New cytotoxic quinolone alkaloids from fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa

Three new quinolone alkaloids, 1-methyl-2-[7-hydroxy-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1), 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-4-nonenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (2), 1-methyl-2-[(1E,5Z)-1,5-undecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (3) and one new natural product, 1-methyl-2-[(E)-1-undecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (4), were isolated from the dried and nearly ripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth., along with thirteen known compounds (5-17). In addition, one new artificial product, 1-methyl-2-[7-carbonyl-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone (1A) was also obtained. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic activities of all of the compounds against the human cancer cell lines HL-60, N-87, H-460, and Hep G(2) cells were evaluated by MTT assay. The results showed that these alkaloids inhibited cell proliferation with IC(50) values between 14μM and 22μM.     

Steroidal saponins from Smilacina japonica

Three new steroidal saponins, japonicoside A (1), japonicoside B (2) and japonicoside C (3) were isolated from the dried rhizomes and roots of Smilacina japonica A. Gray. Their structures were elucidated as (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β-ol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α-diol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (2) and (25S)-5α-spirostan-9(11)-en-3β,17α,24α-triol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside (3) on the basis of chemical methods and detailed spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic properties against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SMMC-7221) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (DLD-1), respectively.     

Shoot proliferation and callus regeneration from nodular buds of Drepanostachyum luodianense

This research reports on an efficient shoot proliferation and callus regeneration system for bamboo.Young, semi-lignified branches with one lateral bud from Drepanostachyum luodianense(Yi et R. S. Wang) Keng f.were used as explants. Disinfection with 0.1% HgCl_2 for 8 min was the optimum treatment and the best medium for bud initiation was Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium containing 3.0 mg L~(-1)6-benzyladenine(BA). Multiple shoots were induced from nodal shoot segments on MS medium containing 5.0 mg L~(-1) BA, 0.5 mg L~(-1) kinetin(Kin), and 1.0 mg L~(-1) naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA). The highest frequency of callus formation(65.6%) was on MS medium containing 4.0 mg L~(-1)2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2, 4-D), 0.5 mg L~(-1) NAA, and 0.1 mg L~(-1) thidiazuron(TDZ). The optimum medium for callus proliferation was MS medium with 4 mg L~(-1)2,4-D, 0.5 mg L~(-1) TDZ and 0.5 mg L~(-1) NAA, and the optimum hormone combination was 4 mg L~(-1) BA ? 0.5 mg L~(-1) NAA for callus redifferentiation(up to 85.6%). A 100% rooting was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L~(-1) NAA and 0.5 mg L~(-1)3-indole butyric acid(IBA). Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in a greenhouse in humus soil ? perlite(1:1) substrate. These micropropagated callus induction and regeneration systems for bamboo will be useful for genetic engineering and multiplication.     

Accumulation of residual soil microbial carbon in Chinese fir plantation soils after nitrogen and phosphorus additions

Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) additions can affect soil microbial carbon(C) accumulation.However,the mechanisms that drive the changes in residual microbial C that occur after N and P additions have not been well-defined for Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China.We set up six different treatments, viz.a control(CK), two N treatments(N_1: 50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1); N2:100 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1)), one P treatment(P: 50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1)),and two combined N and P treatments(N_1P:50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of N+50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of P; N_2P:100 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of N+50 kg ha~(-1) a~(-1) of P).We then investigated the influences of N and P additions on residual microbial C.The results showed that soil pH and microbial biomass decreased after N additions, while microbial biomass increased after P additions.Soil organic carbon(SOC) and residual microbial C contents increased in the N and P treatments but not in the control.Residual microbial C accumulation varied according to treatment and declined in the order: N_2PN_1PN2N_1PCK.Residual microbial C contents were positively correlated with available N, P, and SOC contents, but were negatively correlated with soil p H.The ratio of residual fungal C to residual bacterial C increased under P additions, but declined under combined N+P additions.The ratio of residual microbial C to SOC increased from 11 to 14%under the N_1P and N_2P treatments, respectively.Our results suggest that the concentrations of residual microbial C and the stability of SOC would increase under combined applications of N and P fertilizers in subtropical Chinese fir plantation soils.     

