteworthy, an upward MMHg diffusive flux was observed in winter that was inverted in summer. Although MMHg production increases in warmer month, the MMHg concentrations in overlying water increase in a higher proportion compared to the levels in porewaters. This opposite trend could be explained by different extension of MMHg demethylation in the water column. The high concentrations of Hg and MMHg and their dynamics in sediments are of major concern since they can cause an exportation of Hg from the contaminated areas up to ca. 14,600 mg year^?1 and an MMHg deposition of up to ca. 6000 mg year^?1. The results suggest that sediments from contaminated areas of Tagus estuary should be considered as a primary source of Hg for the water column and a sink of MMHg to the sedimentary column.     

Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes—A Review

The upper Great Egg Harbor River watershed in New Jersey’s Coastal Plain is urbanized but extensive freshwater wetlands are present downstream. In 2006–2007, studies to assess levels of total mercury (THg) found concentrations in unfiltered streamwater to range as high as 187 ng/L in urbanized areas. THg concentrations were <20 ng/L in streamwater in forested/wetlands areas where both THg and dissolved organic carbon concentrations tended to increase while pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nitrate decreased with flushing of soils after rain. Most of the river’s flow comes from groundwater seepage; unfiltered groundwater samples contained up to 177 ng/L of THg in urban areas where there is a history of well water with THg that exceeds the drinking water standard (2,000 ng/L). THg concentrations were lower (<25 ng/L) in unfiltered groundwater from downstream wetland areas. In addition to higher THg concentrations (mostly particulate), concentrations of chloride were higher in streamwater and groundwater from urban areas than in those from downstream wetland areas. Methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in unfiltered streamwater ranged from 0.17 ng/L at a forest/wetlands site to 2.94 ng/L at an urban site. The percentage of THg present as MeHg increased as the percentage of forest + wetlands increased, but also was high in some urban areas. MeHg was detected only in groundwater <1 m below the water/sediment interface. Atmospheric deposition is presumed to be the main source of Hg to the wetlands and also may be a source to groundwater, where wastewater inputs in urban areas are hypothesized to mobilize Hg deposited to soils.     

Impact of acidification on the methylmercury cycle of remote seepage lakes

Concentrations of monomethylmercury [CH₃Hg] were measured in the water and seston of five nearly pristine Wisconsin lakes, which span a range of pH from about 4.6 to 7.2. Previous studies had established a clear inverse relationship between [CH₃Hg] in fish and the pH of lakes in this region. Here, we examined the pH dependency of [CH₃Hg] in lake water and explored the partitioning of CH₃Hg between water, seston, and fish as a function of pH. Results indicate that [CH₃Hg] in lake water tends to increase as pH decreases, but that seasonal and spatial variability of [CH₃Hg] in individual lakes confounds a simple analysis of the relationship. The partitioning of CH₃Hg was related only weakly, if at all, to pH. Average partitioning coefficients (log k_d=log (C_p/C_w)) were higher for yearling yellow perch (6.0 to 6.5) than for seston (5.5 to 6.0) but did not vary significantly between lakes. This suggests that acidification has a stronger effect on the supply of CH₃Hg to the ecosystem than on specific rates of uptake by the biota.     

Relationship Between pH and Stream Water Total Mercury Concentrations in Shenandoah National Park

The purpose of this study was to gather information on the spatial and temporal variation of stream water total mercury concentrations ([THg]) and to test the hypothesis that stream water [THg] increases as stream pH decreases in the Shenandoah National Park (SNP). We based our hypothesis on studies in lakes that found mercury methylation increases with decreasing pH, and studies in streams that found total mercury and other trace metal concentrations increase with decreasing pH. Stream water was collected at baseflow in SNP in April, July, and October 2005 and February 2006. Contrary to our hypothesis, stream water [THg] decreased with decreasing pH and acid neutralizing capacity. In SNP, stream pH and acid neutralizing capacity are strongly influenced by bedrock geology. We found that bedrock also influences stream water [THg]. Streams on basaltic bedrock had higher [THg] (0.648 ng L^?1?±?0.39) than streams on siliciclastic bedrock (0.301 ng L^?1?±?0.10) and streams on granitic bedrock (0.522 ng L^?1?±?0.06). The higher pH streams on basaltic bedrock had the highest [THg]. The variation in stream water [THg] occurred despite no known variation in wet deposition of mercury across the SNP. The findings of this study indicate that the SNP can be an important area for mercury research with significant variations in mercury concentrations across the park.     

