7种杀菌剂对金钱树疫病病原菌的室内毒力测定

采用室内生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对金钱树疫病病原菌棕榈疫霉(Phytophthora palmivora Butler)的抑制作用.结果表明:0.15%四霉素水剂的抑制效果最好,EC50值为0.0457μg/mL,EC90值为0.2174μg/mL;其次为6.25%精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂和50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂,抑菌效果显著,前者的EC50值为0.0758μg/mL,EC90值为2.4683μg/mL,后者的EC50值为0.3407μg/mL,EC90值为2.0794 μg/mL;22.7%二氰葸醌悬浮剂、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和50%氟码·乙铝可湿性粉剂对菌丝生长也有一定的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为0.1382 μg/mL、2.3796μg/mL和5.4602μg/mL;72.2%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂的抑制效果最差,EC50值为498 μg/mL.在供试的7种杀菌剂中,性价比以80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂最高,其次为50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂.     

车前草穗枯病研究Ⅲ杀菌剂室内毒力测定

车前草穂枯病是江西吉安车前草产区发生最严重的一种真菌病害。本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对车前草穂枯病菌的毒力,结果表明菌毒神丹的毒力最强,EC50值为3.2921μg/mL;多菌灵的毒力最弱,EC50值为8 316.0393μg/mL;其他4种药剂已蒜素、奥普安、代森锰锌和菌毒克的毒力介于其间,EC50值依次为7.8253μg/mL,32.9139μg/mL、140.7006μg/mL和400.4089μl/mL。     

嘧菌酯对三种蔬菜病害的毒力、防效及安全性研究

采集未施用过甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂地区的番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、辣椒炭疽病菌Collecterichum capsica、黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis,于室内测定嘧菌酯对该3种病菌的毒力,结果分别为:对早疫菌的EC50值为8.617 6 μg/mL,对炭疽菌的EC50值为5.634 5 μg/mL,对霜霉菌的EC50值为0.004 9 μg/mL;连续两年在田间使用3个不同剂量的嘧菌酯防治上述3种病菌,均得到了80%以上的良好防效;室内盆栽番茄、辣椒、黄瓜的不同品种,于不同的生长时期,喷施不同浓度的嘧菌酯,500 μg/mL浓度下未见药害。本研究表明,连续使用3次嘧菌酯即可有效控制病害的发展,而且对作物安全性高。     

中药丁香提取物对番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用及生防效果

 试验测定了中药丁香的甲醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌室内抑菌作用和对番茄灰霉病的温室防治作用。室内抑菌试验采用菌丝干重法测试结果表明,提取物在20 000μg/mL和10 000 μg/mL两个浓度下对灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用均达到了80%以上,5 000μg/mL浓度下抑制作用迅速下降到35.37%。在抑制分生孢子产生的测试中,浓度为10 000μg/mL的处理完全抑制了分生孢子的产生,浓度为5 000μg/mL的处理也表现出显著的抑制产孢作用,抑制率达到85.40%,而进一步稀释的处理则没有表现出显著抑制作用。采用生长速率法测试了丁香提取物对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度,结果表明其抑制中浓度为3 292.38μg/mL。在温室盆栽试验中,浓度为20 000μg/mL的处理对番茄灰霉病的保护防治效果达到86.45%,与化学药剂处理达到无显著差异,浓度为10 000μg/mL的处理在保护作用测试中也表现出了显著的防治效果。     

辽宁省黄瓜靶斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的敏感性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了2013年采集分离自辽宁省8个地区的101株黄瓜靶斑病病原菌群体对三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的敏感性。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑对101株黄瓜靶斑病菌的EC50值范围为1.062~18.918μg/mL,相差16.814倍,平均EC50值为(7.109±4.578)μg/mL;戊唑醇对上述菌株的EC50值范围为1.624~21.708μg/mL,相差12.367倍,平均EC50值为(9.398±4.944)μg/mL。田间尚未出现对2种杀菌剂产生抗药性的菌株。不同地区间黄瓜靶斑病菌对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的敏感性无显著差异。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂ZJ 0712对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的毒力及药效评价