浙江省食用菌重金属背景值及质量安全评价

在浙江食用菌生产基地、超市和农贸市场实地抽样检测,对数据进行统计分析,提出浙江省食用菌重金属背景值.研究结果显示:浙江省鲜食用菌重金属元素背景值为铅0.078 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.036 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),干食用菌重金属背景值为铅0.452 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.254 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.044 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.150 mg·kg~(-1),鲜香菇重金属背景值为铅0.074 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.122 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.030 mg·kg~(-1),鲜平菇重金属背景值为铅0.068 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.026 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),鲜蘑菇重金属背景值为铅0.149 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.019 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.038 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.094 mg·kg~(-1),鲜金针菇重金属背景值为铅0.083 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.013 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.020 mg·kg~(-1).经与相关标准进行比较,浙江省食用菌重金属含量处于相对较低的水平.鲜食用菌中平菇与金针菇的4种重金属元素背景值非常相近,并且都处于很低的水平.与鲜食用菌相比,干食用菌重金属含量是鲜食用菌的4.9～7.1倍.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷含量明显高于其他食用菌,与鲜食用菌平均值比较,铅高出91.0%、汞高出322.2%,砷高出224.1%;香菇中镉含量明显高于其他品种食用菌,高出鲜食用菌平均值238.9%.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷和香菇的镉含量在生产栽培中要得到特别关注,应作为质量安全控制的重点.     

Growth and nutrition of Betula pendula at different relative supply rates of zinc

Small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth) were cultivated in a hydroponic spray solution where the relative growth rate (R(G); day(-1)) was controlled by the relative supply rate of zinc (R(Zn); day(-1)). After an adjustment phase to steady-state growth, R(G) equaled R(Zn). The R(Zn) treatments were 0.05, 0.125 and 0.20 day(-1) with free access to all other nutrients. In an additional treatment, there was free access to all nutrients, including zinc (FA treatment). The pH of the nutrient solution was approximately 4.5 and conductivity was 100 &mgr;S cm(-1). The duration of each treatment depended on R(Zn) and ranged from 4 (FA treatment) to 10 weeks (at R(Zn) = 0.05 day(-1)). The plants showed persistent and typical zinc-deficiency symptoms at steady-state growth when R(G) was 0.05 and 0.125 day(-1), whereas there were few symptoms when R(G) was 0.2 day(-1). The Zn concentration of the plants ranged from 8 (at R(Zn) = 0.05 day(-1)) to 21 &mgr;g g(DM) (-1) (DM = dry mass) (at R(Zn) = 0.2 day(-1)) and was approximately 42 &mgr;g g(DM) (-1) in the FA treatment. Uptake rates of Zn, calculated per root growth rate (&mgr;mol g(DM, root) (-1)), were about 2.8 times higher at R(Zn) = 0.20 day(-1) than at R(Zn)= 0.05 day(-1). The root and stem biomass fractions were approximately constant at all supply rates of Zn, whereas the leaf biomass fraction tended to increase with increasing supply rate of Zn. Net assimilation rate was constant from FA to an R(Zn) of 0.125 day(-1) but decreased by a factor of about 2 at R(Zn) = 0.05 day(-1). Leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were smaller at low supply rates of zinc than at high supply rates.     

杉木短周期小径级速生材培育模式树干生物量模型构建

以湖北省咸宁市咸安区7～12 a杉木短周期小径级速生材培育模式人工林为研究对象，用96株解析木数据构建该模式树干生物量模型。结果表明：平均单木树干生物量为18.64 kg,其中62.5%的样本树干生物量在10～20 kg,而主伐年龄9～10 a的平均单木生物量为20 kg左右；以胸径为变量的一元方程和以胸径、树高为变量的二元方程均达到了较好的拟合效果(R²>0.9),但二元方程拟合精度更高；经检验，最优一元方程(W=0.104×D^2.123)和最优二元方程(W=0.02×D^1.486×H^1.362)的预估精度分别为92.25%和94.75%,均能满足生产应用需求和标准，为该栽培模式木材生物量估算提供技术支持。     

Heptaketides with antiviral activity from three endolichenic fungal strains Nigrospora sp., Alternaria sp. and Phialophora sp

