投喂频率对福瑞鲤幼鱼摄食与生长的影响

研究不同投喂频率(1次/d,2次/d,3次/d,4次/d)对福瑞鲤(FFRC strain common carp)幼鱼摄食与生长的影响,试验周期为30 d。结果显示:当投喂频率从1次/d增加到4次/d时,福瑞鲤幼鱼的摄食率逐步提高,1次/d组的摄食率显著低于其他组(P0.05);体重增长率、体长增长率和特定生长率随投喂频率的增加均有不同程度提高,在4次/d时达到最高;饲料转化率逐步升高,1次/d组显著低于其他组(P0.05)。各试验组福瑞鲤幼鱼的个体体重/体长差异随着投喂频率的增加而先升后降,最终幼鱼的规格趋于一致。综合本试验结果,投喂频率对福瑞鲤幼鱼的摄食与生长存在显著影响,在4次/d的投喂频率下其摄食水平、生长性能、饲料转化效率及大小分化差异系数等均表现出较好状态。     

池养条件下瓦氏黄颡鱼仔稚鱼摄食节律和日摄食率研究

对池养条件下瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)早期发育阶段的摄食节律进行了研究。结果表明:每日5:00~9:00及17:00~21:00瓦氏黄颡鱼的饱满指数相对较高,15:00~17:00最低,表明瓦氏黄颡鱼属于晨昏摄食型;在仔鱼出膜后的第5、10、15、20、25和30天瓦氏黄颡鱼的日摄食率分别为44.79%、33.72%、23.21%、19.92%、16.58%和10.27%,呈逐渐下降趋势。     

投喂频率对鳡幼鱼摄食及生长的影响

研究了不同投喂频率(1次/d,2次/d,3次/d,4次/d)对鳡(Elopichthys bambusa)幼鱼摄食及生长的影响,试验持续30 d。结果显示:投喂频率从1次/d增加到4次/d,鳡幼鱼的摄食率逐步提高,1次/d组的摄食率显著低于其他组(P<0.05);体重增加率、特定生长率有不同程度增高,在3次/d时达到最高;饲料转化率逐次下降,1次/d组显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。随着投喂频率增加,实验各组组内个体体重差异显著下降,鳡的规格趋于整齐,组间每日摄食表现也各不相同。试验表明:鳡的生长受投喂频率的影响,每天投喂3次是鳡养殖的最佳投喂频率。     

投喂频率和投喂水平对长吻鮠幼鱼生长和免疫的影响

为观察不同投喂频率和投喂水平对长吻鮠(Leiocassis longirostris)幼鱼生长和免疫的影响,将平均体质量1. 15 g的长吻鮠饲养在水泥池(2 m×1 m×1 m)中,投喂频率分别为2次/d和3次/d,各投喂频率下投喂水平分别为鱼体质量的2%、4%、6%、8%和10%,每个处理组放鱼60尾,饲养为期42 d。结果显示:投喂频率为2次/d和3次/d时,试验鱼的末体质量、特定生长率与投喂水平之间存在二次相关性,两条曲线几乎重合,表明投喂频率、投喂水平对试验鱼的末体质量和特定生长率的影响是一致的;血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量在投喂频率为2次/d、投喂水平为4%和6%时较低;血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)含量在投喂频率为2次/d、投喂水平为4%和6%时较高;血清溶菌酶(LYS)含量在投喂水平为6%、投喂频率2次/d和3次/d时显著高于其他各组(P <0. 05)。综合生长和免疫指标,在本试验条件下,投喂频率为2次/d、投喂水平为6%的投喂模式更利于长吻鮠幼鱼的生长。     

The impact of light intensity and algal-induced turbidity on first-feeding Seriola lalandi larvae

Feeding performance (intensity and incidence) of first‐feeding yellowtail kingfish larvae was evaluated under a range of light intensities and algal‐induced turbidities. Larvae were fed with varying degrees of success under all light intensities tested (0–17 μmol s^?1 m^?2), in both clearwater and greenwater (8 × 10⁴ cells mL^?1). There was a consistent trend for feeding performance to increase with larval age and light intensity in both clearwater and greenwater conditions, demonstrating that visual proficiency increases with larval age. Feeding intensity remained low over the first 3 days of first feeding across all light intensities tested. Days 6 and 7 post‐hatch larvae showed considerably higher feeding intensities particularly at 8 and 17 μmol s^?1 m^?2. This improvement indicates an ontogenetic shift in sensory or locomotor competence. First‐feeding larvae performed equally well in both clearwater and greenwater (8 × 10⁴ cells mL^?1) conditions, although at the lowest light intensity tested (0.1 μmol s^?1 m^?2) feeding performance was noticeably reduced. Feeding performance was severely diminished across all larval ages at an algal cell density of 32 × 10⁴ cells mL^?1, demonstrating that for this species algal‐induced turbidities >16 × 10⁴ cells mL^?1 adversely affect the ability to capture free‐swimming prey during the first‐feeding window.     

