水曲柳种群性比及空间分布

雌雄异株植物的雌雄植株在营养和繁殖结构的大小、颜色及寿命,资源获得与分配,与群落其他物种相互作用等方面均存在差异(Delph et al.,1996;2002;Pickering,2000;Gehring et al.,1994).种群性比是雌雄异株植物的一个重要结构指标,尽管雌树多于雄树(Opler et al.,1978;Alliende et al.,1989),以及性比不显著偏离1:1(Morellato,2004)的种群结构已经被发现,但大量研究显示雄树通常多于雌树(Pickering,2000;Gauquelin et al.,2002;Pickering et al.,2002).     

库姆塔格沙漠地区的昆虫多样性

干旱、半干旱区约占全球陆地表面的41%(Reynolds et al.,2007),是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分。但是,由于干旱荒漠地区土壤水分含量低,而且降水稀少,因此不能支撑大面积、连续分布的植被(Schulze et al.,2005),植物群落通常较为单一,不同类型灌木的斑块状分布格局是荒漠区植被的显著特征(Whitford,2002)。昆虫多样性是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分(Lewinsohn et al.,2008),而其中的荒漠昆虫是随着荒漠的出现,适应环境改变演化而来的一支特殊旱生昆虫类群(黄人鑫等,2005),是荒漠生态系统的重要组成部分。     

气候变暖背景下内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林火灾发生日期的变化

森林火灾是一种自然灾害,它的发生和蔓延很大程度上受气象条件的制约(林其钊,2003;宋志杰,1991),气候波动是过去几千年来林火动态(forest fire regime)发展演变的重要影响因子(Whitlocka et al.,2006;Yalcin et al.,2006;Talon et al.,2005;Carcaillet et al.,2001;Hallett et al.,2006;Grenier et al.,2005;Goff et al.,2007;Hu et al.,2006).当前气候变暖已是不争的事实,IPCC(Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change)第四次<全球气候变化评估报告>称(Morton et al.,2007):过去100年(1906-2005年)中,全球平均地表气温升高了0.74℃.气候变暖必然会对林火的发生和蔓延产生重要影响(田晓瑞等,2006).     

缙云山常绿阔叶林木本植物种子大小变异及成因探讨

在植物的性状中,种子大小处于中心地位(张世挺等,2003),种子大小对物种生物学和生态学特征产生一系列影响(Thompson et al.,1998;Moles et al.,2003;Howe et al.,2001;Xiao et al.,2004;Pearson et al.,2003;Tungate et al.,2002;Christie et al.,2003;Rodríguez-Gironés et al.,2003;Tumbull et al.,1999;Tsuyoshiet al.,2001).种间种子大小变异被认为是种子大小变异的中心问题(Haig,1989;Silvertown,1989),因此,从植物区系组成的角度比较种间的种子大小是种子生态学研究中的一个重要内容(Fenner,2001),它对深入认识一个地区植被的物种多样性维持机制,保护和合理利用乡土植物资源都有重要意义.     

引种青蒿的青蒿素含量及生物量

青蒿(Artemisia annua)为菊科蒿属1年生草本植物(张萍等,2001;董岩等,2004;Tang et al.,2006),是我国传统中药,其提取物青蒿素(artemisinin,QHS)是含有过氧桥结构的倍半萜内脂类化合物(Patrick et al.,2007;Liu et al.,2007).     

浙江龙王山自然保护区藤本植物资源及园林应用

藤本植物又称攀缘植物,是一类不能自行直立,需要通过主茎缠绕或攀援器官攀援他物升高的植物的总称(熊济华等,2000),包括木质藤本和草质藤本.藤本植物有着复杂多样的繁育系统(Bawa et al.,1985;Putz et al.,1991),可影响群落的动态结构,在热带森林群落中占据重要地位(Appanah et al.,1984;Putz et al.,1987;Stevens et al.,1980).     

2种盐生植物根系的适盐特性

植物在吸收水分和营养物质的过程中,根系起关键性作用(Satomura et al.,2006),同时根系在土壤中的分布格局反映出植物的生态适应对策(Hartlea et al.,2006),这种对策在逆境中表现为增加其生存的机会(冯锋等,2000).盐生植物作为一类具有特殊适应能力的植物,生长于盐渍化土地上,这种适应对策可能表现在种子萌发(高瑞如等,2007;Song et al.,2006;Qu et al.,2008)、幼苗生长(李圆圆等,2003;韩张雄等,2008)、形态结构(陆静梅等,1998;赵可夫,2002)、生理(孙黎等,2006;贾娜尔·阿汗等,2007)及分子调控(Yin et al.,2002)等方面.     

连栽杉木林不同生育阶段林下植被生物量

林下植被是森林生态系统的一个重要组成部分,亦是森林生态系统中有机物质的生产者,在森林生态系统的物质循环研究中具有重要作用(Chpin,1983;Chastain et al.,2006),如维持森林生物多样性(褚建民等,2007)、提高人工林的水土保持功能(袁正科等,2002)和保护环境(刘苑秋等,2004;Fabia et al.,2002;Kume et al.,2003;Taylor et al.,2006).对森林林下植被结构和生态功能的研究已有不少报道(Taylor et al.,2006;吴鹏飞等,2008;李春义等,2007;段劼等,2010).     

辽东山区次生林3种大小林窗夏季近地面气温及土壤温度比较

20世纪70年代以来,林窗已成为森林小尺度干扰研究的热点(Whitmore,1989;王进欣等,2002).林窗是森林中具有特殊性质的微结构(Clinton et al.,1993;Gray et al.,1997;梁晓东等,2001;Gagnona et al.,2004),它影响着森林群落的发展方向、物种组成以及种群动态(Spies et al.,1990;安树青等,1997;Zhu et al.,2006),如有些物种只能通过林窗才能进行更新(谢宗强,1999;贺金生等,1999).     

松树脂溃疡病菌的分子检测

松树脂溃疡病(Fusarium circinatum)为美国、南非等国外针叶树上发生的一种危险性林木病害(Storer et al.,1994;Viljoen et al.,1994).该病害常引起寄主树干流脂溃疡、雌花和球果坏死、种子变质以及苗木枯死.其病原菌可随种子、苗木、病木木材、媒介生物以及黏附土壤进行远距离传播.日本1989年(Kobayashi et al.,1989)、墨西哥1991年(Guerra et al.,1991)、南非1994年(Viljoen et al.,1994)、智利2001年(Wingfield et al.,2001)等地相继发现有松树脂溃疡病为害,该病害在世界各地呈现出迅速蔓延之势.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.