Mercury and Organic Carbon Dynamics During Runoff Episodes from a Northeastern USA Watershed

Mercury and organic carbon concentrations vary dynamically in streamwater at the Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, USA. Total mercury (THg) concentrations ranged from 0.53 to 93.8 ng/L during a 3-year period of study. The highest mercury (Hg) concentrations occurred slightly before peak flows and were associated with the highest organic carbon (OC) concentrations. Dissolved Hg (DHg) was the dominant form in the upland catchments; particulate Hg (PHg) dominated in the lowland catchments. The concentration of hydrophobic acid (HPOA), the major component of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), explained 41–98% of the variability of DHg concentration while DOC flux explained 68–85% of the variability in DHg flux, indicating both quality and quantity of the DOC substantially influenced the transport and fate of DHg. Particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations explained 50% of the PHg variability, indicating that POC is an important transport mechanism for PHg. Despite available sources of DHg and wetlands in the upland catchments, dissolved methylmercury (DmeHg) concentrations in streamwaters were below detection limit (0.04 ng/L). PHg and particulate methylmercury (PmeHg) had a strong positive correlation (r ²?=?0.84, p?<?0.0001), suggesting a common source; likely in-stream or near-stream POC eroded or re-suspended during spring snowmelt and summer storms. Ratios of PmeHg to THg were low and fairly constant despite an apparent higher methylmercury (meHg) production potential in the summer. Methylmercury production in soils and stream sediments was below detection during snowmelt in April and highest in stream sediments (compared to forest and wetland soils) sampled in July. Using the watershed approach, the correlation of the percent of wetland cover to TmeHg concentrations in streamwater indicates that poorly drained wetland soils are a source of meHg and the relatively high concentrations found in stream surface sediments in July indicate these zones are a meHg sink.     

Light-Scattering Molecular Weights and Intrinsic Viscosities of Processed Waxy Maize Starches in 90% Dimethyl Sulfoxide and H2O

Waxy maize starch was treated by a variety of gentle and severe methods: direct dispersion-solubilization into 90% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and H₂O solvent, extrusion followed by dispersion-solubilization of the ground exudate into solvent, or jet-cooking or stirred autoclaving of an aqueous starch slurry followed by transfer into solvent. Intrinsic viscosities [η] and multiangle light-scattering measurements were made in 90% DMSO-H₂O. A Mark-Houwink relation, [η] = (0.28–1.2) M_w^{0.29 ± 0.04}, was obtained over a molecular weight range of ≈30–700 million. However, there was a large amount of scatter in the data when [η] were >140 mL/g. The power law relationship R_g ∝ M_w^0.41±0.04 was noted between radii of gyration and molecular weights. We infer from our data that over the entire range of M_w distributions, the amylopectin existed in solution as relatively compact molecules or aggregates and that in the higher molecular weight region, the size and possibly the shape of the “dissolved” amylopectin was highly sensitive to the method of dispersal and treatment.     

Human exposure to mercury may decrease as acidic deposition increases

It has been hypothesized that human mercury (Hg) exposure via fish consumption will increase with increasing acidic deposition. Specifically, acidic deposition leads to reduced lake pH and alkalinity, and increased sulphate ion concentration ([SO₄ ^2?]), which in turn should cause increased Hg levels in fish, ultimately resulting in increased human Hg exposure via fish consumption. Our empirical test of this hypothesis found it to be false. We specifically examined Hg levels in the hair of Ontario Amerindians, who are known consumers of fish from lakes across the province, and observed a weak negative association with increasing sulphate deposition. An examination of Hg levels in lake trout, northern pike and walleye, three freshwater fish species commonly consumed by Ontario Amerindians, found a similar weak negative association with increasing sulphate deposition. Further analysis of these fish data found that fish [Hg] was most significantly (positively) associated with lake water concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), not pH, alkalinity or [SO₄ ^2?]. Lake DOC levels are lower in regions of greater acidic deposition. We propose an alternate hypothesis whereby human Hg exposure declines with increasing acidic deposition. In particular, we propose that increasing sulphate deposition leads to reduced lake DOC levels, which in turn leads to lower Hg in fish, ultimately reducing human Hg exposure via fish consumption.     

不同土地利用变化情景下的洪汝河流域水文响应

[目的]研究洪汝河流域土地利用变化对水文过程的影响,为当地水资源的合理规划和利用提供依据和参考。[方法]本研究以土壤水体评价模型(soil and water assessment tool,SWAT)为基础,通过设计多种土地利用情景模式模拟洪汝河流域水文情景,首先利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),土地利用数据、土壤数据以及日气象数据建立模型;其次选用2006—2008年的水文观测数据进行模型率定,并进行敏感性和不确定性分析;最后,设置4种土地利用情景模式进行水文模拟。[结果]退耕还林情景下径流减少4.23%;而在耕地增加,城镇用地增加和以城镇用地、林地草地增加为主的复杂土地利用变化这3种情景下,径流分别增加3.01%,4.91%和1.50%。[结论]退耕还林增加了可涵养水源的森林,使得径流减少,而增加耕地开垦或城市建设用地则会增加地表径流。     

Copper Release, Speciation, and Toxicity Following Multiple Floodings of Copper Enriched Agriculture Soils: Implications in Everglades Restoration

This study characterizes the effects of water–soil flooding volume ratio and flooding time on copper (Cu) desorption and toxicity following multiple floodings of field-collected soils from agricultural sites acquired under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) in south Florida. Soils from four field sites were flooded with three water–soil ratios (2, 4, and 6 [water] to 1 [soil]) and held for 14 days to characterize the effects of volume ratio and flooding duration on Cu desorption (volume ratio and flooding duration study). Desorption of Cu was also characterized by flooding soils four times from seven field sites with a volume ratio of 2 (water) to 1 (soil) (multiple flooding study). Acute toxicity tests were also conducted using overlying waters from the first flooding event to characterize the effects of Cu on the survival of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), cladocerans (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), midges (Chironomus tentans), duckweed (Lemna minor), and Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa). Acute tests were also conducted with D. magna exposed to overlying water from the second and third flooding events. Results indicate that dissolved Cu concentrations in overlying water increased with flooding duration and decreased with volume ratio. In the multiple flooding study, initial Cu concentrations in soils ranged from 5 to 223 mg/kg (dw) and were similar to Cu concentration after four flooding events, indicating retention of Cu in soils. Copper desorption was dependent on soil Cu content and soil characteristics. Total Cu concentration in overlying water (Cu_w) was a function of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), alkalinity, and soil Cu concentration (Cu_s): log(Cu_w)?=?1.2909?+?0.0279 (DOC)?+?0.0026 (Cu_s)???0.0038 (alkalinity). The model was validated and highly predictive. Most of the desorbed Cu in the water column complexed with organic matter in the soils and accounted for 99% of the total dissolved Cu. Although total dissolved Cu concentrations in overlying water did not significantly decrease with number of flooding events, concentrations of free Cu²⁺ increased with the number of flooding events, due to a decrease in DOC concentrations. The fraction of bioavailable Cu species (Cu²⁺, CuOH⁺, CuCO₃) was also less than 1% of the total Cu. Overlying water from the first flooding event was only acutely toxic to the Florida apple snail from one site. However, overlying water from the third flooding of six out of seven soils was acutely toxic to D. magna. The decrease in DOC concentrations and increase in bioavailable Cu²⁺ species may explain the changes in acute toxicity to D. magna. Results of this study reveal potential for high Cu bioavailability (Cu²⁺) and toxicity to aquatic biota overtime in inundated agricultural lands acquired under the CERP.     

The application ofin situ dialysis samplers for close interval investigations of total dissolved mercury in interstitial waters

The suitability of the dialysis technique for the close interval sampling of total dissolved mercury (Hg) in interstitial waters was evaluated through field tests conducted in flooded soils of two hydroelectric reservoirs, as well as in lake sediments and peat bogs. In these shallow water and weakly contaminated environments, we have demonstrated that peepers offer simplicity and yield more consistent results when compared with the squeezed sediment technique; that the presence of O₂ in the initial filling solution does not significantly influence total dissolved Hg concentrations, [Hg_tot]D, in samples collected from anoxic environments; and that an equilibration period of 8 to 9 days yields slightly less variable results than one of 6.5 days. Using the dialysis technique, we were able to generate close interval vertical profiles of [Hgtot]D, in interstitial waters. A comparison of preliminary results indicates that [Hgtot]D in porewaters collected in both artificial and natural systems are similar and independent of the sampling environment, the depth of the overlying water column, and the history of reservoir impoundment.     

