抗犬瘟热病毒血凝素蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备抗犬瘟热病毒(CDV)血凝素蛋白的单克隆抗体,以CDV弱毒株Onderstepoort免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0进行融合制备杂交瘤细胞。用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统表达的血凝素蛋白作为ELISA包被抗原,进行杂交瘤细胞筛选,获得3株阳性杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名3A8、3E4和1C7。经鉴定,抗体均为IgG1亚型,轻链为kappa链。杂交瘤细胞培养上清中抗体效价为1∶64~1∶256,腹水中抗体效价为1∶10~5~1∶10~7,病毒中和试验表明,3E4对CDV具有中和活性,腹水中抗体中和效价为1∶512。制备的单克隆抗体为CDV感染动物的治疗和基因工程抗体的开发奠定了基础。     

犬瘟热病毒单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

将从水貂中分离的犬瘟热病毒(CDV) HB株,以培养纯化的犬瘟热病毒HB株免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,通过ELISA筛选,获得3株能稳定分泌抗犬瘟热病毒结构蛋白的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株.3株单克隆抗体菌属于IgG1亚类,其腹水效价可达到1∶51 200和1:204 800,细胞培养上清液效价可达到1:256和1:512.ELISA分析表明,单抗仅与CDV发生特异性反应,而与犬细小病毒(CPV)和犬腺毒(CAV)没有交叉反应;荧光免疫染色检测进一步表明单克隆抗体的特异性好.该特异性单抗的制备为建立有效检测犬瘟热病毒感染的方法奠定基础.     

抗犬细小病毒单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备针对犬细小病毒(CPV)的单克隆抗体,以纯化的CPV免疫BALB/c小鼠,3次免疫后,取其脾细胞与SP2/0细胞进行细胞融合。利用超速离心纯化的病毒作为包被抗原,采用间接ELISA方法筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞,获得3株能稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1D9、3G9和4F6。单克隆抗体细胞培养上清效价为1∶64、1∶64、1∶128,腹水效价为1∶10~4、1∶10~4、1∶10~5。3株杂交瘤细胞的染色体数分别为92、94、98。亚类鉴定结果显示1D9和3G9重链为IgG1,4F6重链为IgG2b,轻链均为kappa链。病毒中和试验表明,单克隆抗体4F6对CPV具有明显的病毒中和活性。交叉试验表明,3株单克隆抗体均可与CPV特异性结合,与其他犬类常见病毒无交叉反应。本研究制备的单克隆抗体为CPV的检测及其感染动物的治疗提供了物质基础。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒M蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为了制备猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)M蛋白的单克隆抗体(MAb),试验利用原核表达融合蛋白His-M免疫7周龄雌性Balb/c小鼠,以PK-15细胞培养病毒液作为检测筛选抗原,并采用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体。结果表明:获得2株稳定分泌抗体的阳性杂交瘤细胞株(2G1、2G2),经检测其细胞培养上清液和诱导的小鼠腹水抗体效价分别可达到1∶3 200和1∶1×10~5;连续培养15代及液氮冻存后复苏,抗体效价稳定;单克隆抗体亚型鉴定均为IgG1,轻链均为k链;MAb能够特异性识别TGEV。     

禽流感病毒NP蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为了制备H5N6亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的单克隆抗体(MAb),采用纯化的H5N6 AIV免疫BALB/c鼠,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备杂交瘤细胞,通过间接ELISA方法进行筛选,获得2株能稳定分泌抗NP蛋白的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为3D9和2B10。间接ELISA检测2株杂交瘤细胞培养上清液抗体效价分别为1∶1×10~3和1∶1×10~4,腹水的抗体效价分别达到1∶1×10~5和1∶1×10~6; 3D9和2B10亚类鉴定重链为IgM,轻链为κ链; Western blot分析表明,2株杂交瘤细胞上清均能与不同的AIV感染的尿囊液在56 kD处发生特异性反应,并能与原核表达的重组NP蛋白发生特异性反应;间接免疫荧光试验显示,2株单克隆抗体均能与不同的AIV感染的MDCK细胞产生特异性反应。以上结果表明,本研究针对H5N6 AIV的NP蛋白制备了2株单克隆抗体,且都具有较好的特异性、保守性和广谱性,为今后禽流感诊断方法的开发奠定了基础。     

牛初乳免疫球蛋白IgG单克隆抗体的制备

为了制备牛初乳免疫球蛋白IgG单克隆抗体,试验利用标准IgG蛋白作为免疫原,免疫6周龄Balb/c雌性小鼠,运用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,通过间接ELISA法筛选,采用有限稀释法,经过3次克隆筛选,获得2株稳定分泌抗IgG蛋白的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为E7和D9,并进行了亚类鉴定。结果表明:该杂交瘤细胞培养上清液抗体效价抗体效价E7为1∶3.01×103,D9为1∶5.24×104;腹水抗体效价E7为1∶2.52×105,D9为1∶7.01×106;E7和D9分泌的单克隆抗体均为IgG1型,轻链为λ链抗体。     

奶牛孕酮单克隆抗体的制备与初步鉴定

试验应用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,以制备的P4免疫抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠为试验动物,取脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,经间接ELISA方法进行筛选,采用有限稀释法进行细胞克隆,经过3次克隆筛选,最终获得2株能稳定分泌P4单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系,分别命名为8G6、11A11.杂交瘤细胞培养上清液和小鼠腹水中2株单抗ELISA效价分别为1∶512 000,1∶216 000.单克隆抗体与检测抗原和对照均不发生交叉反应,显示出良好的特异性,灵敏度高,且8G6的亲和力优于11A11.奶牛孕酮单克隆抗体的获得为P4检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础.     

抗水牛伊氏锥虫变异表面糖蛋白抗原单克隆抗体的研制

用纯化的伊氏锥虫变异表面糖蛋白（variant surface glucoprotein, VSG）免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经过3次克隆和间接ELISA方法筛选,获得3D7、5B9 2株稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,用间接ELISA方法检测杂交瘤细胞培养液上清效价和小鼠腹水效价,其中细胞培养上清效价分别为1∶6400和1∶12800,腹水效价分别为1∶105和1∶106。单抗的亚型鉴定结果表明,3D7、5B9分泌的抗体都为IgG1亚类κ链。     

抗猪戊型肝炎病毒重组蛋白单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

利用纯化的猪戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)ORF2-M1重组蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤细胞技术,获得了2株稳定分泌抗HEV ORF2-M1重组蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为BC4和2A10。经ELISA测定,2株杂交瘤细胞培养上清效价分别为1∶1.60×103和1∶0.80×103,接种小鼠的腹水效价分别为1∶2.56×106和1∶1.28×106。2株单抗均能特异性识别重组ORF2-M1蛋白,但它们识别ORF2-M1蛋白的不同表位。间接免疫荧光试验证实,2株单抗具有良好的特异性,均能够识别HEV。     

磺胺间甲氧嘧啶单克隆抗体的制备

磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(Sulfamonomethoxine,SMM)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联,制备完全抗原(BSA-SMM),并以BSA-SMM免疫Balb/c小鼠,应用杂交瘤技术将免疫鼠脾细胞与NSO细胞融合,建立分泌SMM单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。通过对杂交瘤细胞培养上清液的检测、鉴定,筛选出12株高亲和力的杂交瘤细胞株,其中4B9、1H10、2E9的腹水ELISA效价为1×10-7、5.1×10-6和1×10-7。该单克隆抗体可用于饲料和动物源性食品中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶残留检测的免疫学快速检测方法的建立。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein