Clinical evaluation of sodium bicarbonate, sodium L-lactate, and sodium acetate for the treatment of acidosis in diarrheic calves

Thirty-six dehydrated diarrheic neonatal calves were used to study the effects of various alkalinizing compounds on acid-base status, the changes in central venous pressure (CVP) in response to rapid IV infusion of large volumes of fluid, and the correlation of acid-base (base deficit) status, using a depression scoring system with physical determinants related to cardiovascular and neurologic function. Calves were allotted randomly to 4 groups (9 calves/group). Over a 4-hour period, each calf was given two 3.6-L volumes (the first 3.6 L given in the first hour) of a polyionic fluid alone (control group) or were given the polyionic fluid with sodium bicarbonate, sodium L-lactate, or sodium acetate added (50 mmol/L). Acid-base status, hematologic examination, and biochemical evaluations were made immediately before infusion of each fluid (at entry) and after 3.6, 4.8, and 7.2 L of fluid had been given. Compared with control values, bicarbonate, lactate, and acetate had significantly greater alkalinizing effects on pH (P less than 0.01) and base deficit (P less than 0.01) after 3.6, 4.8, and 7.2 L of fluid were given. Bicarbonate had the most rapid alkalinizing effect and induced greater changes in base deficit (P less than 0.01) than did acetate or lactate at each of the 3 administered fluid volumes evaluated. Acetate and lactate had similar alkalinizing effects on blood. Rehydration alone did not improve acid-base status. The CVP was elevated in 10 (28%) of the 36 calves after 1 hour of fluid (3.6 L) administration, but significant differences in body weight, PCV, and clinical condition or depression score at entry were not found between calves with elevated CVP and those with normal CVP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of intravenous sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate on equine acid-base status

Changes in blood gases, pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations in response to intravenously infused sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and sodium acetate (NaCH₃CO₂) solutions (1.34 mEq/mL) in 5 light breed mares were investigated. Jugular venous blood samples were collected before and after completion of the infusions in 20-minute intervals for 200 minutes. Infusion of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate caused significant (P < .00l) increases in blood pH and bicarbonate ion concentration that persisted throughout the collection period. The elevation in blood pH and bicarbonate ion concentrations was greater (P < .01) for sodium bicarbonate than for sodium acetate immediately after the completion of the infusions but was not different (P > .05) thereafter. There were significant reductions (P < .01) in plasma-ionized calcium and potassium after infusion of both sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate. This study found that significant metabolic alkalosis in horses and corresponding shifts in electrolyte concentrations can be induced by intravenous infusion of solutions of either sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate, and they persist for at least 3 hours. These data show that the short-term elevation in pH and bicarbonate ion concentration is momentarily higher after infusion of sodium bicarbonate. This is likely due to the direct infusion of bicarbonate ions in the sodium bicarbonate treatment, such that further metabolism is not required to be effective. However, the longer-term alkalosis did not differ between isomolar solutions of sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate.     

Injection of beef strip loins with solutions containing sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium lactate, and sodium chloride to enhance palatability

Beef strip loins (46 U.S. Choice loins and 49 U.S. Select loins) were used to evaluate the potential for enhancing beef tenderness, juiciness, and flavor by injecting fresh cuts with solutions containing sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium lactate, and sodium chloride. One half of each loin served as an untreated control, and the other half was injected with either distilled water (110% of raw weight) or a solution containing phosphate/lactate/chloride solution (107.5, 110, 112.5, or 115% of raw weight). All phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions were formulated to produce injected product concentrations of .25% sodium tripolyphosphate, .5% sodium chloride, and 2.5% sodium lactate. Ten additional U.S. Select loins were injected to 110% of raw weight with a phosphate-only solution (final product concentration of .25% sodium tripolyphosphate) for comparison with Select loins injected to 110% with phosphate/lactate/chloride and with distilled water. Steaks from each control and treated loin section were cooked to two final internal temperatures (66 degrees C and 77 degrees C) for sensory panel evaluation and shear force measurement. Injection of subprimal cuts with phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions improved tenderness (P < .05), juiciness (P < .05), and cooked beef flavor (P < .10) of strip loin steaks and was especially effective for maintaining tenderness and juiciness of steaks cooked to the higher final internal temperature. Injection of Select loins with a solution containing only sodium tripolyphosphate was not effective for improving beef tenderness or juiciness and tended to impart off-flavors characterized by sensory panelists as soapy and sour. Injection of fresh cuts with phosphate/lactate/chloride solutions could assist the beef industry's efforts to improve product quality and consistency.     

间接火焰原子吸收光谱法测定亚硒酸钠维生素E注射液中亚硒酸钠含量

通过采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定硒元素的浓度进而计算亚硒酸钠含量,建立了亚硒酸钠维生素E注射液中亚硒酸钠含量的测定方法。实验表明,在5.00～40.00μg/mL范围内硒浓度与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 57,模拟样品的平均回收率为97.8%,RSD为4.6%（n=6）。本法操作简便易行,精密度高,准确性好,可用于控制亚硒酸钠维生素E注射液中亚硒酸钠的含量。     

Effect of sodium nitrite and sodium chloride on growth of lactic acid bacteria.

The effect of NaNO2 and NaCl on the growth of 24 lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages were examined by analyzing different growth parameters with Bioscreen. NaNO2 had a very limited effect on the growth of lactic acid bacteria at 50 and 100 mg/l but at 400 mg/l a more pronounced inhibitory effect was found. Bacterial growth was enhanced by 1-2% (w/v) of added NaCl, while NaCl concentrations above 3% (w/v) had a clear inhibitory effect. Leuconostoc isolates seemed to be more sensitive to sodium nitrite and sodium chloride than homofermentative lactobacilli strains. Among homofermentative lactobacilli, the strains resembling Lactobacillus curvatus were more sensitive to NaCl than those resembling Lactobacillus sake.     

The effect of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide on the snapping strength of egg shells

The snapping strength of egg shells was studied before and after treatment with either water, sodium hydroxide solution or sodium sulphide solution. It was found that water decreased the strength slightly, but the other solutions gave a steady fall in strength with increasing time of treatment. The fall in strength was significantly correlated with the fall in nitrogen content, but for a given nitrogen content, the shells were weaker if treated with sodium hydroxide solution. Studies of thin sections with polarised light showed that sodium hydroxide solutions attacked the calcite crystals, whereas sodium sulphide solutions did not. Thus the treatment with sodium sulphide solution appears to weaken the shell by removing nitrogenous compounds, while sodium hydroxide solution weakens the shell even more because, in addition to removing nitrogenous compounds, it also attacks the crystals.     

The effects of sodium ampicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium cefoxitin on blood pressures and heart rates in healthy, anesthetized dogs

This study determined the effects of intravenous ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefoxitin on blood pressures and heart rates in healthy, anesthetized dogs. Forty dogs were each randomly assigned to a control, ampicillin, cefazolin, or cefoxitin group. Antibiotics or saline was delivered by intravenous bolus prior to surgical stimulation. Heart rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures; oxygen saturation; end-tidal halothane; and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) were recorded before and every minute for 10 minutes after the test drug was administered. No significant differences were recorded between the antibiotic and control groups. The prophylactic use of these antibiotics should be considered safe in healthy, anesthetized dogs.     

Effect of suckling an isotonic solution of sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium chloride on abomasal emptying rate and luminal pH in calves

OBJECTIVES: To compare abomasal emptying rates in calves after suckling milk replacer or 3 common orally administered electrolyte solution components. ANIMALS: 5 male calves < 35 days of age. PROCEDURES: Calves with a cannula fitted in the abomasal body were fed 2 L of milk replacer with or without parenteral administration of atropine (0.01 mg/kg, i.v., then 0.02 mg/ kg, s.c., q 30 min) or isotonic (150 mM) solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), or NaCl in a randomized crossover design. Abomasal emptying rates were determined via scintigraphy, acetaminophen absorption, ultrasonography, and change in abomasal luminal pH. RESULTS: Scintigraphic half-emptying time, time of maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration, ultrasonographic half-emptying time, and pH return time indicated similar abomasal emptying rates following suckling of isotonic sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl solutions, whereas the emptying rate of milk replacer was significantly slower. Mean maximal abomasal luminal pH was highest following suckling of NaHCO(3) (pH(max)=7.85) and lowest following suckling of NaCl (pH(max)=4.52); sodium acetate (pH(max)=6.59) and milk replacer (pH(max)=5.84) yielded intermediate pH values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isotonic solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl were rapidly emptied from the abomasum but varied markedly in their ability to alkalinize the abomasum. Sodium bicarbonate-containing orally administered electrolyte solution might increase the frequency of infection or severity of clinical disease in diarrheic calves treated for dehydration by causing prolonged abomasal alkalinization.     

莫能霉素在反刍动物中的应用

莫能霉素是一种聚醚类抗生素，学名为莫能霉素钠(monensin sondium)，在饲料应用时又称为瘤胃素，是离子载体中最具代表性的一种。它在以下几方面对反当动物起作用：①抑制瘤胃革兰氏阳性菌的生长；⑧增加瘤胃丙酸产量和比例；⑨减少甲烷产生；④抑制乳酸的产生，提高瘤胃pH；⑥降低饲料蛋白在瘤胃的降解；⑧减少氨的产生，增加血中葡萄糖的含量。莫能霉素已在国外肉牛业和禽业中广泛应用，也作为治疗性药物用于防治奶牛酮病，是一种很有发展前景的饲料添加剂。     

双乙酸钠的合成和应用

双乙酸钠是一种高效低毒的化学防腐剂,性质稳定,成本低廉,用量仅为丙酸钙的30%～50%,对霉菌具有良好的抑制作用。本文对双乙酸钠的性质、应用和合成方法作了介绍。     

吸收系数法测定盐霉素钠的含量

用吸收系数法测定盐霉素钠的含量,可以不用标准品,在测定速度上较抗生素微生物检定法有优越性.经测定,盐霉素钠的吸收系数为443,经方法学验证并应用吸收系数法和法定的抗生素微生物检定法测定了10批样品的含量,结果无显著差异,证明该法可作为生产过程中的质量控制方法.     

Nephrotoxicity of sodium arsenate in dogs

Nephrotoxicity of sodium arsenate was evaluated in dogs to determine the pathophysiologic basis for renal lesions caused by this heavy metal. Examination of biopsy specimens indicated that the low dose of the As salt (0.73 mg/kg of body weight) produced histologic changes consisting of mild degeneration and vacuolation of renal tubular epithelium. Vacuolation involved mainly the ascending thick portion of the nephron. Clinical pathologic changes were not demonstrable at this dosage level according to glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance), fractional reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride; plasma osmolar and free water clearance; and urinalysis. The medium dose (7.33 mg/kg) resulted in alterations determined by urinalysis, but did not markedly affect other clinical pathologic measurements. Histopathologic changes were equal to or greater than those seen with the low dose. Tubular necrosis was observed in the cortical portion of the nephron and the ascending thick limb. The high dose (14.66 mg/kg) consistently produced marked changes in all parameters evaluated. Clinical pathologic alterations were compatible with acute tubular necrosis involving all segments of the nephron. Histologically, moderate glomerular sclerosis and severe tubular necrosis were observed. During recovery from the high dose of As, a gradual compensatory healing process was observed that was evident in all clinical pathologic parameters and was confirmed from sequential renal biopsy specimens.     

Pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin in horses

The pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin were investigated after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a single dose of 15 mg kg-1 body-weight to five horses. A rapid distribution phase was noted after intravenous administration (t1/2 alpha about 20 minutes). The t1/2 beta values obtained after the intravenous and the intramuscular administration were significantly different (P less than 0.05). The bioavailability obtained was about 67 per cent. Plasma protein binding, evaluated in vitro, showed that the percentage of bound fraction was 37 to 38 per cent. It was concluded that sodium amoxicillin administration at 15 mg kg-1 four times a day should be effective in the treatment of several systemic infections in the horse.     

Pharmacokinetics of dantrolene sodium in horses

The pharmacokinetics of dantrolene sodium were investigated in horses following both intravenous (2 mg/kg) and intragastric (4 mg/kg) administration. Two ponies also received dantrolene sodium intravenously (2 mg/kg) in a pilot study to obtain preliminary kinetic data and to determine urinary and biliary excretion of the intact drug. Distribution and elimination of dantrolene was rapid, resulting in an elimination half-life of 129 +/- 8 (SEM) min and a whole body clearance of 4.16 +/- 0.52 ml/min/kg. Following intragastric administration, dantrolene rapidly acheived peak concentrations within 1.5 h, but was incompletely absorbed, with a bioavailability of 39 +/- 10%. Small amounts of intact drug were recovered in urine and bile. Based upon disposition kinetics of dantrolene in these studies, intravenous and intragastric dosage regimens were determined which would maintain blood dantrolene concentrations within the predicted clinically effective range.