Two new heptaketides, (+)-(2S,3S,4aS)-altenuene (1a) and (-)-(2S,3S,4aR)-isoaltenuene (2a), together with six known compounds, (-)-(2R,3R,4aR)-altenuene (1b), (+)-(2R,3R,4aS)-isoaltenuene (2b), 5'-methoxy-6-methyl-biphenyl-3,4,3'-triol (3), alternariol (4), alternariol-9-methyl ether (5), and 4-hydroxyalternariol-9-methyl ether (6) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of an endolichenic fungal strain Nigrospora sphaerica (No.83-1-1-2). Compounds 1a and 1b were separated from enantiomers 1 by chiral HPLC, and so were 2a and 2b from enantiomers 2. Interestingly, 1-6 were also obtained from other two endolichenic fungal strains Alternaria alternata (No.58-8-4-1) and Phialophora sp. (No.96-1-8-1). The structures of 1-6 were elucidated by means of MS, HR-MS, NMR, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the absolute configurations of 1a-2b were determined by CD experiments and CD calculation. Of these compounds, 4 and 5 showed antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) in vitro, with IC(50) values of 13.5 and 21.3 μM, and with selective index (SI) values of 26.5 and 17.1, respectively.     

Cytotoxic triterpene saponins from the leaves of Aralia elata

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Aralia elata has led to the isolation of four new compounds, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid (1), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl} oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3) and 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)]-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl caulophyllogenin (4) and two known compounds, 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-echinocystic acid (5) and 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl echinocystic acid (6). The structural determination was accomplished with spectroscopic analysis, in particular (13)C-NMR, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Compounds 1-6 were tested for their inhibition of the growth of HL60, A549 and DU145 cancer cells. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against HL60 and A549 cancer cells with IC(50) values of 6.99μM and 7.93μM respectively. In addition, compounds 5 and 6 showed significant cytotoxic activity against HL60 cancer cells with IC(50) values of 5.75μM and 7.51μM, respectively.     

云南引种的元宝枫果实性状变异研究

以云南引种的46株元宝枫的果实为研究材料,对其果实的9个性状变异和各性状间的相关性进行了分析研究。结果表明,(1)果实性状的株间变异较株内变异显著;(2)果实各性状变异系数由大到小依次为空壳比率、果实厚度、种子千粒重、果实千粒重、着生痕长度、种子厚度、果实宽度、带翅果实长度、果实长度;(3)果实千粒重与种子千粒重呈高度正相关,与果实宽度、种子厚度、果实厚度呈显著正相关,与带翅果实长度、着生痕长度及果实长度呈低度正相关。种子千粒重除了与果实千粒重呈高度正相关外,还和带翅果实长度、种子厚度、果实厚度呈显著正相关,而且和果实宽度呈低度正相关。以此评选出引种地果实性状优良、产量高的元宝枫单株。     

核磁共振光谱和X射线光电子能谱对纤维低聚糖的分析

1H-1HCOSY和13C-1HHSQC谱对通过Bio-GelP-2柱(2.5cm×125cm)分离制备的纤维三糖、纤维四糖和纤维五糖进行分析。结果表明,在水溶液中纤维低聚糖还原末端C1位α构型与β构型之比(α/β)随聚合度增大而减小,纤维三糖主要是α构型(α/β,0.52),而纤维四糖和纤维五糖主要是β构型(α/β,分别是0.34和0.25)。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明纤维低聚糖的C1s主要有2种电子结合能,分别为284.8(C1s1,C—O)和286.1eV(C1s2,O—C—O),C1s1与C1s2之比(C1s1/C1s2)随聚合度增大而增大。     

Growth and water relations of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) stands in response to thinning and fertilization