三亚鹿回头礁区造礁石珊瑚的摄食特征

能量与营养物质的正常获取是维系造礁石珊瑚生命活动的基础,这主要与其两种营养方式—光合自养和异养营养有关。当前,国内外学者对造礁石珊瑚的研究以光合自养为主,而对其异养营养的认识则相对不足。基于此,本研究以鹿回头礁区(海南三亚)的3种代表性造礁石珊瑚—丛生盔形珊瑚、鹿角杯形珊瑚和美丽鹿角珊瑚为对象,通过投喂丰年虫无节幼体、水族用桡足类、酵母浸出粉溶液及水族珊瑚粮这4种食物,探讨了3种造礁石珊瑚的食性、摄食方式。结果显示,丛生盔形珊瑚对上述4种食物均表现出明显的摄食行为;相反,美丽鹿角珊瑚对4种食物均不表现摄食行为;鹿角杯形珊瑚只摄食尺寸较小的丰年虫无节幼体和水族珊瑚粮,并首次发现其在摄食丰年虫无节幼体时水螅体间相互协作以及通过释放肠系膜摄食水族珊瑚粮的现象。进一步研究丛生盔形珊瑚对丰年虫无节幼体的摄食速率和消化情况,发现其摄食速率与丰年虫无节幼体密度符合米氏方程,且其消化周期约为3 h。研究结果有助于更加深入地认识造礁石珊瑚摄食取向及其摄食过程,可为造礁石珊瑚人工养殖过程中的饵料选择提供借鉴。     

海州湾春季皮氏叫姑鱼摄食习性的空间异质性及其索饵场分布

鱼类通过摄食维持自身的生存、生长和繁殖,对鱼类摄食习性的空间异质性及其索饵场分布进行研究有助于了解鱼类在不同海域间的生长差异。本研究根据2011年及2013―2016年春季在海州湾进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,通过胃含物分析研究皮氏叫姑鱼(Johniusbelangerii)的摄食习性,依据胃含物分析结果选择主要饵料生物,结合皮氏叫姑鱼和主要饵料生物的空间分布,研究皮氏叫姑鱼摄食习性的空间异质性,并判别其索饵场。结果表明:皮氏叫姑鱼摄食的饵料生物共有20余种,其中虾类(IRI%=55.54%)和端足类(IRI%=35.94%)为优势饵料类群。基于胃含物分析和底拖网调查,选择海蜇虾(Latreutesanoplonyx)、细巧仿对虾(Parapenaeopsistenella)、鲜明鼓虾(Alpheus distinguendus)、疣背宽额虾(Latreutes planirostris)、细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)和中华安乐虾(Eualus sinensis) 8种饵料生物研究皮氏叫姑鱼摄食习性的空间异质性及其索饵场。摄食选择性的研究表明,海州湾春季的皮氏叫姑鱼喜食海蜇虾。本研究发现,皮氏叫姑鱼及其主要饵料生物资源丰度重心均位于海州湾中部10～20m深海域;海州湾中南部10～20m海域的饵料生物资源丰度显著高于其他海域(P0.05),而且该海域皮氏叫姑鱼的个体较小,生长速度较快,摄食强度较高,是其主要的索饵场。     

Evaluation of mixed feeding schedules with respect to compensatory growth and body composition in African catfish Clarias gariepinus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted in a recycling water system at 28 ± 1 °C to investigate compensatory growth and body composition in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (13.05 ± 0.05 g). A fishmeal‐based diet containing 350 g kg^?1 protein and 17.5 kJ g^?1 gross energy was fed to triplicate groups of 20 fish (per 30‐L tank). Fish were fed the diet either to satiation or feed restricted in six feeding schedules as satiation 56 days; restricted 28 days + satiation 28 days; restricted 14 days + satiation 14 days; restricted 7 days +satiation 7 days; restricted 3 days + satiation 4 days; and restricted 2 days + satiation 2 days. The restricted regime was achieved by offering fish 1% (maintenance ration) of their body weight per day adjusted after fortnightly weighing. African catfish showed partial compensatory growth under alternating periods of feed restriction and satiation feeding with significantly different values (P < 0.05) from fish fed in satiation throughout. However, significantly indifferent (P > 0.05) values of feed, protein, lipid and energy utilization were found under alternating periods of feed restriction and satiation feeding. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) feed intake was observed in treatment with satiation throughout than those in other treatments. All the feeding schedules showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) on body composition, organ indices, eviscerated carcass composition, viscera lipid and liver lipid. These studies reveals that C. gariepinus showed partial compensatory growth responses at alternating periods of restricted and satiation feeding.     