Mercury accumulation and resistance to mercury stress in Rumex induratus and Marrubium vulgare grown in perlite

Plants of Rumex induratus and Marrubium vulgare, collected in the mining area of Almadén, were transferred to pots and grown for 2 months using perlite as substrate and treated with soluble mercury (Hg) in the applied nutrient solution. Mercury resistance, Hg bioaccumulation, and some stress biomarkers were investigated in both plant species. Mercury concentration increased in both plant species in response to Hg supply, but R. induratus was more effective in Hg accumulation. Rumex induratus and M. vulgare showed higher [Hg]_shoot‐to‐[Hg]_root ratios than other plant species. Mercury in the growth medium perlite was also investigated, distinguishing soluble, available, and total amounts of Hg in the medium. At the lower doses, one half of the applied Hg was retained by perlite. Rumex induratus decreased the available Hg fraction in perlite more than M. vulgare. The bioaccumulation factor ([Hg]_plant/[Hg]_available) was similar in both species and similar as found in previous field studies. Plant growth, water content, and chlorophyll concentration, and nutrient translocation were reduced in both plant species by the Hg. Rumex induratus showed higher resistance and Hg‐accumulation capacity than M. vulgare, due to the accumulation of thiols in roots and the absence of a lipid oxidative response.     

Mercury Transport in a High-Elevation Watershed in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

Mercury (Hg) was measured in stream water and precipitation in the Loch Vale watershed in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, during 2001–2002 to investigate processes controlling Hg transport in high-elevation ecosystems. Total Hg concentrations in precipitation ranged from 2.6 to 36.2 ng/L and showed a strong seasonal pattern with concentrations that were 3 to 4 times higher during summer months. Annual bulk deposition of Hg was 8.3 to 12.4 μ g/m² and was similar to deposition rates in the Midwestern and Northeastern U.S. Total Hg concentrations in streams ranged from 0.8 to 13.5 ng/L and were highest in mid-May on the rising limb of the snowmelt hydrograph. Stream-water Hg was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon suggesting organically complexed Hg was flushed into streams from near-surface soil horizons during the early stages of snowmelt. Methylmercury (MeHg) in stream water peaked at 0.048 ng/L just prior to peak snowmelt but was at or below detection (< 0.040 ng/L) for the remainder of the snowmelt season. Annual export of total Hg in Loch Vale streams ranged from 1.2 to 2.3 μ g/m², which was less than 20% of wet deposition, indicating the terrestrial environment is a net sink of atmospheric Hg. Concentrations of MeHg in stream water and corresponding watershed fluxes were low, indicating low methylation rates or high demethylation rates or both.     

The Effect of Fire on Mercury Cycling in the Soils of Forested Watersheds: Acadia National Park,Maine, U.S.A.

This study compares mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) distribution in the soils of two forested stream watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A. Cadillac Brook watershed, which burned in 1947, has thin soils and predominantly deciduous vegetation. It was compared to the unburned Hadlock Brook watershed, with thicker soil and predominantly coniferous vegetation. Soils in both watersheds were primarily well drained. The fire had a significant impact on the Cadillac watershed, by raising the soil pH, altering the vegetation, and reducing carbon and Hg pools. Total Hg content was significantly higher (P > 0.05) in Hadlock soils (0.18 kg Hg ha^-1) compared to Cadillac soils (0.13 kg Hg ha^-1). Hadlock O horizon had an average Hg concentration of 134±48 ng Hg g^-1 dry weight, compared to 103±23 ng Hg g^-1 dry weight in Cadillac O horizon. Soil pH was significantly higher in all soil horizons at Cadillac compared to Hadlock soils. This difference was especially significant in the O horizon, where Cadillac soils had an average pH of 3.41±0.22 compared to Hadlock soils with an average pH of 2.99±0.13.To study the mobilization potential of Hg in the O horizons of the two watersheds, batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and the results were modeled using surface complexation modeling. The results of Hg adsorption experiments indicated that the dissolved Hg concentration was controlled by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. The adsorption isotherms suggest that Hg is more mobile in the O horizon of the unburned Hadlock watershed because of higher solubility of organic carbon resulting in higher DOC concentrations in that watershed.Methylmercury concentrations, however, were consistently higher in the burned Cadillac O horizon (0.20±0.13 ng Hg g^-1 dry weight) than in the unburned Hadlock O horizon (0.07±0.07 ng Hg g^-1 dry weight). Similarly, Cadillac soils possessed a higher MeHg content (0.30 g MeHg ha^-1) than Hadlock soils (0.16 g MeHg ha^-1). The higher MeHg concentrations in Cadillac soils may reflect generally faster rates of microbial metabolism due to more rapid nutrient cycling and higher soil pH in the deciduous forest. In this research, we have shown that the amount of MeHg is not a function of the total pool of Hg in the watershed. Indeed, MeHg was inversely proportional to total Hg, suggesting that landscape factors such as soil pH, vegetation type, or land use history (e.g., fire) may be the determining factors for susceptibility to high Hg in biota.     