ZJ 0712,2- -3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,是我国自行创制的高效广谱杀菌剂。为评价该药剂10%SC对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的使用效果,进行了室内和田间药效评价。经室内检测,该药剂对白粉病菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea的EC50和EC90值分别为1.79和 5.47 μg/mL,对霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis的EC50和EC90值分别为0.34和 45.15 μg/mL。 田间试验结果表明,该药剂对白粉病在10 ~20 g/hm2、对霜霉病在37.5 ~150 g/hm2剂量下防效分别为85.79% ~91.33%和86.70% ~90.18%。该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对作物安全。     

水稻纹枯病病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性基线

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了从贵州、湖北、湖南、河南4省7个稻区分离的101株纹枯病病菌菌株对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性。结果表明,101株菌株的EC50值介于0.365 5~4.832 7μg/mL之间,平均值为1.872 1μg/mL,菌株之间的EC50值最大相差13.2倍,其敏感性频率分布曲线为单峰连续曲线,近似于正态分布,因此,可将EC50值1.872 1μg/mL作为水稻纹枯病病菌对苯醚甲环唑的敏感性基线。     

7种杀菌剂对绿豆根腐病菌的毒力测定及增效混剂配比筛选

以绿豆根腐病主要致病菌尖孢镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌为供试靶标病菌,测定了7种杀菌剂对供试病菌的室内抑菌毒力,在此基础上进行了混配增效药剂筛选实验。结果表明,多菌灵和氟菌唑对尖孢镰孢菌的EC50分别为43.336μg/mL和1.501μg/mL;福美双和氟菌唑对立枯丝核菌的EC50分别为66.38μg/mL和0.128 μg/mL。二元混配增效药剂筛选结果显示,福美双和氟菌唑按照6：4体积比混配对两种供试病菌的室内抑菌增效作用显著,为最佳增效配比。     

烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉病菌生物活性的比较

为了分析烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉病原菌不同发育阶段的敏感性,分别采用离体和活体试验方法比较了供试药剂对病原菌的生物活性。结果表明,烯酰吗啉对辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长、孢子囊产生以及游动孢子释放具有强烈的抑制作用,EC50分别为0.68、0.21和4.92μg/mL,其活性分别是嘧菌酯的34.7、30.4和4.6倍。烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯在浓度为12.5μg/mL时对菌丝体细胞膜的电导率无影响,但当烯酰吗啉和嘧菌酯的浓度分别为25μg/mL和50μg/mL时其电导率值明显上升。采用液相氧电极法,测定了三种典型抑制剂与供试药剂对菌丝体呼吸代谢的影响,结果显示,嘧菌酯作用于三羧酸循环(TCA)途径,而烯酰吗啉对三羧酸循环(TCA)途径和磷酸戊糖(HMP)途径有一定的影响。室内盆栽试验结果表明:在相同浓度下,烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯对辣椒疫病均具有较好的保护效果,两者无显著差异;在辣椒植株接菌后24h采用800μg/mL的药液喷雾处理时,烯酰吗啉对辣椒疫病的防治效果为66%,优于嘧菌酯。     

几种杀菌剂对玉米顶腐病菌的抑制作用

用平板菌落法测定了杀菌剂对玉米顶腐病菌菌丝生长、产孢、孢子萌发及芽管伸长的抑制作用。结果表明:浓度为1000μg/mL的60%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、47%腈菌·锰锌可湿性粉剂3种杀菌剂对菌丝生长抑制率为100%。1000μg/mL和500μg/mL供试各杀菌剂能抑制分生孢子萌发,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂抑制孢子萌发EC50分别为0.2719μg/mL和762.8854μg/mL。供试杀菌剂抑制芽管伸长的EC50差异显著,47%腈菌·锰锌可湿性粉剂EC50为0.1268μg/mL,70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂EC50为383.9653μg/mL。杀菌剂对分生孢子产生抑制作用显著,产孢量显著小于对照,60%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂能完全抑制孢子形成。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.