旱后复水对水稻生长的后效影响

通过盆栽和测坑试验,研究了水分胁迫后复水对水稻生育后期的后效性影响。结果表明：水稻前期旱后复水后效性明显,尤以分蘖末期短历时重旱、拔节初期短历时轻旱后效性最佳。前期适度的胁迫后复水使水稻后期保持了较大的光合面积,明显降低生育后期叶绿素的降解,使功能叶在生育后期维持较高的光合效率,有利于干物质累积。     

水分胁迫及复水对水稻冠层结构的补偿效

通过盆栽和测坑试验,研究了水分胁迫及复水对水稻冠层结构的补偿影响.结果表明:水分胁迫在抑制水稻茎秆、叶片、叶面积延伸生长的同时,能有效地诱导冠层结构,为旱后复水补偿效应的产生提供条件.旱后复水促进了后期穗节的伸长、延缓后期叶片衰老速率、苗后期胁迫使作物对再次受旱的适应能力增强.但补偿效应是有条件的,苗后期重旱和拔节初期轻旱补偿效应最佳,应避免两阶段连旱和拔节期重旱.     

花前干旱复水对冬小麦光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了明确冬小麦花前光合特性、产量及水分利用效率对干旱及复水的响应,选用"周麦22"为试验材料,通过移动防雨棚下桶栽控水的方式,在足墒播种、安全越冬基础上为拔节期和抽穗期间施加不同的水分控制条件,考察冬小麦的光合特性、产量和水分利用效率(WUE),探讨作物干旱复水机理,以期为冬小麦抗旱高产稳产提供理论和技术支撑。取得主要结果如下:①净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)变化趋势保持高度一致,皆随着干旱程度的加重以及干旱时间的增加而显著降低。且干旱对不同生育期影响表现为:连续干旱抽穗期拔节期。在复水后,只有单阶段轻旱处理可以恢复到正常水平,其中抽穗期恢复程度最高。②短期干旱条件下产生非气孔限制因素的干旱程度是重旱,长期干旱条件下则是中旱和重旱。③相比之下短期轻旱减产不显著,且产量随着干旱程度加重和干旱时间增加而显著降低,抽穗期干旱要比拔节期产量高。在经历轻旱和中旱复水后,冬小麦水分利用效率明显提高。综合研究认为,冬小麦花前短期轻旱能够在不显著降低产量的情况下增加水分利用效率,在抽穗期遭受干旱复水后补偿效应更高,同时应避免连续干旱。     

水稻根冠功能对水分胁迫及复水的补偿响应

通过盆栽试验,研究了水分胁迫及复水对水稻根冠功能的补偿响应.结果表明:水稻旱后复水根冠功能的补偿效应明显,尤以分蘖末期短历时重旱、拔节初期短历时轻旱补偿效应最佳.旱后复水新生器官生理活性的提高是水稻产生补偿效应的主要贡献者.     

旱涝交替胁迫对拔节期水稻生长和土壤氧化还原电位的影响

【目的】系统研究不同胁迫组合对水稻生长和土壤氧化还原状况的影响。【方法】通过盆栽试验,设置了2个旱涝交替胁迫处理(T1:轻旱-轻涝-轻旱,T2:重旱-轻涝-重旱)和1个对照处理(CK:常规灌溉),测定了拔节期水稻株高、干物质量、叶片叶绿素和土壤氧化还原电位值(Eh)。【结果】拔节期旱涝交替胁迫处理抑制水稻株高的生长,直至成熟期,T1和T2处理株高仍较CK显著降低了8.54%和13.16%(p0.05);旱涝交替胁迫可以降低水稻叶片叶绿素量,但复水后旱涝交替胁迫处理的水稻叶片叶绿素量逐渐增加,到生育后期,T1和T2处理的水稻叶片中叶绿素量较CK显著增加了26.65%和34.41%(p0.05);收获时,T1和T2处理根质量显著高于CK,T2处理总干质量显著低于T1处理和CK,T1和T2处理的水稻根冠比分别达到了CK的1.40倍和1.67倍(p0.05);拔节期旱涝交替胁迫可以增加Eh,胁迫结束时,T1和T2处理的Eh分别达到了CK的3.31倍和3.23倍(p0.05)。【结论】拔节期旱涝交替胁迫可以降低水稻株高,复水后可以延缓水稻叶片衰老,增加水稻根冠比以及可以改善水稻土的氧化还原状况,但T1和T2处理降低了水稻产量。     

旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻叶绿素荧光特性

采用盆栽试验,设置4个旱涝交替胁迫处理(旱-轻涝-旱连续胁迫,其中分蘖期轻涝为保持水深10 cm,拔节期轻涝为保持水深15 cm):分蘖期轻旱(T-LD)、分蘖期重旱(T-HD)、拔节期轻旱(S-LD)和拔节期重旱(S-HD),并以常规灌溉(CK)为对照,研究了旱涝交替胁迫条件下水稻分蘖期和拔节期荧光特性。结果表明,分蘖期和拔节期旱涝交替胁迫均对叶绿素荧光参数产生显著影响。分蘖期第一次旱后,T-HD处理最大荧光值(Fm)比T-LD处理高16.29%(p0.05),而T-LD处理Fm则比CK降低3.44%;旱涝急转后,旱胁迫处理初始荧光值(Fo)略微低于CK,T-LD处理Fm比CK高1.98%,而T-HD处理则比CK低4.73%;第二次旱后,T-LD、T-HD处理Fo均低于CK,但PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)比CK高。拔节期第一次旱后,S-LD和S-HD处理Fo高于CK,但Fm和Fv/Fm均比CK低;旱涝急转后,S-HD处理Fv/Fm最低;第二次旱后,S-LD和S-HD处理Fo分别比CK低4.40%和3.30%,而Fm则分别比CK高出17.02%和23.87%,且Fv/Fm显著高于CK(p0.01),荧光反应得到增强。复水至拔节期,分蘖期处理叶绿素Fo呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而Fm则上下波动,随后逐渐超过CK,且Fv/Fm低于CK(除9月6日外),说明PSⅡ反应中心的活性受到持续抑制;而在灌浆期后,各处理荧光参数差异较小。     