We studied the effects of five thinning treatments (T1 = 5.5, T2 = 11, T3 = 16.5, T4 = 22.5 and T5 = 28.5 m(2) ha(-1) basal area under bark) x two fertilizer treatments (F0 = unfertilized and F1 = fertilized with 400 kg ha(-1) N plus 229 kg ha(-1) P) on growth and water relations of pole-sized Eucalyptus marginata J. Donn ex Sm. trees growing in southwestern Australia. Thinning reduced leaf area index (LAI) from 2.1 in the T4 and T5 treatments to 0.8 in the T1F0 treatment. Fertilizer had no effect on LAI in the T2, T4 or T5 treatments, but increased LAI by 45 and 20% in the T1 and T3 treatments, respectively. Thinning plus fertilizing increased diameter growth most in the fastest growing trees, from 0.4 cm year(-1) for trees in the T5F0 and T5F1 treatments to 0.7 and 1.2 cm year(-1) for trees in the T1F0 and T1F1 treatments, respectively. In both fertilizer treatments, stand basal area and volume growth increased with increasing stand density up to 15 m(2) ha(-1), and thereafter declined with increasing stand density, such that the growth rate of trees in the T5 treatment was only half of that at a stand density of 15 m(2) ha(-1). In response to fertilizer, growth rates of the slowest and fastest-growing trees increased from 0.35 and 3.5 m(2) ha(-1) year(-1) (F0) to 0.56 and 5.4 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) (F1), respectively. Stand growth efficiency (growth per unit LAI) increased in response to thinning, and fertilizer increased stand growth efficiency at all stand densities. Throughout the dry season, T5 trees had lower predawn shoot water potentials (Psi(pd)) (minimum of -1.5 MPa) than T1 or T2 trees (minimum of -0.7 MPa). Fertilizer decreased Psi(pd) in T5 trees (by -0.9 and -1.5 MPa, respectively, in F0 and F1), but not in T1 or T2 trees. Stand growth rate was closely related to cumulative midday water stress (CMWS) over the dry season, and volume growth rate declined sharply from 6 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) at a CMWS of 130 MPa days, to zero at a CMWS of 220 MPa days. Application of fertilizer to thinned stands increased LAI, stand growth efficiency and stand growth. In unthinned stands, fertilizer increased stand growth efficiency and stand growth; however, it also increased tree water stress, which limited the fertilizer-induced increases in LAI and growth. We attribute the increase in tree and stand growth in response to application of fertilizer to increased photosynthetic rates, increased allocation to stem wood, and in thinned stands also to higher LAIs.     

马尾松毛虫抗药性监测及增效磷与3种菊酯混配的增效作用

对江西高安等16个县、市林区的马尾松毛虫用溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯用点滴法进行毒力测定，结果表明，江西林区马尾松毛虫对溴氰菊酯的耐药力有明显提高，其中高安、贵溪林区马尾松毛虫的抗数达到了低抗水平，马尾松毛虫对氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯尚未产生抗性，室内用以上3种拟除虫菊酯与增效磷（SV1）按1：0．5、1：1、1：3、1：5T 1：10的比例混配，用点滴法对马尾松毛虫进行毒力测定，结果表明，增效磷与拟除虫菊酯混配有明显的增效作用，并且随着SV1比例的提高，增效作用增强，用4种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂（2．5％溴氰菊酯、20％ 酯、2．5％三氟氰菊酯和10％氯氰菊酯）加增效磷按不同混配比进行林间防马尾松毛虫试验，结果表明，增效与拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂混配有极显著的增效作用，林间防治松毛虫以溴氰菊酯＋SV1（1：5）、氰戊菊酯＋SV1（1：3－1：5）、三氟氰氯菊酯＋SV1（1：3－1：5）以及氯氰菊酯＋SV1（1：5）稀释8000倍效果最佳。     

马占相思扦插快繁育苗技术研究

通过双因素试验设计研究了3种不同木质化程度插穗(A)、4种不同浓度生根促进剂ABT-1#(B)和不同扦插基质(C)对马占相思扦插生根率、生根数及根长的影响差异,结果表明:未木质化的嫩枝(A1)+生根促进剂ABT-1#400 mg.kg-1(B2)生根率高、生根数多及生根长,生根率最高达83.3%;不同基质扦插中以未木质化的嫩枝(A1)+生根促进剂ABT-1#400 mg.kg-1(B2)+80%红心土和20%珍珠岩混合基质最佳。     

In vivo antidepressant activity of sesquiterpenes from the roots of Valeriana fauriei Briq