延迟投饵对瓦氏黄颡鱼仔鱼存活、摄食和生长的影响

以瓦氏黄颡鱼仔鱼为研究对象，将其分为15个处理组，每组200尾（各设3个平行组），分别在孵化后3、4、5、6、7．8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15和16d开始投喂大型涵，第15组为饥饿组，从不投饵。水温24．5～25．5℃，实验周期为30d。结果表明：（1）孵化后3d的瓦氏黄颡鱼仔鱼初次摄食，15日龄不能建立外源性营养的仔鱼进入PNR期，卵黄囊已耗尽。混合营养期持续4．12h。（2）瓦氏黄颡鱼仔鱼在不同饥饿阶段初次摄食率的变化为：开始较低，此后迅速上升，在4～10日龄达到高峰，最高初次摄食率为100％，此后逐步下降。（3）延迟5天投饵对瓦氏黄颡鱼仔鱼的存活率影响不显著，延迟6d投饵瓦氏黄颡鱼仔鱼的存活率随延迟投饵天数的增加而降低。延迟6d投饵，瓦氏黄颡鱼仔鱼的体长增长率随延迟投饵天数的增加而降低。     

海蜇不同生长阶段的摄食方式和摄食习性

实验室观察海蜇螅状体、碟状体、水母体生长阶段的摄食方式和摄食习性.观察结果表明,海蜇各生长阶段的摄食方式不同,螅状体依靠触手捕获食物,碟状体依靠缘瓣捕获食物,水母体依靠口腕和肩板表面上的吸口完成.三者的摄食习性大致相同,摄食活动昼夜不间断进行,摄食习性是被动性的,对食物的种类只是规格大小的选择.食物规格＜1 mm,最大...     

马氏刺蛇尾摄食习性的初步研究

在实验室条件下, 对马氏刺蛇尾(Ophiothrix marenzelleri Koehler)的饵料选择性、摄食率和摄食行为等进行了初步研究。结果表明, 马氏刺蛇尾仅能摄食悬浮的有机颗粒, 对食物种类没有选择性, 但对悬浮颗粒的粒径具有选择性。观测结果显示, 其摄食的食物粒径范围为10~1 000 µm, 食物种类包括动植物碎屑、细胞较大的海洋微藻扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima)等。因此, 马氏刺蛇尾的食性属杂食性, 是蛇尾中食微类群的成员。马氏刺蛇尾不摄食时, 常处于静止状态或腕末端翘起; 摄食时数条腕翘起在水中摇动, 通过腕部的管足摆动将水体中的适宜食物颗粒聚集成球状颗粒运送到口中。小规格马氏刺蛇尾的摄食率显著高于较大规格蛇尾(P<<0.05), 马氏刺蛇尾在一昼夜中的摄食高峰出现在8 :00~14 :00, 但是全天均有蛇尾摄食, 其昼夜摄食节律属于无明显节律型。

     

不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟幼鱼生长、体成分和生化指标的影响

为探讨大杂交鲟(Huso dauricus♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂)适宜投喂率和投喂频率,本实验分别设计了5个投喂率(0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%)和5个投喂频率(1次/d、2次/d、3次/d、4次/d和5次/d),研究不同投喂率和投喂频率对大杂交鲟生长、体成分和生化指标的影响。投喂率实验中鱼初重(335.87±0.82)g,投喂频率实验中鱼初重(334.77±1.06)g,养殖周期为10周。结果表明,随着投喂率升高,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率、肝体比、脏体比、肥满度,肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪和肝粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05),血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和胃蛋白酶活性均显著升高(P0.05);饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉水分含量均显著降低(P0.05);全鱼粗脂肪含量,血清总蛋白、白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,肠脂肪酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势(P0.05)。随着投喂频率增加,实验鱼增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率无显著差异(P0.05);1次/d投喂频率组脏体比、肥满度和全鱼粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),2次/d投喂频率组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。不同投喂频率对实验鱼除血清葡萄糖含量以外的其他血清生化指标和胃肠消化酶活性或含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。综合以上结果认为,在300～600g大杂交鲟的养殖过程中日投喂率在1.2%～1.6%,投喂频率为2次/d比较适宜。     

Effects of different feed management treatments on water quality for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Increasing feeding rates may provide an increase in production, thus nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter will also increase. These nutrients promote a greater oxygen demand and concentrations of toxic metabolites which can lead to frequent problems with low dissolved oxygen and an abundance of blue‐green algae. Four feed management practices were evaluated among sixteen 0.1 ha ponds culturing Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Feeding treatments included hand feeding using the Standard Feeding Protocol (SFP), SFP plus 15% from 8 to 16 weeks, an automatic‐solar timer which fed SFP+15%, and an AQ1 acoustic demand feeder allowing up to 12 kg/day·pond based on shrimps feeding response. Samples were analysed at weeks 0, 4 and 8–16 for the following parameters: chlorophyll a, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total suspended solids, total suspended volatile solids, turbidity, conductivity, salinity and biological oxygen demand. Samples were collected and shipped overnight to Auburn, Alabama for off‐site analysis. On‐site water quality was also obtained at the farm. The AQ1 acoustic demand feeder produced the most shrimp with a yield of 4,568 kg/ha; however, the AQ1 also had the highest total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels late in the growing season. The AQ1 feeder may be a viable, reduced labour and cost alternative for the shrimp commercial industry; however, such technologies must also be matched to the ability of the production system to process nutrients.     

长湖5种鲌摄食器官形态学的比较

为了阐明长湖5种土著鲌类摄食器官形态特征间的差异,于2014年采集红鳍原鲌(Chanodichthys erythropterus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、达氏鲌(C.dabryi)、蒙古鲌(C.mongolicus)、拟尖头鲌(Erythroculter oxycephaloides)等5种鲌类共277尾,采用非参数检验、方差分析和判别分析等对5种鲌类的11个摄食器官形态指标和食物组成进行比较分析。结果显示,长湖5种鲌类摄食器官形态特征存在差异,差异主要表现在上、下颌伸展度、口宽3个性状上;典型判别分析显示5种鲌种间离散程度较高;聚类分析表明翘嘴鲌和达氏鲌摄食器官形态相似度最高,蒙古鲌和红鳍原鲌相似度最低。长湖翘嘴鲌、达氏鲌、蒙古鲌的食物主要以、鲫鱼、麦穗鱼和虾为主;水草是红鳍原鲌食物的重要组成部分,昆虫在拟尖头鲌食物中占有一定比例。表明5种鲌在食物组成上有一定的相似性,但在主要饵料的种类和比例上存在差别。由此可以看出,长湖5种鲌摄食器官形态与食性之间表现出一定程度上的适应性。     

Further studies on the use of mixed feeding schedules with plant- and animal-based diets for common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)

A growth trial was conducted on common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) fry in cement tanks for 100 days in order to test the efficacy of mixed feeding schedules. The diets tested were a fishmeal‐based diet (diet D with 30.9% protein) and three Colocasia esculenta‐based diets (diet A with 16.7% protein, diet B with 19.7% protein and diet C with 25.8% protein) separately and in three mixed feeding combinations of diet A, B and C with D on alternate 2 days (2A/2D, 2B/2D and 2C/2D, where the numeral indicates the number of days that the particular diet was offered continuously). The results revealed no difference in growth of common carp fed the plant protein‐based diets A and B (P > 0.05). Although the fish fed on diets C and D and mixed feeding combinations 2A/2D and 2B/2D performed comparably and higher than those on diets A and B, the schedule 2C/2D resulted in the highest final weight. Specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and RNA/DNA ratios were the highest in the 2C/2D schedule. Among the mixed feeding schedules, the highest saving in protein and cost was recorded with the 2A/2D schedule, followed by 2B/2D and 2C/2D. An increase in dietary protein led to decreased protein and increased fat deposition in the carcass. An increasing trend in the protease and amylase activities was recorded with increased dietary protein level. The study highlighted the efficient utilization of plant proteins by common carp under mixed feeding schedules.     

