保护性耕作对土壤有机碳含量的影响

为了探讨土壤有机碳对不同耕作措施的响应,进行长期田间定位试验,研究了采用秸秆还田免耕(NTS)、秸秆还田翻耕(TS)、免耕(NT)及常规翻耕(T)4种措施下春小麦-豌豆轮作后土壤有机碳含量的变化,测定了0～5.0 cm、5.1～10.0 cm、10.1～30.0 cm土层中总有机碳含量、腐殖质碳含量和热水溶性有机碳含量。结果表明:轮作10年后,与T处理相比,NTS、TS和NT处理的0～30 cm土层中土壤总有机碳含量、腐殖质碳含量和热水溶性有机碳含量均有不同程度的提高。土壤总有机碳含量、热水溶性有机碳含量及NTS和NT处理下腐殖质碳含量均随土层深度的增加而减少;TS和T处理下,5.1～10.0 cm土层中腐殖质碳含量最高,0～5.0 cm土层中腐殖质碳含量最低。10.1～30.0 cm土层中,TS处理的腐殖质碳含量大于NTS处理。表明秸秆覆盖和免耕均有利于土壤总有机碳、腐殖质碳和热水溶性有机碳的积累。     

Overgrowing of fallow soddy podzolic soils as a factor of modern pedogenesis

The research shows that overgrowing of agricultural soddy-podzolic soils in the taiga-forest zone leads to differentiation of the arable layer into two sublayers. Sod pedogenesis is superimposed on its upper part, which leads to an increase in its humus content and total exchangeable bases and a decrease in soil fertility. A podzolic process is imposed on its lower part, which causes a reduction in its humus content and an increase in the acidity of the entire postaprogenic layer. After 40 years of overgrowing, these sublayers become close to the horizon AY (soddy horizon) and to the EL (eluvial horizon) of virgin soils in a set of their properties.     

“三江并流区”不同类型土壤腐殖质特性的研究*

 为研究各类型土壤的肥力差异,初步分析了紫色土、黄棕壤、高山草甸土、石灰岩土、棕色针叶林土、棕壤、暗棕壤、红壤这8种典型土壤的腐殖质组成和性质。结果表明：仅红壤、黄棕壤的腐殖质含量属中等含量,其余6种均属高含量。腐殖质组成中,均以胡敏素占绝大多数,除暗棕壤和棕色针叶林土外,各土样中富里酸的有机碳的相对数量均大于胡敏酸的有机碳的相对数量。胡敏素含量与腐殖质、有机碳含量呈极显著相关(P＜001)。8种典型土样的腐殖化程度由高到低依次为:棕色针叶林土＞暗棕壤＞棕壤＞紫色土＞石灰岩土＞黄棕壤＞高山草甸土＞红壤。各土样胡敏酸的复杂程度和化学稳定性序列为棕壤＞暗棕壤＞黄棕壤＞紫色土＞红壤＞棕色针叶林土＞高山草甸土＞石灰岩土。各土样中富里酸的缩合度、芳香度和化学稳定性由高到低依次为:石灰岩土＞高山草甸土＞黄棕壤＞紫色土＞棕色针叶林土＞暗棕壤＞棕壤＞红壤。     

长期定位施肥对盐化潮土土壤腐殖质组分的影响

本文以中国农业科学院禹城试验站轻壤质盐化潮土(黄河冲积平原土壤)的20年肥料长期定位试验为平台,系统研究了长期施用无机肥、有机肥及有机无机配施对土壤腐殖质形态和组分的影响。结果表明:长期施用有机肥不仅能显著或极显著提高土壤中有机碳、腐殖质及胡敏酸、富里酸的含量,而且能提高HA/FA比值,促进土壤有机碳活化与更新,改善腐殖质的品质,而且其含量随有机肥用量的增加而提高;长期施用化肥虽然也能在一定程度上提高土壤有机碳、胡敏酸等的含量,但其含量基本不受化肥用量增加的影响。在等氮量的条件下,长期有机无机肥配施比常量有机肥处理更能提高耕层土壤HA/FA。     

水稻土的研究 Ⅶ.两种不同起源的水稻土腐殖质组成和性质的比较

江苏西南部黄棕壤上发育的马肝土及苏北草甸沼泽土上发育的黑粘土是两种代表性水稻土,对其腐殖质组成和性质进行了分析测定。结果为:1.在两种水稻土中,游离松结态和紧结态腐殖质的含量都高于稳结态腐殖质的含量;2.马肝土的胡敏酸碳/富里酸碳比值较黑粘土为低;3.光密度及絮凝极限值表明,马肝土胡敏酸的芳环聚缩程度低于黑粘土,前者胡敏酸的分子结构较后者简单。     

GPR Diagnostics of Chernozem Humus Horizon Thickness

This work aimed to search for indicators of the thickness of the humus horizon of chernozem soils based on the data of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveying. The investigation was carried out on a test site located in Russia’s Tula oblast. The area is dominated by arable podzolized chernozems, including ones eroded to a varying extent. In parallel with GPR profiling in the field, soil was drilled to determine the lower boundary of the humus horizon. Based on the conjugate analysis of GPR profiling data and the field determination of the thickness of the humus horizon, a new indicator was proposed: the coefficient of asymmetry of the modal value of the peak of the spectral density of the first-period reflected GPR pulse obtained at a frequency of 100 MHz. The proposed indicator demonstrates a good statistical relationship with the thickness of the humus horizon of chernozem soils. For the test region, a regression model of this relationship was constructed with a determination coefficient of approximately 0.82. To calculate the thickness of the humus horizon (A+AB), it is suggested to use the lower boundary of the second period of the spectral density of the reflected signal, which correlates well with the actual data. The developed approach can be used to map the thickness of the humus horizon in the chernozem soils of the research region. Theoretically, this approach can be extended to soils of other regions.     

不同有机物料对黑土腐殖质结合形态影响差异性的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了施用不同有机物料后黑土腐殖质结合形态含量及特征变化。结果表明,草本处理松结态腐殖质总量始终高于CK,并且在施用有机物料1a后差异显著,而动物粪便在施用5a后显著高于CK。各处理松结态腐殖质胡敏酸/富里酸(H/F)只在施用1a后表现出明显差异,光密度也只在施用1a后有明显差异,而各处理联结态腐殖质含量表现为施用1a后显著低于CK,随时间延长显著高于CK,施用5a后则无明显差异;光密度在施用5a后才表现出明显差异,草本残体、动物残体显著高于其他处理,木本残体、动物粪便、CK之间则无明显差异。各处理对于稳结态腐殖质含量的影响无明显差异,但对其组成影响并不相同。与CK相比,施用有机物料1a后,紧结态腐殖质含量显著提高,但有机物料之间差异不显著。各处理松/紧表现为,施用1a后,草本残体显著高于其他处理,而木本处理、动物粪便处理显著低于CK,随时间的延长各处理则无明显差异。     

青藏高原不同类型草地土壤有机碳特征研究

青藏高原草地土壤蕴含着巨大的有机碳库,在全球碳循环中起着重要的作用。该文对青藏高原3种不同类型草地（高寒草甸、高寒草甸草原和温性荒漠）土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳（水溶性有机碳、易氧化有机碳）、腐殖质组分碳（胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳和腐殖质碳）、团聚体碳及团聚体稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、腐殖质组分碳、团聚体碳及团聚体稳定性指标（包括平均重量直径、几何平均直径、＞0.25mm的团聚体所占含量及水稳定团聚体比例）的顺序均为温性荒漠＜高寒草甸草原＜高寒草甸,高寒草甸土壤的团聚体稳定性最高。     

Long-term effects of wildfire on ecosystem properties across an island area gradient

Boreal forest soils play an important role in the global carbon cycle by functioning as a large terrestrial carbon sink or source, and the alteration of fire regime through global change phenomena may influence this role. We studied a system of forested lake islands in the boreal zone of Sweden for which fire frequency increases with increasing island size. Large islands supported higher plant productivity and litter decomposition rates than did smaller ones, and, with increasing time since fire, litter decomposition rates were suppressed sooner than was ecosystem productivity. This contributes to greater carbon storage with increasing time since fire; for every century without a major fire, an additional 0.5 kilograms per square meter of carbon becomes stored in the humus.     

有机物料在白土中的分解与转化

三年田间试验结果表明,在等氮量条件下,有机肥与无机肥配合施用的各处理的土壤有机质含量显著高于无机氮处理。砂滤管试验的结果表明,供试有机物料的腐殖化系数为0.13～0.57;有机物料能显著增加土壤有机碳和重组有机碳含量,促进土壤有机-无机复合体的形成,提高土壤增值复合量和增值复合度,改善腐殖质结合形态,使松结态组分增加,紧结态组分减少,土壤腐殖质得到活化。结果还表明,供试白土有机质的年矿化量约为145kg/亩,由作物根茬形成的土壤有机质约为105kg/亩,每年每亩施1600kg厩肥或300kg干稻草方能保持土壤碳素的平衡。     