汉江流域荆门段面源污染负荷时空分布与污染现状评价

[目的]对汉江流域荆门段面源污染负荷时空分布与污染现状进行分析和评价,为汉江水污染的治理提供科学依据。[方法]利用输出系数模型和等标负荷估算法,对汉江流域荆门段的面源污染负荷进行了空间分析和负荷估算,包括总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮(NH3-N),得出了汉江流域荆门段面源污染负荷及其空间分布状况。[结果]在所有污染源中,农村生活、畜禽养殖、降雨、土地利用和城镇径流是5个主要的面源污染源;该地区各市县总氮和总磷污染负荷与COD和氨氮污染负荷的输出量的排序均表现为:钟祥市沙洋县东宝区掇刀区;各类污染源总氮贡献率排序为:农村生活农业用地畜禽养殖降雨非农业用地;各类污染物总磷贡献率排序为:畜禽养殖农村生活农业用地非农业用地降雨。[结论]总体来说,河流富营养化主要是由于农村污染物未经处理排放或处理措施不当引起的。     

黄土高原泾河流域梯田对河道径流及生态基流影响

[目的]定量分析泾河流域梯田建设对河道径流、生态基流的影响程度,为流域梯田建设提供一定理论支撑。[方法]采用合作开发的嵌入梯田模块的SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型模拟河道径流量。[结果]嵌入梯田模块的SWAT模型在模拟河道径流时可满足模型模拟精度的要求;随着梯田面积增加,河道年径流量减少,生态基流保障程度提高,年、月生态基流不满足天数降低;梯田的年平均减流量为4.25×104 m3/(km2·a);梯田具有蓄洪补枯作用,且对丰水期的调控效果高于枯水期,对河道生态基流的影响为:枯水期平水期丰水期。[结论]嵌入梯田模块的SWAT模型在该流域具有较好的适用性,提高流域内梯田面积是滞洪补枯的有效手段之一,在一定程度上保障了河道生态基流。     

小流域非点源污染模拟与生态修复影响评价

[目的]基于各流域场次降雨径流过程和非点源污染负荷模拟分析,评价小流域生态建设对密云水库流域水文过程和污染防控效果影响,为水源地保护、流域山水林田湖一体化修复和生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以北京市重要饮用水源地密云水库上游蛇鱼川小流域为研究对象,利用EcoHAT-LCM模型和传统大尺度非点源污染模型相结合的模式进行模拟分析,并设置情景,分析评价小流域生态建设效果。[结果]随着场次雨量的增加,吸附态N,P负荷占污染负荷总量的比重在逐渐增加,溶解态N,P负荷占污染负荷总量的比重在逐渐减少。小流域内居民点具有小城镇级别的垃圾处理率和垃圾入网率时,农村生活N,P污染负荷可以削减28%;减少经济林的现有施肥量,农业生产活动的N,P污染负荷能够削减43.9%和48.9%。[结论]研究区域不同频次暴雨对吸附态N,P负荷的影响大于对溶解态N,P负荷的影响。生态修复措施对N,P污染负荷削减作用显著。     

The UV‐absorbance of dissolved organic matter predicts the fivefold variation in its affinity for mobilizing Cu in an agricultural soil horizon

It is well established that dissolved organic matter (DOM) mobilizes copper (Cu) in soils but it is unknown to what extent variable DOM quality affects this. During a 5 month period, 250 leachates of an uncontaminated agricultural soil were sampled at 45 cm depth using passive capillary wick samplers. The dissolved Cu and organic carbon (DOC) concentrations varied sevenfold and were weakly correlated (r = 0.56). The [Cu] : [DOC] ratio varied fivefold and exhibited a significant positive correlation (r = 0.77) with the specific UV‐absorbance of DOM at 254 nm (SUVA), indicating that the more aromatic DOM had higher Cu affinity. The dissolved Cu concentrations were predicted by an assemblage model in WHAM6 using the composition of the solid phase above the wick samplers and that of the solution, including DOC. The predicted [Cu] : [DOC] ratio was almost constant when assuming default DOM properties with 65% of all DOM active as fulvic acid (%AFA). The %AFA was subsequently varied proportionally to the SUVA of DOM and using the SUVA of pure FA (SUVA_FA) as a fitting parameter. In that case, the variation in the predicted [Cu] : [DOC] ratio was much larger and the predicted Cu concentrations were within a factor of 1.4 of the measured values for 90% of the samples. The fitted SUVA_FA was 38 l g^?1 cm^?1, in excellent agreement with that of Suwannee River FA (SUVA_FA = 37 l g^?1 cm^?1). It is concluded that the DOM quality, e.g. the aromaticity, should be taken into account when estimating Cu mobility in soils.     