水氮耦合对黑土稻作产量与氮素吸收利用的影响

为探明不同水氮耦合模式下黑土区水稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用的规律,设置常规淹灌（F）、浅湿灌溉（W）和控制灌溉（C）3种灌溉模式,0、85、110、135kg/hm2（N0、N1、N2、N3）4个施氮量水平,共12个处理,研究不同水氮耦合模式对水稻干物质、产量、氮素吸收转运、水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明：常规淹灌和浅湿灌溉模式下,水稻地上部各器官干物质累积量随施氮量的增加而增大,而控制灌溉模式随施氮量的增加先增大后减小;水稻地上部不同器官氮素累积量随施氮量的增加而增大,相同施氮水平,控制灌溉模式的叶、茎鞘和穗氮素累积量较常规淹灌提高了27.80%~43.42%、18.32%~24.97%、13.85%~24.25%,较浅湿灌溉提高了0.96%~13.18%、10.73%~12.86%、10.53%~12.61%;3种灌溉模式下,水稻地上部干物质、氮素累积速率均随施氮量的增加而增大,且控制灌溉模式高于浅湿灌溉和常规淹灌模式,干物质、氮素累积始盛期随施氮量增加而提前;水稻植株平均氮素累积速率达到峰值时间比平均干物质累积速率达到峰值时间提前11.39d;相较于常规淹灌和浅湿灌溉模式,控制灌溉模式更有利于提高水稻产量,其中CN2处理产量最大,为10272.57kg/hm2;控制灌溉模式显著提升氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力;相同灌溉模式下,叶、茎鞘氮素转运率以及穗部氮素转运贡献率随施氮量增加而减小。水稻产量与灌溉水分利用效率、水分生产效率、氮肥农学利用效率、百千克籽粒吸氮量之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与氮素籽粒生产效率之间呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。适宜水氮耦合模式可提高水稻产量和氮素吸收利用,综合考虑CN2处理为最佳水氮耦合模式。     

干旱及旱后复水对夏玉米根系生长的影响

为研究不同干旱条件下夏玉米根系生长的适应能力以及根系在旱后复水情况下的恢复能力,以'登海618'为试验材料,通风棚下设置轻旱、中旱、重旱、特旱后同等复水条件4个处理组以及1个正常供水对照组,分析了不同干旱及旱后复水下土壤含水量的变化以及对夏玉米根系形态和根生物量的影响.结果表明:①4种干旱处理下,土壤深度10、30、5...     

水氮耦合对滴灌复播油葵氮素吸收与土壤硝态氮的影响

为了解新疆北部石河子地区水氮耦合对滴灌复播油葵的氮素累积、转运分配与吸收利用及土壤硝态氮累积动态的影响,以大田试验为基础,结合室内试验,以当地油葵主栽早熟品种"新葵杂五号"为供试材料,在滴灌条件下进行水氮二因素三水平完全处理小区试验。结果表明,不同水氮组合的滴灌复播油葵各器官氮素累积生育前期均以叶片为主,生育后期均以花盘为主。水氮组合对滴灌复播油葵各器官在各生育期对氮素的累积、分配、转运与吸收利用及油葵产量均具有显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)的互作效应。适当范围内(施纯氮量小于等于232 kg/hm2、灌水量小于等于3 000 m3/hm2)增水增氮可以促进油葵各器官对氮素的有效累积,促进油葵氮素的转运与吸收利用,达到促进油葵高产的目的。水氮耦合对滴灌复播油葵土壤硝态氮累积量影响显著。随施氮量增加,0~80 cm土壤硝态氮累积量增加;随灌水量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量在0~40 cm土层降低,在40~80 cm土层增加;收获后,随灌水量和施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮相对累积量在40~80 cm土层增加,在0~40 cm土层降低。结合油葵产量与植株对氮素吸收转运的表现,该试验最佳花盘全氮增加量为2.16 g/株,产量为3 597.11 kg/hm2,最优水氮组合为灌水3 000 m3/hm2,施纯氮232 kg/hm2。     

水氮调控对宁夏旱区马铃薯株高、叶绿素和产量的影响

为了探明宁夏中部旱区膜下滴灌水氮调控对马铃薯株高、叶绿素和产量的影响,采用双因素三水平随机区组试验,研究了不同灌水施氮处理对马铃薯株高、叶绿素相对含量和产量的影响。结果表明:在相同灌水量条件下,马铃薯株高不随施氮量的增加而增大,叶绿素相对含量随着施氮量的增加而升高,不同施氮量处理之间株高差异不显著(P0.05);在相同施氮量条件下,马铃薯株高随灌水量增加而增大,叶绿素相对含量随灌水量的增加而降低,不同灌水量处理之间株高差异显著(P0.05),灌水量对马铃薯株高的影响程度大于施氮量,T7处理马铃薯株高最大,T3处理叶片叶绿素相对含量最高;灌水和施用氮肥均可以提高马铃薯产量和商品薯产量,试验条件下T6处理马铃薯产量最大且商品薯率最高。在宁夏中部旱区灌水施氮方案以T6处理为宜。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。