暗纹东方鲀仔幼鱼的形态、摄食与生长的初步研究

作者于1995、1997年对暗红东方鲀（Takifuguobscurus）仔幼鱼的形态发育、摄食特征以及生长进行了观察和研究。结果表明：1．尾鳍条和体部斑纹的形成可用来区分仔鱼期、稚鱼期和幼鱼期;2当稚鱼出现叨食食物碎片行为时,预示消化器官发育已趋完备．开始进入幼鱼期,要及时采取措施,以防同类相残;3．河鲀度生长方程为L＝3．58e~(0.0519t),在8日龄和30日龄生长速度和加速度明显增大,其生长与消化器官的机能有密切关系。     

Effects of Feeding Time on Growth,Survival, and Food Conversion Ratio of Huso huso Fingerlings

This study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding time on growth parameters, food conversion ratio, and survival rate of Huso huso fingerlings (2.11 ± 0.03 g) over a period of five weeks. Fish in triplicate tanks were fed a commercial pelleted diet four times every 24 h on one of four schedules: at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00, and 17:00 h (day feeding); at 08:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h (day/night feeding); at 18:00, 21:00, 24:00, and 06:00 h (night feeding); or at 08:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h (full dark feeding). At the end of the experimental period, fish in the day-fed group had significantly (P < 0.05) better final weight, daily growth rate, specific growth rate, survival, condition factor, and food conversion ratio than day/night and night-fed groups. Performance of fish fed under full dark conditions was intermediate between day-fed and the other groups. In terms of rearing costs, daytime feeding of Huso huso is the most efficient.     

Development of a feeding strategy for silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), based on restricted rations

To develop a feeding strategy for the Australian freshwater fish silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell), a series of eight experiments was done in 1 m³ cages in an aerated, earthen pond to determine the effects of feeding rate (% body weight) and feeding frequency (no. of feeds day^?1) on the growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fingerlings and larger fish under ambient water temperatures over the range 13.8–30.6°C. Fish were fed extruded pellets of a silver perch diet containing 34% digestible protein and 14 MJ kg^?1 digestible energy. Commercial silver perch farmers were consulted about feeding practices for large fish (>500 g) and at water temperatures below 12°C, and winter feeding practices for other warmwater species were used to complete the strategy. In the feeding experiments, growth and FCR increased with increasing feeding rates to a level above which only FCR increased. Optimal feeding rates and frequencies were those which resulted in maximal growth, while minimizing effort (feeding frequency) and FCR. The highest feeding frequency required for maximal growth, including that of small fingerlings was twice (2 ×) daily, and the optimal feeding rates varied with water temperature and size of fish. The optimal daily regimes were: small fingerlings (initial mean weight, 2.0 g) 7.5% 2 × at a mean temperature of 23.3°C; fingerlings (14.9–27.7 g) 7.5% 2 × at 27.1°C, 5.0% 2 × at 23.7°C and 2.0% 1 × at 16.8°C; and large silver perch (162.5–510.6 g) 0.5% 1 × daily or 1.0% on alternate days at 15.6°C, 1.0% 1 × at 17.3°C, 3.0% 2 × at 24.1°C and 2.0% 2 × at 27.9°C. It is suggested that regimes of 0.5% 1 × daily for fingerlings (<50 g) and 0.5% 1 × on alternate days for larger fish are used at temperatures of 9–12°C, and 0.5% 3 days week^?1 and 0.5% 1 day week^?1 for fingerlings and larger fish, respectively, at 6–9°C. Feed inputs should not exceed 150 kg ha^?1 day^?1 in ponds less than 0.3 ha and 100 kg ha^?1 day^?1 in larger ponds. Our research has established a feeding strategy for silver perch based on restricted rations.     

The effect of demand feeding on swimming speed and feeding responses in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. and European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. in sea cages

Abstract Using underwater cameras, data were collected on the feeding behaviour and swimming speeds of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. and European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. in sea cages. Comparisons were made between the behaviours of fish fed on demand using interactive feedback systems and those of fish fed under the standard feeding practice of each farm (control). In all three species, swimming speeds were similar before feeding , but they were significantly higher in the control regimes during feeding. When fed on demand, sea bass had reduced swimming speed just before and during feeding compared with that observed during the non‐feeding periods. Higher proportions of feeding fish were observed in the control regime cages than in fish fed on demand for all three species, indicating a greater feeding intensity during meals in the control regimes. This was further supported by observations of an increase in the density of sea bass in the upper water in the control cages during feeding. The results suggest decreased levels of competition between the on demand‐fed fish during feeding, which might be hypothesized to lead to improved growth and production efficiency in aquaculture.