Antidepressant activity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of Valeriana fauriei Briq. roots resulted in the isolation of two new germacrane-type sesquiterpenes (1-2) in addition to seven known ones (3-9). Their structures were elucidated as 1β,10α-dihydroxyl-8α-acetoxyl-10β,11,11-trimethyl-4-formyl-bicyclogermacren-E-4(5)-ene (1), 1β-hydroxyl-8α-acetoxyl-11,11-dimethyl-4-formyl-bicyclogermacren-E-4(5),10(14)-diene (2), bicyclo[8,1,0]5β-hydroxyl-7β-1acetoxyl-5α,11,11'-trimethyl -E-1(10)-ene-4α,15-olide (3), 8α-acetoxyl-3α,4α,10-trihydroxyl-guaia-1(2)-ene-12,6α-olide (4), 2-Ethylhexyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (5), 11αH-gemacra-1(10)E,4Z-diene-3-one-12,6α-olide (6), β-Sitoterol (7), isovaleric acid (8), isoborneol acetate (9), using a combination of UV, IR, mass spectroscopy, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The antidepressant activity of compounds 1-4 was investigated by the FST on mice. Among them, compounds 3 and 4 showed the significant antidepressant activity (*, P<0.01).     

1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基的合成及结构鉴定

在相转移催化作用下,将7-异丙基-4-甲基-1-甲醇(2)和环氧氯丙烷进行反应,成功地合成了新的反应型类化合物1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基(1).本反应条件比较简单,较佳条件下分离的目的物摩尔得率达到了64%.目的物(1)的化学结构(Fig.2)经过UV-Vis、IR、HR-MS和1H NMR等数据分析得到了完满的鉴定.     

光皮桦组织培养技术研究

对光皮桦带芽茎段组织培养技术的外植体启动培养、丛生芽增殖以及试管苗生根和炼苗移栽等方面开展研究,结果表明,外植体灭菌最优流程:经75%酒精1~1.5 min处理后转入0.1%HgCl2溶液消毒处理7 min;在改良MS+6-BA5.0mg.L-1+NAA 0.01 mg.L-1的培养基上,外植体启动速度最快;在改良MS+6-BA 4.5 mg.L-1+蔗糖40 g.L-1+NAA0.01 mg.L-1的培养基上,外植体增殖系数最高可达6.9倍;在改良WH+IBA 3.0 mg.L-1+NAA 1.5 mg.L-1培养基中,继代苗的生根率最高;试管苗移栽的最佳基质为沙∶田园土=1∶1。     

Ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid isolated from Iostephane heterophylla as a promising antibacterial agent against Streptococcus mutans biofilms

From the roots of Iostephane heterophylla, six known compounds, namely, ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid (1), the mixture of ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (2) and ent-beyer-15-en-19-oic acid (3), xanthorrhizol (4), 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane (5) and 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaur-11-en-19-oic acid (6) were isolated using a bioassay-guided fractionation method. The known compounds (1-6) were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic data with reported values in the literature. In an attempt to increase the resultant antimicrobial activity of 1 and 4, a series of reactions was performed on ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid (1) and xanthorrhizol (4), to obtain derivatives 1a, 1b, and 4a-4d. All the isolated compounds (1-6) and the derivatives 1a, 1b, and 4a-4d were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against two oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with caries and periodontal disease, respectively. Compounds 1, 1b, 2+3, 4 and 4d inhibited the growth of S. mutans with concentrations ranging from 4.1 μg/mL to 70.5 μg/mL. No significant activity was found on P. gingivalis except for 4 with an MIC of 6.8 μg/mL. The ability of 1, 1b, 2+3, 4 and 4d to inhibit biofilm formation by S. mutans was evaluated. It was found that 1, 1b, 4 and 4d interfered with the establishment of S. mutans biofilms, inhibiting their development at 32.5, 125.0, 14.1 and 24.4 μg/mL, respectively.     

Constituents of Cassia laevigata.

Calendin (1), cinnamic acid (2), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (3), 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (4), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (5), syringic acid (6) and vanillic acid (7) have been isolated from a dichloromethane extract of the leaves and branches of Cassia laevigata.