不同种属动物消化道内大豆凝集素免疫活性残留的比较研究

比较研究大豆凝集素（SBA）在反刍动物（羊）、肉食动物（狗）、啮齿动物（兔）、杂食动物（猪）和禽类（鸡）等不同种属动物消化道不同区段食糜中的免疫活性的残留规律,并探讨SBA对不同种属动物抗营养机制的差异。各种属动物均选取半性成熟雄性8只（头）。日粮中含20%的生大豆和质量分数1%的Cr2O3（外源指示剂）,试验期为2周,最后一次进食2 h后,麻醉状态下颈动脉放血,立即取十二指肠、空肠前、空肠中、空肠后、回肠、盲肠、结肠（鸡为结直肠）各肠段内的食糜。食糜和饲料中具有免疫活性的SBA采用竞争性间接抑制ELISA方法检测,食糜和饲料中的Cr采用原子吸收光谱法检测。结果表明,同一种动物不同肠段内的SBA残留率不同,总的趋势是由十二指肠到结肠呈下降趋势,其中由十二指肠到空肠前段的残留率变化均达到显著水平（P〈0.05）,各肠段内均能检测到SBA。在不同动物的同一区段肠道内,SBA的残留率随动物的不同而不同,各肠段中SBA的残留率在兔均最低;十二指肠到空肠SBA的残留率在羊和鸡较高、在猪和狗居中;空肠之后在猪、羊和鸡较高。SBA在不同种属动物及其消化道不同部位内的免疫活性残留规律不同,SBA对不同种属动物的抗营养机制和抗营养作用可能不尽相同。     

大豆凝集素对小肠上皮细胞和红细胞凝集能力的研究

本文旨在测定纯化的大豆凝集素对兔和鸡小肠上皮细胞和红细胞的凝集活性。测定大豆凝集素对红细胞的凝集能力时,采用2%兔红细胞悬液,测定了使兔红细胞50%凝集的蛋白质浓度。测定对兔小肠上皮细胞的凝集能力时,采用荧光标记SBA与新鲜小肠上皮细胞结合后,观察荧光显微镜下荧光结合细胞比例的方法定量。经血凝试验结果表明,使兔红细胞50%凝集的SBA蛋白质浓度为2.50~3.69μg/mL,而SBA对鸡的红细胞没有凝集作用。SBA对兔小肠上皮细胞有结合能力,结合率为30%左右。试验结果说明大豆凝集素的血凝活性具种属特异性,用SBA与小肠上皮细胞的结合率作为评价其抗营养活性的指标具一定可行性。     

仔猪小肠黏膜特异性结合大豆凝集素的免疫组化研究

试验旨在研究大豆凝集素(SBA)与猪小肠不同部位黏膜特异性结合的程度。21日龄断奶仔猪日粮中添加纯化的SBA,饲喂1周后,无痛屠宰,立即取十二指肠、空肠前部、空肠中部、空肠后部和回肠组织,用10%的甲醛固定,制作常规石蜡切片,SP免疫组织化学染色,图像分析系统定量检测小肠组织中的棕色阳性产物的光密度值。结果表明:整个小肠黏膜与SBA都有特异性结合,光密度值由十二指肠到空肠中部呈下降趋势(P<0.05),但从空肠后部到回肠又出现上升趋势(P<0.05)。SBA在小肠前部(十二指肠和空肠前部)主要与绒毛的上半部分结合(P<0.05),且集中于上皮细胞表面;而在小肠后部(空场后部和回肠)较均匀地分布于黏膜上皮、固有层和中央乳糜管中。研究表明,猪小肠黏膜上皮细胞膜糖基化过程中含有N-乙酰基D-半乳糖胺或D-半乳糖,猪小肠后部对SBA的内吞作用较强。     

不同肠段中氨基酸螯合锌吸收特点的研究

用 50日龄Wistar纯系雄性大鼠 ,以体内原位结扎肠段灌注技术结合放射性同位素示踪技术 ,通过与氯化锌比较 ,研究了十二指肠和空肠对氨基酸螯合锌 (以赖氨酸螯合锌和蛋氨酸螯合锌为代表 )的吸收特点。试验中观察了向结扎肠段灌注含不同形态锌的灌注液后 ,不同时间 (5 ,1 5 ,30 ,60 ,90 ,1 2 0min)血液中6 5Zn比放射性的动态变化 ,1 2 0min (试验结束 )时结扎肠段6 5Zn的消失率 ,不同组织器官中6 5Zn的比放射性的变化。试验结果表明 ,和空肠相比 ,十二指肠对 3种锌源的吸收率高 ;和氯化锌相比 ,十二指肠和空肠对 2种氨基酸螯合锌的吸收率高     