秦岭火地塘林区不同土壤类型腐殖质组成及结合态腐殖质特性的研究

对秦岭火地塘林区棕壤、暗棕壤及草甸土进行了分析测定。结果表明,不同土类在腐殖质组成及结合态腐殖质特性方面存在明显差异。棕壤、暗棕壤及草甸土的Ｈ／Ｆ值相比较,以暗棕壤最大,草甸土次之,棕壤最小;随剖面加深３种土类的Ｈ／Ｆ值明显下降。除草甸土、暗棕壤Ａ层外３种土类腐殖质均以富里酸为主。３种土类的结合态腐殖质均以松结合态为主,且以草甸土相对含量最高,暗棕壤次之,棕壤最低;随剖面加深,棕壤、暗棕壤及草甸土结合态腐殖质相对含量有增大趋势。３种土类的土壤有机质绝大部分是以结合态形式存在。     

全球气候变化下中国农田土壤碳库未来变化

农田土壤碳库对缓解气候变化、保证粮食安全具有重要作用。日益加剧的气候变化对农田土壤有机碳库演变的潜在影响受到广泛关注。全球气候变化所带来的温度、降雨和大气二氧化碳（CO₂）浓度的改变,会通过影响净初级生产力（NPP）、外源碳投入和有机碳分解速率等因素改变生态系统碳循环过程。另外,气候变化也会通过改变土地利用方式和种植制度等农业措施改变生态系统碳循环。综述国内外农田土壤碳库演变对气候变化影响的研究成果表明,到21世纪末,中国气温将会升高3.9-6.0℃,降水有望增加9%-11%。至2050年,气温和降水的变化会造成中国农田系统碳投入相比1980年降低2.3%-10%（小麦、玉米和水稻平均值）。相反,在综合考虑CO₂浓度升高的协同作用后,2050年中国农田系统碳投入相比1990年前将会增加13%-22%（平均年增长率0.2%-0.4%）。模型预测显示,至2020、2050和2080年,中国旱地0-30 cm土层有机碳在CO₂低排放情景下分别会损失2.7、6.0和 7.8 tC·hm^-2,在CO₂高排放情景下分别会损失2.9、6.8和8.2 tC·hm^-2,大概占1980年农田土壤碳的4.5%、10.5%和12.7%。综合碳投入和排放对农田土壤碳库的整体影响来看,21世纪末期中国农田土壤有机碳库含量较1980年会下降10%左右,但如果采取相应的管理措施,可有效抑制农田土壤碳库的降低甚至提高,如农田系统碳投入以每年1%的速度增加时,土壤碳库会在21世纪末增加两倍。目前的研究结果显示,气候变化是否会强烈影响农田土壤碳库依然有很大的不确定因素,其对固碳效应正面和负面影响相互抵消后成为碳源还是碳汇说法不一。因此,在采取缓解气候变化、增加农田土壤固碳的措施的同时,还需加强农田土壤碳库未来变化趋势的研究和探索,为中国政策框架的决定以及未来气候变化谈判提供可靠的科学依据。     

山西省关帝山地区暗棕壤的研究

对山西省关帝山海拔2200～2600m之间的两个森林土壤剖面的形态、微形态特征、理化性状及粘土矿物种类的研究表明:土壤有30cm厚的腐殖质层,有机质含量达10％以上,森林腐殖质类型属细腐(Mull)类型;土壤呈中性稍偏弱酸性反应;土壤形成过程以腐殖质累积过程为主,并有微弱的弱酸性淋溶过程和棕化过程,应属暗棕壤类。     

苏皖南部丘陵茶园土壤的腐殖质组成及性质的研究

本文是对安徽祁门和十字铺、江苏宜兴和深水等地不同肥力水平的茶园土壤腐殖质含量、组成与性质的研究。土壤类型包括黄壤,红壤和黄棕壤。三个地区茶园土壤腐殖质组成都以富里酸为主,不同地区HA/FA值自黄壤向黄棕壤递增,同一地区高产茶园土壤HA/FA值大于低产茶园土壤,胡敏酸光密度值以黄壤最高,红壤居中,黄棕壤最低。     

福建红壤的磷素吸附及磷肥效应

土壤施用稻草后，土壤最大吸磷量（Ｍ）增加１８．４％－３０．７％，吸附能常数（Ｋ）下降５６．１％－６３．６％．加入酒石酸、草酸、柠檬酸对土壤Ｍ的影响不明显，Ｋ值则下降５５．６％－６４．６％．影响土壤Ｍ的主要因子是活性铁、晶质铁、腐殖质、粘粒（＜０．００１ｍｍ）；影响Ｋ的主要因子是土壤全磷。晶质铁、腐殖质．连续种植３季作物后，土壤Ｍ变化不大，土壤Ｋ值则显著增加．土壤Ｋ和Ｍ与第１季小麦及第２季油菜磷肥回收率呈显著或极显著负相关，与第３季水稻磷肥回收率则无明显的关系．     

Simulation and Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Jiangsu Province Based on Model and GIS Techniques

Based on the databases of soils, meteorology, crop production, and agricultural management, changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) of agro-ecosystems in Jiangsu Province were simulated by using a soil organic carbon model with a linkage of GIS. Four data sets of soil organic carbon measured from various field experiments in Jiangsu Province were used to validate the model. It was demonstrated that the model simulation in general agreed with the field measurements. Model simulation indicated that the SOC content in approximately 77% of the agricultural soils in Jiangsu Province has increased since the Second National Soil Survey completed in the early 1980s. Compared with the values in 1985, the SOC content in 2000 was estimated to increase by 1.0-3.0 g kg-1 for the north and the coastal areas of the province, and by 3.5-5.0 g kg-1 for the region of Tai Lake in the south. A slight decrease (about 0.5-1.5 g kg-1 ) was estimated for the central region of Jiangsu Province and the Nanjing-Zhenjiang hilly area. Model prediction for 2010 A.D. under two scena-rios, i.e., with 30 and 50% of the harvested crop straw incorporation, suggested that the SOC in Jiangsu Province would increase, and thus that the agricultural soils would have potential as organic carbon storage. The incorporation of crop straw into soils is of great benefit to increase soil carbon storage, consequently to benefit the control of the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration and to maintain the sustainable development of agriculture.     

长期施肥对黑土腐殖质组分的影响

利用Pallo法,将土壤腐殖质分为FAf、HAs、HAp、FAs、FAp和HM共6个组分（HAs和FAs为松结合态腐殖质工,HAp和FAp为稳结合态腐殖质Ⅱ,HM为紧结合态腐殖质Ⅲ）,研究了长期定位施肥（ck、M2、M4、NPK、M2＋NPK和M4＋NPK）对黑土腐殖质各组分的影响。结果表明：腐殖质各组分的碳量由高到低的顺序为HAp〉HAs〉FAp〉FM〉FAs。长期施肥有利于SOC、FAf碳量的积累和松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质碳量的增加,有利于土壤腐殖质Ⅰ／Ⅱ值的提高和Ⅰ／Ⅲ值的降低。各施肥处理中松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质积累效果相比,高量有机肥长期配施化肥的最好,而单施化肥的效果最差。长期单施化肥使土壤松结合态和稳结合态腐殖质的PQ值增加,腐殖化作用增强。     

覆膜栽培对耕层士壤腐殖质组分与土壤团聚体影响的初步研究

本文主要筒述在覆膜条件下,几种蔬菜作物、棉花、林木幼苗,对耕层土壤腐殖质组分与土壤团聚体的影响规律。试验结果表明:(1)覆膜栽培生长后期测定耕层土壤总腐碳均低于对照处理,三种形态碳占总腐碳的百分数相比较,紧结态最大、联结态次之,游离态最小。(2)覆膜处理,紧结态碳占总腐碳的百分数随土壤中总腐碳含量增加而增加,覆膜处理游离态碳均低于对照处理。(3)耕层土壤紧结态碳占总腐碳的百分数、各处理间T值实测结果,达到了显著,极显著标准。(4)覆膜处理耕层土壤各级团聚体占总土重的百分数均高于对照处理。纲室试验结果与田间试验结果一致。     

灰棕紫泥水稻土微团聚体中腐殖质结合形态及其氧化稳定性的研究

在灰棕紫泥水稻土微团聚体中,有机碳、重组碳、松结态腐殖质和稳结态腐殖质的含量随微团聚体粒径增大而减少,且微团聚体越小,有机无机复合度及腐殖质氧化稳定性越高。腐殖质氧化稳定性与有机无机复合度呈显著正相关。     

耕作方式对黑土有机碳及有机无机复合状况的影响

[目的]研究耕作方式对黑土有机碳数量的变化、有机无机复合度及腐殖质结合形态的影响。[方法]采用设置休闲、玉米连作和玉米—大豆轮作3种耕作方式进行长期定位试验。[结果]不同耕作方式对黑土有机无机复合状况有明显的影响。休闲、连作及轮作均能增加土壤有机碳及其各组分、重组有机碳含量以及原土复合量,提高土壤活性有机碳含量,降低土壤有机碳的氧化稳定性及原土复合度。连作和轮作增加黑土土壤追加复合量和追加复合度,以轮作效果最好。不同耕作方式中各种结合形态的腐殖质在绝对含量上均有明显提高,以松结合态腐殖质增加较多。[结论]轮作更有利于提高土壤HA/FA比值、HA的E4/E6比值、土壤松结合态腐殖质含量及土壤重组腐殖质碳的松/稳和松/紧比值。