土壤盐分离子对浸提液电导率的敏感性分析建模

为了研究土壤盐分离子对浸提液电导率的敏感性,首先采用灰色关联分析法对影响土壤浸提液电导率的盐分离子进行初步分析,之后采用缺省因子法与主成分分析法进一步分析检验.结果表明:Cl-、Na+这两种离子对土壤浸提液电导率的变化最为敏感;灰色关联分析法所得结果与基于缺省因子法的主成分分析模型结果基本一致;影响土壤浸提液电导率的7...     

不同生育期幼龄枣树茎流特征及其与环境因子的关系

采用包裹式茎流计对位于新疆阿克苏地区温宿县新疆林科院佳木试验站内的幼龄枣树茎流速率进行连续测定,并同步监测样地内太阳辐射、温度、空气湿度以及风速4个环境因子,研究不同生育期枣树茎流特征及其与环境变化的关系。结果表明:1夜间均存在茎流活动,茎流速率变化曲线除果实膨大期为双峰外,其余生育期内均为单峰;2日累积量变化过程曲线均为"S"形,日均耗水量和总耗水量的趋势均为先增大后减小,且差异性明显,萌芽展叶期最低,果实膨大期最大,日均耗水量分别为2.78 L和8.31 L,总耗水量分别为83.39 L和249.30L;3茎流速率曲线与太阳辐射和温度曲线波形变化趋势基本一致,与空气湿度曲线波形变化趋势相反,茎流速率与环境因子进行偏相关分析,影响枣树茎流速率的主要因子有所差异,但太阳辐射偏相关系数最高,按生育期顺次分别为0.767、0.762、0.873、0.838、0.603和0.825,利用多元线性回归对不同生育期枣树茎流速率与环境因子进行逐步回归,经过回归系数和相关系数检验,各多元线性回归方程均达到了显著水平。     

井式节水灌溉下干旱区灰枣树干液流动态及其对气象因子的响应

在干旱区采用热扩散式液流仪(TDP)、HOBO小气候仪连续监测井式节水灌溉方式下盛果期枣树干液流及气象因子,探讨井式灌溉条件下盛果期枣树干液流变化对气象因子的响应。结果表明:枣树整个生育期树干液流总量为3 935 kg,夏季液流累积量为2 387 kg,约占整个生育期液流总量的61%,蒸腾耗水量夏季最为严重。影响各月枣树干液流的主导气象因子不同,而太阳辐射占各月比例较多。太阳辐射、水汽压亏缺值越大并不代表液流速率越大,液流速率的大小取决于时间、气象及枣树生理状态。     

民勤绿洲枣树、杨树林带胁地规律对比研究

通过对枣树和杨树两种林带根系空间分布、林带下土壤含水率动态变化、近林带区作物产量因子空间变化的调查研究认为 :枣树林带相对杨树林带根系发育弱 ,分布范围小 ,且近林带区农田土壤含水率相对较高 ,对作物生长及产量的影响范围较小、程度低。枣树的胁地范围是 2 4 m,胁地范围内平均减产 9.1— 1 7.3%。杨树的胁地范围是 30 m,胁地范围内平均减产 1 0 .0— 2 3.1 %。     

不同秸秆还田量对旱地全膜双垄沟播土壤水分及玉米生长的影响

在通渭半干旱区通过试验研究了不同秸秆还田量对全膜双垄沟播玉米生长形状、土壤水分状况及产量的影响。试验设计了3个还田量梯度,即玉米秸秆按6000 kg·hm－2（低量还田处理）、9000 kg·hm－2（中量还田处理）、12000 kg·hm－2（高量还田处理）整秆还田,不还田处理作为对照。结果表明,在生育前期时,0～200 cm土壤水分呈现出还田量越高土壤含水量越高的趋势,在出苗期最为明显,高、中、低还田量处理较对照土壤含水量分别高出6．07％、1．24％、0．31％,而在抽雄期后,则表现为低量还田处理＞中量还田处理＞不还田处理＞高量还田处理,叶面积大小表现为高量还田处理＞中量还田处理＞低量还田处理＞不还田处理。耗水量表现为低量还田处理＜中量还田处理＜不还田处理＜高量还田处理。产量及水分利用效率以6000 kg·hm－2还田量处理最高,适宜在半干旱旱作区进行推广。     

基于气象参数的内陆干旱区作物生育期ET0预测

为实现大田作物灌溉的精细化管理,研究了基于气象因素的生育期ET₀预测模型。采用灰色理论对ET₀与日均、日最高、最低温度,日均风速,相对湿度以及日照时数进行灰色关联度分析,结果表明ET₀与温度（包括日均、最高、最低温度）及相对湿度的灰色关联度较高。在分析ET₀与上述气象因素间的相关系数基础上,采用日均温度、日均风速以及日照时数作为模型的输入,ET₀作为输出,建立了BP神经网络（BPNN）预测模型;采用日均温度、日均风速、日照时数及灰色关联度作为输入,建立了模糊最小二乘支持向量机（FLSSVM）预测模型。研究结果表明,BPNN模型的训练值决定系数为0.8643,平均相对误差6.29%,预测值决定系数为0.8099,平均相对误差7.83%;FLSSVM模型的训练值决定系数为0.9684,平均相对误差2.89%;预测值决定系数为0.9663,平均相对误差3.43%。BP神经网络与FLSSVM模型的精度均较高,可以用来预测ET₀日值,这为大田作物的精细化灌溉管理提供理论与技术支持。     

半干旱区不同施肥量对旱作冬小麦田土壤呼吸的影响

为了探究不同施肥量对半干旱区旱作冬小麦田土壤呼吸的影响,在宁夏回族自治区彭阳县旱地农业试验站设置了不施肥（F_N）、低肥（F_L）、中肥（F_M）和高肥（F_H）大田试验。通过监测不同施肥量下冬小麦田的土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤呼吸速率,分析不同施肥量下冬小麦田土壤呼吸速率的变化特征及其与土壤水热因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）施肥能提升0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层土壤温度,随着施肥量的增加,0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层温度平均增幅分别为1.7%~15.0%和2.0%~21.4%。（2）施肥降低了0~100 cm土层土壤含水量,随着施肥量的增加,F_H、F_M和F_L处理降幅分别为6.5%~7.0%、5.0%~5.8%和3.5%~4.0%。（3）施肥显著提升了冬小麦在拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期的土壤呼吸速率;2018—2019年和2019—2020年低肥、中肥和高肥处理平均土壤呼吸速率分别提升了40.0%、25.5%和14.5%。（4）施肥提升了冬小麦全生育期CO₂排放量,随着施肥量的增加,全生育期CO₂排放量呈下降趋势,表现为低肥＞中肥＞高肥＞无肥,且各生育阶段土壤CO₂累计排放量存在显著差异。（5）土壤呼吸速率与土壤水热因子相关性分析表明,土壤呼吸与0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层土壤温度相关系数均达到显著水平,且与5~10 cm土层土壤温度相关性显著高于0~5 cm土层;土壤呼吸速率与0~10 cm土层土壤含水率呈现显著相关关系。（6）土壤水热双因素与土壤呼吸分析表明,土壤水热双因素可以解释土壤呼吸变化的81%~89%,高于土壤温度（63%~74%）和土壤水分（46%~75%）单因素。综上可知,土壤呼吸受土壤温度和水分的调控。从改善农田生态,降低土壤呼吸的角度来看,适当提升施肥量可有效减少土壤呼吸的排放。     

滴灌条件下枣树耗水规律的研究

试验通过研究枣树的茎流来预测其耗水量,为合理灌溉提供科学依据。利用植物茎流计在滴灌条件下测定枣树的茎流变化,结果表明2010年5月15日的最大值出现在中午12∶00,达到1834．28 g · h－1,6月26日的最大茎流速率在13∶00,达到4861．89 g·h－1,7月20日最大值出现在15∶00,达到6385．88 g·h－1,8月10日最大茎流出现在16∶00,达到5816．86 g · h－1;最小茎流都是出现在凌晨4∶00～8∶00。5月份的日平均累计流量比较小,枣树在这个月的日平均耗水量反而最小,到了7、8月份,随着温度的升高和雨季的结束,枣树耗水量明显增加,8月的日平均耗水累计量最高;通过相关分析,地表最高温度和最高气温对枣树的茎流量影响较大。研究得出：土壤含水量是影响茎流的变化主要因素,其它环境因子对茎流的影响也很重要。     

玉米秸秆还田保护性耕作对产量及土壤理化性状影响的灰色关联分析

通过在甘肃中部干旱区设置的农艺农机结合持续秸秆还田保护性耕作试验,研究了玉米增产量(率)与年限的关系及与土壤理化性状的灰色关联度,并对与有机质关联度高且相关关系显著的肥力因子进行了回归分析.结果表明:秸秆还田保护性耕作2～6a的增产率为2.63%～6.08%.土壤理化性状与增产量的灰色关联序为有机质(0.7456)＞全...     

不同灌溉方式对渭北果园土壤水分及水分利用的影响

为了筛选适合渭北黄土高原苹果园的节水灌溉方式,以陕富6号苹果为试材,研究了不同灌溉方式下0～1 m土壤含水率的动态变化规律、土壤储水量和水分利用效率.结果表明:(1)3～10月份,不同层次土壤含水率由高到低为:膜下滴灌＞膜下沟溉≈滴灌＞沟灌＞不灌溉,覆膜与不覆膜之间比较,膜下沟灌＞沟灌,膜下滴灌＞滴灌.(2)6月15日...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.