大豆凝集素与肉鸡小肠黏膜细胞结合规律的研究

该试验以75日龄爱拔益加肉鸡为试验对象,饲喂含有20%生大豆日粮。试验期后,取十二指肠、空肠前段、空肠中段、空肠后段、回肠制作石蜡切片,采用免疫组织化学SP法染色,利用图像分析仪分析大豆凝集素与肠上皮细胞结合情况。结果表明,在鸡的不同肠段,大豆凝集素与十二指肠和空肠前段结合的平均光密度值显著高于空肠中、空肠后和回肠（P＆lt;0.05）;在相同肠段不同部位的细胞,肠绒毛的平均光密度值最高,且与隐窝和肠壁的差异显著（P＆lt;0.05）。这表明了肉鸡的不同肠段上皮细胞糖基化模式具有差异性。     

谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对仔猪肠黏膜形态的影响

甘氨酰谷氨酰胺( Gly-Gln)和牛磺酸(Tau)对早期断奶仔猪小肠各段黏肠DNA和形态的影响.以28日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪为研究对象,通过饲养和屠宰试验,研究Gly-Gln和Tau对早期断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏肠DNA及形态的影响.结果表明:饲粮中分别或同时添加Gly-Gln和Tau均可提高小肠各段黏膜DNA的含量.Gly-Gln组能显著提高空肠和回肠段的黏膜DNA含量,Tau组和复配组对小肠各段黏膜DNA含量影响不显著;Gly-Gln组极显著增加了十二指肠和回肠的黏膜厚度(MT),显著提高了十二指肠和回肠后段的绒毛高度(VH),显著或极显著降低了空肠前段和中段的隐窝深度(CD),极显著提高了空肠前段和中段的VH/CD,显著提高了回肠段的VH/CD;Tau组极显著提高了十二指肠段的VH并降低了CD,极显著提高了十二指肠段和空肠中段的VH/CD;复配组显著或极显著降低了十二指肠段和空肠中段的CD,极显著提高了空肠前段、中段和回肠段的VH/CD.这说明,在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中分别或同时添加0.25%Gly-Gln和0.1% Tau能有效提高仔猪肠黏膜的发育及功能.     

大豆凝集素(SBA)对动物的抗营养作用

大豆凝集素(SBA)能与肠道上皮细胞特异性结合,这样的结合直接影响小肠的结构、功能,从而影响动物对日粮中营养物质的消化吸收,对动物生长有一定的抑制作用。同时SBA对肠道黏膜免疫系统、肠道菌群、及内脏器官等有不同程度的影响。     

饲喂2种日粮条件下鸭小肠各段肠液组成差异的研究

通过研究在饲喂小麦-豆粕型日粮和玉米-豆粕型日粮条件下,北京鸭小肠各段肠液组成沿肠道纵向长度的差异,为模拟鸭小肠液的设计提供参考。试验采用完全随机设计,将30只成年北京公鸭随机分配到2个处理中,每个处理5个重复,每个重复3只鸭,分别随机饲喂小麦-豆粕型日粮和玉米-豆粕型日粮,在试验期的第19天屠宰后取十二指肠、空肠前段、空肠后段和回肠的食糜,离心后取上清液分析消化酶活性、离子浓度及pH。研究结果表明,十二指肠肠液与空肠前段肠液的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著地高于空肠后段肠液和回肠肠液的相应值(P<0.05)。空肠前段肠液与空肠后段肠液的胰蛋白酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著高于十二指肠肠液和回肠液的相应值(P<0.05)。空肠前段肠液的糜蛋白酶活性最高,其后依次为十二指肠肠液、空肠后段肠液和回肠液,且4种肠液中两两间差异显著(P<0.05)。沿小肠纵向长度,鸭肠液的pH从6.22至7.94逐渐升高,Na+和Ca2+浓度先升后降,K+浓度逐步下降,Mg2+浓度在十二指肠肠液中最低,显著地低于其他肠段肠液的相应值(P<0.05)。日粮组成对肠液中4种消化酶的活性及K+和Mg2+的浓度有显著的影响。由此可见,沿鸭小肠长度的纵向分布中,空肠液的4种主要消化酶活性最高,不同肠段肠液在离子浓度上存在显著差异。     

饲粮阴阳离子差水平对小鼠血钙浓度及胃肠道组织钙结合蛋白-D9k mRNA相对表达水平的影响

本试验在前期建立了动物胃肠道钙代谢相关基因表达水平检测体系与表达谱分析的基础上,旨在进一步确定饲粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)水平对动物血钙浓度和胃肠道组织钙结合蛋白-D9k(Ca BP-D9k)mRNA相对表达水平的影响,为揭示低DCAD水平防治动物低血钙症的作用机制提供依据。将120只昆明小鼠随机分为3组,每组40只,自配种前3 d起分别饲喂DCAD水平为+300(高DCAD水平组,HD组)、+150(对照组,CON组)、-50(低DCAD水平组,LD组)的饲粮。检测母鼠产前20 d(-20 d)、产前5 d(-5 d)、产后当天(0 d)、产后3 d(+3 d)血钙浓度和胃肠道组织Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平。结果表明,与HD组相比,LD组显著提高了围产期内0 d、+3 d小鼠血钙浓度(P0.05),显著上调了小肠肠段(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)与结肠Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平(P0.05),这一效应在-5 d、0 d表现最为显著(P0.05),并在+3 d提高了小鼠空肠与结肠的Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平(P0.05)。统计结果显示,十二指肠、空肠与结肠3个位点的Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平与DCAD水平、血钙浓度具有显著的关联性(P0.05)。由此可见,降低DCAD水平可上调动物小肠及结肠肠段Ca BP-D9k mRNA相对表达水平,同时伴随更高的血钙浓度。这可能是低DCAD水平有效维持动物围产期血钙稳恒,降低低血钙发生率的重要途径。     

大豆凝集素诱导动物肠道损伤的抗营养机制的研究进展

大豆凝集素(soybean agglutinin, SBA)是大豆中主要的抗营养因子,约占成熟大豆蛋白的10%。SBA可与小肠上皮细胞发生特异性结合,产生抗营养作用,阻碍动物营养吸收,降低动物生产性能,引起动物肠道疾病。随着对SBA的不断研究,SBA对上皮细胞的形态、细胞增殖、凋亡、自噬以及信号传导途径的影响有了一些新的发现。本研究对SBA的理化性质和生物学功能进行了简述,着重论述SBA对动物肠道的组织结构和肠上皮细胞生物学功能的影响,并重点从细胞生物学、分子生物学和蛋白质组学等角度揭示SBA的抗营养机制,为降低或阻断SBA的抗营养作用,以及饲料加工技术的优化和生物医药产品的研发具有重要意义。     

上海地区多种动物莱姆病的血清学调查

为探讨猪、牛、羊、马、犬、鸡、鸭和野鸟等与人类关系密切的多种动物莱姆病的血清流行病学状况,从上海地区采集血清870份,应用酶联荧光测定技术(ELFA)检测莱姆病抗体。猪、牛、羊、鸡、鸭和野鸟中均未检测到莱姆病抗体,马血清中莱姆病抗体阳性率为18.5%,犬血清中莱姆病抗体阳性率为12.3%。结果表明,上海地区动物群中莱姆病的感染率相对较低,马和犬在莱姆病传播中的重要性应引起重视。     

绵羊DECR1基因exon 5部分序列多态性分

试验根据GenBank登录的牛2,4-双烯-CoA还原酶1（2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase1,DECR1）基因序列（NP_001068891）设计引物,应用PCR技术对德国美利奴绵羊、杜泊绵羊、特克塞尔绵羊DECR1基因的exon 5部分序列进行克隆测序;利用PCR-SSCP技术检测了3个绵羊群体exon 5单链构象多态性（SNP）,所获序列与GenBank中其他物种exon 5序列进行了同源性比较,并构建了亲缘关系聚类分析图。结果表明,绵羊DECR1基因exon 5长为137 bp,3个绵羊群体中exon 5均不存在SNPs,各种动物之间DECR1基因exon 5的同源性较高,在81.02%（鸡）～97.08%（牛）之间,其中绵羊和牛同源性最高,达到97.08%;与鸡的同源性最低,为81.02%;聚类分析结果显示,绵羊首先与牛聚为一类,再分别与兔子、狗聚为一类,最后分别与人、猪聚为一类,绵羊与牛的亲缘关系最近,与鸡的亲缘关系最远,与传统分类相一致,说明DECR1基因exon 5在动物进化过程中高度保守。     

Species susceptibility to the pulmonary toxicity of 3-furyl isoamyl ketone (perilla ketone): in vivo support for involvement of the lung monooxygenase system

To explore a possible relationship between metabolism and lethality, the acute toxicity of naturally occurring perilla ketone (PK), 1-(3-furyl)-4-methyl-pentan-1-one, was examined in the uninduced mouse, hamster, rabbit, dog and pig. The LD50 (+/- SE), determined using intraperitoneal (ip) injection, for the mouse and hamster were low at 5.0 +/- .3 and 13.7 +/- .9 mg/kg, respectively. The rabbit died from an ip dosage of near 14 mg/kg and estimated ip LD50 dosages were quite high for the dog and pig, being 106 +/- 25 mg/kg and over 158 mg/kg, respectively. Dogs and the pig that died from ip injections of PK displayed varying degrees of midzonal and centrilobular liver damage and dogs also had elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities. In contrast, rodents and rabbits display only pulmonary toxicity from this agent. Cytochromes P-450 and b5 concentrations and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were determined for the lung, liver and kidney of mice, hamsters, rabbits, dogs, swine, sheep and cattle. High correlation between lethality and enzyme concentration further supports the hypothesis that enzymatic bioactivation of PK is required for toxicity in all species.     

Hemagglutinating activity of serovar reference strains of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.

In the present study, the hemagglutinating activity of 9 reference strains (serovars A-I) of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was investigated by using fresh erythrocytes from 15 different species: chicken (broiler, rooster, hen), turkey, pigeon, quail, duck, Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), cow, sheep, horse, dog, rabbit, pig, human (groups A, B, AB, and O), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). All 9 strains agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes. None of the strains was able to agglutinate hen, cow, horse, or rainbow trout erythrocytes. The number of positive reactions among the remaining species varied. Results indicate that the use of rabbit erythrocytes is better suited for testing the hemagglutinating activity of O. rhinotracheale.     

Detection of staphylo-coagulase using plasmas from various animals

The effect of sources of Staphylococcus aureus and plasmas, concentration of plasma, temperature and duration of incubation on coagulase-test results was evaluated. Using S. aureus strains of food origin, the value of plasmas in coagulase tests was, in order of superiority, human and rabbit greater than pig greater than donkey greater than chicken greater than cattle greater than duck greater than goat greater than dog. However, with staphylococcal isolates of animal origin the order was cattle greater than pig greater than human greater than duck greater than goat greater than dog greater than rabbit greater than chicken greater than donkey. Regardless of the source of staphylococci, horse plasma was found unsuitable in coagulase tests as it clotted spontaneously. The temperature (25 and 37 degrees C), and duration of incubation and type of anticoagulant had no significant (P greater than 0.05, X2) effect on coagulase-test results. It is concluded that in testing staphylococcal isolates from various sources for coagulase production, it is imperative to use plasmas from several animal species whenever practicable as staphylococcal biotypes display variable ability to coagulate different plasmas.     

A comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of thiopental in the rabbit, sheep and dog

The central arterial pharmacokinetics of thiopental were studied in six rabbits, six sheep and six dogs after a short infusion at approximately 10 mg/kg min. Thiopental was infused to a defined electro-encephalographic endpoint (EEG burst suppression). The time to reach early burst suppression was longer in the dog (3.9 +/- 0.5 min) compared with the sheep (3.0 +/- 0.6 min) and the rabbit (2.5 +/- 0.5 min). The total dose required to produce the same level of EEG activity was higher in the dog (35.9 +/- 6.8 mg/kg) compared with the sheep (24.3 +/- 5.3 mg/kg) and the rabbit (21.6 +/- 6.8 mg/kg). The plasma concentration-time data for each animal was fitted using non-linear regression to a bi- or tri-exponential function. In all animals, the plasma-time profile was best described as a tri-exponential decay. The initial volume of distribution was similar in all three species (rabbit, 38.6 +/- 10.0 mg/kg; sheep, 44.5 +/- 9.1 ml/kg; dog, 38.1 +/- 18.4 ml/kg). The maximum arterial plasma thiopental concentration achieved at EEG burst suppression was higher in the sheep (221.8 +/- 27.9 micrograms/ml) than the dog (164.7 +/- 29.9 micrograms/ml) or the rabbit (112.3 +/- 15.1 micrograms/ml). Thiopental distribution clearance was slower in the sheep (43.6 +/- 15.1 ml/min/kg) compared with the rabbit (110.5 +/- 18.7 ml/min kg) and the dog (97.2 +/- 47.2 ml/min kg). Elimination half-life was extended in the sheep (251.9 +/- 107.8 min) and dog (182.4 +/- 57.9 min) relative to the rabbit (43.1 +/- 3.4 min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of intestinal invasion and macrophage response of Salmonella Gallinarum and other host-adapted Salmonella enterica serovars in the avian host

The purpose of this investigation was to study the host specific infection of Salmonella Gallinarum in chickens and to determine the contribution of intestinal invasion and macrophage survival in relation to systemic infection in the host. This was carried out by comparing the kinetics of infection of S. Gallinarum to that of other Salmonella host-adapted (S. Cholerae-suis, S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium) and host-specific (S. Pullorum and S. Abortus-ovis) serovars. Establishment of the rate of colonisation in intestinal tissue, bursa and systemic sites was carried out by oral infection in day-old and week-old birds. Salmonella Gallinarum was the only serovar capable of causing systemic infection in chickens, however, general colonising ability in the intestine and bursa demonstrated no apparent selective advantage for S. Gallinarum. Further quantification of gastrointestinal invasion was carried out using ligated loops in the small intestine. Invasion in the jejunum of the chicken intestine over 3h demonstrated that Salmonella Typhimurium invasion was statistically higher (P<0.01) when compared with S. Gallinarum. Specific sites of high lymphoid tissue concentration in the chicken, including the bursa of Fabricius and caecal tonsils, were also targeted in invasion assays to investigate possible areas of tissue tropism. S. Typhimurium demonstrated significantly higher (P<0.01) invasion at these sites when compared with S. Gallinarum. Infection of chicken macrophages with S. Gallinarum did not demonstrate increased multiplication and survival intracellularly when compared with other Salmonella serotypes. The only difference seen was with S. Abortus-ovis, which demonstrated a significantly lower (P<0.05 to 0.001) intracellular survival. Together these data suggest that although S. Gallinarum host specificity in the chicken correlates with systemic infection, intestinal and lymphoid tissue invasion in the bursa and caeca, and macrophage survival does not influence this outcome.     

A species comparison of liver slice synthesis and secretion of triacylglycerol from nonesterified fatty acids in media

The ability of liver slices from eight species to synthesize and secrete triacylglycerol from nonesterified fatty acids contained in media was investigated. Species were grouped according to the relative proportion of lipogenesis occurring in the liver. The rate of liver triacylglycerol synthesis from nonesterified fatty acids in media was similar among species studied. Liver slices from species in which the liver contribution to lipogenesis is minor (sheep, cattle, pig and guinea pig) secreted less triacylglycerol synthesized from nonesterified fatty acids than did liver slices from species in which lipogenesis occurs predominantly in the liver (chicken and fish) or in liver and adipose tissue (rat and rabbit). The results suggest that the ability of liver to secrete triacylglycerol in very low density lipoproteins is proportional to the liver's lipogenic capacity.     

Complement "specificity" and interchangeability: measurement of hemolytic complement levels and use of the complement-fixation test with sera from common domesticated animals.

The results from studies to measure lytic complement (C') in sera of different animal species were reviewed. The traditional system, using sheep red blood cells (RBC) and rabbit antibody, was confirmed as the most sensitive to measure C' levels in man, monkey, dog, guinea pig, and rat serums. Sera C' from horse, cow, and sheep were found to be best assayed using rabbit RBC, whereas C' from goat, cat, and rabbit were best assayed with human RBC. Antibodies and C' from the same species usually mediated lysis of foreign RBC, but this lysis occurred more readily with some RBC targets than with others and may be associated with the presence of natural antibodies in the test sera. The effects of the species origin of a C' source in immunologic reactions in vitro and in vivo are discussed.     

Die Synovialeinrichtungen des M. fibularis longus bei Katze, Hund, Schwein, Rind, Schaf und Ziege

The synovial structures of the M. fibularis longus were studied by dissection on 23 cat, 28 dog, 20 pig, 17 ox, 15 sheep and 17 goat limbs. Five injections with Technovit into the tarsometatarsal joint were made for each species. The dog had two tendon sheaths while all other species had only one lateral one. The mesotendon approached the tendon from the medial aspect and was fenestrated in the dog (here only in the proximal segment), pig, sheep, and goat, but in the cat and ox the fenestration was inconstant. In the area of the lateral malleolus the lateral tendon sheath narrowed (in the dog only in the proximal segment). The synovial structures on the plantar aspect in the cat, dog, pig, and sheep were formed by a recess of the tarsometatarsal joint; while in the ox and goat they formed a tendon sheath that took its origin from the same joint. The plantar recess surrounded the tendon three quarters of the way in the dog, and in cat, pig, and sheep only half way. Nomenclaturial consequences for the NAV are discussed.