Demethylated CD8 gene in CD4+ T cells suggests that CD4+ cells develop from CD8+ precursors

Mature T cells and medullary thymocytes bear either the CD4 or CD8 differentiation antigen. Precursor cells in the thymus express neither CD4 nor CD8 (CD4-8-), but most cortical thymocytes are CD4+8+. Whether CD4+ and CD8+ mature T cells arise directly from CD4-8- precursors or from a CD4+8+ intermediate remains unresolved. In this study, methylation of the CD8 gene in murine T cells and thymocytes was examined. There was progressive demethylation of the CD8 gene in the thymus during the transition from CD4-8- to CD4+8+. A similar pattern of demethylation of the CD8 gene was seen in CD4+ mature T cells, suggesting previous expression of CD8 in the CD4+ lineage.     

Epidermal viral immunity induced by CD8alpha+ dendritic cells but not by Langerhans cells

The classical paradigm for dendritic cell function derives from the study of Langerhans cells, which predominate within skin epidermis. After an encounter with foreign agents, Langerhans cells are thought to migrate to draining lymph nodes, where they initiate T cell priming. Contrary to this, we show here that infection of murine epidermis by herpes simplex virus did not result in the priming of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by Langerhans cells. Rather, the priming response required a distinct CD8alpha+ dendritic cell subset. Thus, the traditional view of Langerhans cells in epidermal immunity needs to be revisited to accommodate a requirement for other dendritic cells in this response.     

A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for immune and inflammatory responses and belong to a network of cells that has been termed the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). However, the origin and lineage of these cells remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the isolation and clonal analysis of a mouse bone marrow progenitor that is specific for monocytes, several macrophage subsets, and resident spleen DCs in vivo. It was also possible to recapitulate this differentiation in vitro by using treatment with the cytokines macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Thus, macrophages and DCs appear to renew from a common progenitor, providing a cellular and molecular basis for the concept of the MPS.     

Toll pathway-dependent blockade of CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression by dendritic cells

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) control activation of adaptive immune responses by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, initiation of adaptive immune responses is also controlled by regulatory T cells (TR cells), which act to prevent activation of autoreactive T cells. Here we describe a second mechanism of immune induction by TLRs, which is independent of effects on costimulation. Microbial induction of the Toll pathway blocked the suppressive effect of CD4+CD25+ TR cells, allowing activation of pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses. This block of suppressor activity was dependent in part on interleukin-6, which was induced by TLRs upon recognition of microbial products.     

PRRSV对猪树突细胞可溶性CD83释放影响的分析

为研究猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染是否促进猪树突细胞可溶性CD83(sCD83)的释放,在体外用PRRSV感染猪树突细胞,通过ELISA检测了树突细胞培养基sCD83的含量,结果显示PRRSV可明显提高猪树突细胞培养基sCD83的含量,表明PRRSV促进树突细胞sCD83的释放。为研究PRRSV对猪树突细胞CD83表达的影响,用RT-PCR和流式细胞术分别检测了细胞CD83mRNA的水平和细胞膜CD83的含量。结果显示PRRSV可提高猪树突细胞CD83 mRNA的水平,然而对细胞膜CD83的含量影响不大,说明PRRSV促进sCD83释放的作用高于刺激CD83表达的作用,致使膜结合的CD83保持较低的水平。PRRSV诱导树突细胞sCD83的释放为探讨PRRSV感染引起免疫抑制提供了重要的线索。     

A role for CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells in the generation of CD8+ T cell memory

The delivery of CD4 help to CD8+ T cell responses requires interactions between CD40 and CD40 ligand and is thought to occur through antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation. Here we show that generation of memory CD8+ T cells displaying an enhanced capacity for cell division and cytokine secretion required CD4 help but not CD40 expression by the APCs. Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed CD40; and in the absence of this protein, CD8+ T cells were unable to differentiate into memory cells or receive CD4 help. These results suggest that, like B cells, CD8+ T cells receive CD4 help directly through CD40 and that this interaction is fundamental for CD8+ T cell memory generation.     

Inhibition of T cell receptor expression and function in immature CD4+CD8+ cells by CD4

Most immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes express only a small number of T cell receptor (TCR) molecules on their surface, and the TCR molecules they do express are only marginally capable of transducing intracellular signals. TCR expression and function was not intrinsically low in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, but was found to be actively inhibited by CD4-mediated signals. Indeed, release of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes from CD4-mediated signals resulted in significant increases in both TCR expression and signaling function. These results suggest that, in CD4+CD8+ cells developing in the thymus, increased TCR expression and function requires release from CD4-mediated inhibition.     

Persistence of memory CD8 T cells in MHC class I-deficient mice

An understanding of how T cell memory is maintained is crucial for the rational design of vaccines. Memory T cells were shown to persist indefinitely in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-deficient mice and retained the ability to make rapid cytokine responses upon reencounter with antigen. In addition, memory CD8 T cells, unlike na?ve cells, divided without MHC-T cell receptor interactions. This "homeostatic" proliferation is likely to be important in maintaining memory T cell numbers in the periphery. Thus, after na?ve CD8 T cells differentiate into memory cells, they evolve an MHC class I-independent "life-style" and do not require further stimulation with specific or cross-reactive antigen for their maintenance.     

CD8alphaalpha-mediated survival and differentiation of CD8 memory T cell precursors

Memory T cells are long-lived antigen-experienced T cells that are generally accepted to be direct descendants of proliferating primary effector cells. However, the factors that permit selective survival of these T cells are not well established. We show that homodimeric alpha chains of the CD8 molecule (CD8alphaalpha) are transiently induced on a selected subset of CD8alphabeta+ T cells upon antigenic stimulation. These CD8alphaalpha molecules promote the survival and differentiation of activated lymphocytes into memory CD8 T cells. Thus, memory precursors can be identified among primary effector cells and are selected for survival and differentiation by CD8alphaalpha.     

Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines

Memory T cells maintain their numbers for long periods after antigen exposure. Here we show that CD8+ T cells of memory phenotype divide slowly in animals. This division requires interleukin-15 and is markedly increased by inhibition of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Therefore, the numbers of CD8+ memory T cells in animals are controlled by a balance between IL-15 and IL-2.     

CD158受体表位封闭对急性髓系白血病患者NK细胞杀伤活性的影响

目的 研究急性髓系白血病患者NK细胞CD158受体表位封闭对自身白血病细胞杀伤活性的影响.方法 分离急性髓系白血病患者及健康志愿者外周血NK细胞,以自身白血病细胞及K562细胞为靶细胞,用CCK-8试剂盒检测CD158a、CD158b单克隆抗体封闭前后NK细胞在1：1、5：1、10：1效靶比下对靶细胞的杀伤活性.结果 患者与正常人NK细胞对K562细胞均有高度杀伤活性,且随效靶比增大而增高（P＜0.01）.效靶比为1：1、5：1、10：1时,患者NK胞在封闭前对白血病细胞杀伤活性分别为（1.5±0.3）%、（5.6±0.8）％、（11.8±0.6）%,封闭后分别为（21.8±0.7）％、（38.6±0.9）％、（53.9±1.4）％,各效靶比组封闭前后差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 急性髓系白血病患者NK细胞CD158受体表位封闭可提高NK细胞对自身白血病细胞的体外杀伤能力.     

Rescued tolerant CD8 T cells are preprogrammed to reestablish the tolerant state

Tolerant self-antigen-specific CD8 T cells fail to proliferate in response to antigen, thereby preventing autoimmune disease. By using an in vivo mouse model, we show that tolerant T cells proliferate and become functional under lymphopenic conditions, even in a tolerogenic environment. However, T cell rescue is only transient, with tolerance reimposed upon lymphorepletion even in the absence of tolerogen (self-antigen), challenging the prevailing paradigm that continuous antigen exposure is critical to maintain tolerance. Genome-wide messenger RNA and microRNA profiling revealed that tolerant T cells have a tolerance-specific gene profile that can be temporarily overridden under lymphopenic conditions but is inevitably reimposed, which suggests epigenetic regulation. These insights into the regulatory mechanisms that maintain or break self-tolerance may lead to new strategies for the treatment of cancer and autoimmunity.     

布地奈德对成年过敏性鼻炎患者调节性T细胞功能的影响

目的 观察布地奈德对成年过敏性鼻炎(AR)患者CD8+CD28-调节性T细胞(Treg)功能的影响.方法 AR患者70例,随机分为观察组及对照组,每组35例,均以孟鲁斯特作为基础治疗,观察组给予布地奈德鼻喷雾剂128 μg/(鼻孔·天),对照组不给予布地奈德喷鼻.另选择32例健康志愿者作为健康对照组.检测健康对照组及AR患者治疗前及治疗12周后的外周血Treg及其胞内细胞因子白介素10(IL-10)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)的含量,以及IgE、IgG4和嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)含量.结果 (1)与健康对照组比较,AR患者CD8+CD28-Treg、IL-10、TGF-β1及IgG4均显著降低(P＜0.01),而IgE及EOS均显著升高(P＜0.01).(2)治疗后观察组CD8+CD28-Treg、IL-10、TGF-β1及IgG4均高于治疗前及对照组(P＜0.01),IgE及EOS均低于治疗前及对照组(P＜0.01或0.05).(3)CD8+CD28-Treg、IL-10及TGF-β1三者当中任意一者,均与IgE及EOS当中任一者呈负相关(P＜0.01或o.05),但前三者与IgG4均呈正相关(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 CD8+CD28-Treg及其细胞因子下降是AR的重要表现,布地奈德可提高该细胞及IgG4含量,降低ⅠgE及EOS含量.     

TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin-like protein

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate recognition of pathogens by dendritic cells (DCs). Although TLRs are clearly involved in the detection of bacteria and viruses, relatively little is known about their function in the innate response to eukaryotic microorganisms. Here we identify a profilin-like molecule from the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii that generates a potent interleukin-12 (IL-12) response in murine DCs that is dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88. T. gondii profilin activates DCs through TLR11 and is the first chemically defined ligand for this TLR. Moreover, TLR11 is required in vivo for parasite-induced IL-12 production and optimal resistance to infection, thereby establishing a role for the receptor in host recognition of protozoan pathogens.     

Activators of protein kinase C induce dissociation of CD4, but not CD8, from p56lck

The CD4 and CD8 T cell receptor accessory molecules can both be isolated from T lymphocytes in association with p56lck, a membrane-associated, cytoplasmic tyrosine protein kinase that is expressed exclusively in lymphoid cells. The enzymatic activity of p56lck may therefore be regulated by CD4 and CD8 and be important in antigen-induced T cell activation. Exposure of human T cells and some mouse T cells to the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, caused the dissociation of p56lck and CD4. Activation of protein kinase C may therefore interrupt regulation of p56lck by CD4 and alter the ability of p56lck to interact with polypeptide substrates. In contrast, exposure of cells to TPA did not cause dissociation of p56lck and CD8. Regulation of p56lck by CD4 may therefore differ from regulation by CD8.     

类风湿关节炎患者外周血单个核细胞诱导成熟树突状细胞TIM4表达

目的 探讨类风湿关节炎(RA)患者外周血单个核细胞体外诱导成树突状细胞(DC)TIM4表达.方法 分离15例RA患者和10例正常对照外周血单核细胞,加入重组人巨噬集落形成因子(rhMCSF)、重组人白介素-4(rhIL-4)培养6d,再加入肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)培养1d.采用流式细胞仪检测DC诱导分化情况,实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测TIM4表达.结果 RA患者外周血单核细胞诱导分化成DC数量多于对照组(P＜0.01),DC表达TIM4明显增加(P＜0.01).结论 DC表达TIM4上调可能参与RA发病.     

AA肉鸡生长过程中血液CD3+、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚群的变化规律

为了进一步了解AA肉鸡血液T淋巴细胞及其CD4 、CD8 亚群所占比例的变化规律及对免疫系统中的重要作用,使用流式细胞仪对1、3、5、7、14、21、28、35、42、的日龄AA肉鸡血液CD3 T淋巴细胞和CD4 、CD8 T细胞亚群比例进行检测.结果表明,1～5日龄CD3 T淋巴细胞含量逐渐升高,7日龄突然下降,14～21日龄急速升高,并达到最高峰后急速下降至28日龄,35～49日龄时相对趋于平稳状态;CD4 T细胞含量1～3日龄明显低于其余日龄,3～5日龄急速上升,7～14日龄增加缓慢,21日龄时达到最高峰后急速下降至28日龄,35～49日龄时基本趋于平稳状态;CD8 T细胞含量1～5日龄缓慢上升,5～7日龄急速下降后,再急速上升到14日龄,14～28日龄再下降,此后直至49日龄均在此水平上处于平稳状态.CD4 /CD8 比例:1～7日龄缓慢增加,7～14日龄比例急速下降至最低,14～21日龄时比例增加到最高峰后急速下降至28日龄,但比例数值高于前1～7日龄,28～49日龄比例趋于平稳状态.表明AA雏鸡在1～7日龄时其免疫功能逐渐提高,14日龄时细胞免疫功能明显减弱,这可能与CD8 T淋巴细胞含量高有关,21日龄时机体细胞免疫水平达最高状态,在28日龄后肉鸡细胞免疫功能基本保持稳定状态,但仍需要加强饲养管理.     

Generation of gut-homing IgA-secreting B cells by intestinal dendritic cells

Normal intestinal mucosa contains abundant immunoglobulin A (IgA)-secreting cells, which are generated from B cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). We show that dendritic cells (DC) from GALT induce T cell-independent expression of IgA and gut-homing receptors on B cells. GALT-DC-derived retinoic acid (RA) alone conferred gut tropism but could not promote IgA secretion. However, RA potently synergized with GALT-DC-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) or IL-5 to induce IgA secretion. Consequently, mice deficient in the RA precursor vitamin A lacked IgA-secreting cells in the small intestine. Thus, GALT-DC shape mucosal immunity by modulating B cell migration and effector activity through synergistically acting mediators.