Polluted precipitation and the geochronology of mercury deposition in lake sediment of northern Minnesota

Elevated Hg levels in game fish from wilderness lakes in northern Minnesota led to the present study of sediment cores from two lakes to ascertain the source and history of Hg deposition. Natural background levels of Hg were found to range from 0.03 to 0.06 μg g^?1, with cultural levels as high as 0.16 μg g^?1. Reconstructed geochronologies reveal a dramatic two-fold increase in Hg flux, from 0.008 to 0.017 μg cm^?2 yr^?1, occuring after the year 1880, suggesting an anthropogenic influence. No industrial or geologic source of Hg is found in the study watersheds. The entire historical increase in Hg flux can be accounted for by atmospheric loading provided that 1/5 of all the Hg presently supplied to the watershed via precipitation is ultimately deposited in lake sediment. Hg levels in fish are not correlated with Hg levels in lake sediment, although there is a link to acid-sensitivity of lake water, amount of acid-neutralizing geologic material exposed in the watershed, and watershed area/lake volume ratio. Thermal stratification of lake water and a complexation-adsorption mechanism are proposed to account for variations in Hg levels observed in sediment collected from different sites.     

湖北省鄂州市湿地净初级生产力及固碳释氧量估算

[目的] 估算湖北省鄂州市净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)以及固碳释氧量,探索一种适用于中小尺度上,涉及大量水体的湿地NPP估算方法,为制定相关湿地生态保护政策提供更为准确的数据支撑。[方法] 构建湿地分类模型,将鄂州市湿地划分为浅水地表湿地与深水水体湿地。对浅水地表湿地,采用基于遥感影像的光能利用率模型进行NPP估算;对深水水体湿地,引入叶绿素a与生物量指标,构建回归模型,对湿地水体NPP进行估算。汇总两者的估算结果,得到鄂州市湿地2020年度NPP总量及其空间分布和固碳释氧量。[结果] 鄂州市湿地2020年度净初级生产力总量为2.99×10⁵ t (以C计),CO₂的固定量为4.87×10⁵ t,O₂的释放量为3.59×10⁵ t,整体上呈现南高北低的分布格局。[结论] 采用湿地分类的方法,对深水水体湿地NPP单独进行估算,弥补了基于遥感影像的模型估算方法中对湿地水体部分估算的不足,使估算结果更接近湿地真实水平,采用的模型方法可为类似涉及水体的湿地NPP估算工作提供一种新思路和方法。     

南方山丘区水源地土地利用结构对河库水质的影响——以珊溪水库流域为例

[目的]探明珊溪水库流域土地利用结构与河库水质的相关性,为南方山丘区土地开发利用和水源地保护提供依据。[方法]在库区以及河流入库点设置23个监测断面,于2017年7月及2018年1月进行实地取样监测,利用2016年TM影像数据对研究区用地类型进行划分,并通过ArcGIS水文、空间分析功能将整个流域分为8个子流域,分析每个子流域土地利用结构。选取高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解氧(DO)4个水质指标分析其时空变化特征,探讨子流域不同坡度下土地利用结构对河库水质的影响。[结果]珊溪水库流域土地以林草地、耕地为主,两者面积比例总和达到80%以上。枯水期河库水质整体优于丰水期。各水质指标与林草地比例呈现负相关,而与耕地、建设用地呈正相关,丰水期土地利用结构与水质相关性相比枯水期更为明显。河库水质与不同坡度土地利用类型的相关性有差异,低坡度带(15°)COD_(Mn)与耕地比例呈显著正相关;中坡度带(15°～25°)TN,TP与林草地比例呈显著负相关,TN与耕地比例呈显著正相关。[结论]库区水体质量良好。在流域尺度上林草地和耕地是影响水体污染物浓度的主要土地利用类型。丰水期耕地是氮磷元素的主要输出源,林草地在一定程度上削减了氮磷元素的入河量,具有一定的正效应。