短花针茅荒漠草原土壤呼吸对长期增温和氮素添加的响应

作为全球变化的主要成分,温度升高和氮沉降量增多会对土壤呼吸产生深远影响。本研究基于长期增温和氮素添加野外控制试验(2006年开始处理),利用Li-8100开路式碳通量测定系统测定2016年生长季(5～10月)土壤呼吸速率,研究土壤呼吸速率对内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原增温和氮素添加的响应,研究结果表明:1)氮素添加显著降低了土壤呼吸速率3. 2%(P <0. 05),增温对其没有显著影响(P=0. 59),但是氮素添加与增温共同作用对土壤呼吸速率的影响显著(P <0. 05),在增温条件下,氮素添加使土壤呼吸速率减弱;2)土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度呈显著正相关关系(P <0. 0001); 3)土壤呼吸速率对温度的敏感性(Q10值)在增温处理下降低,但是在氮素添加以及氮素添加和增温共同处理下增强。上述结果表明在水分限制的荒漠草原生态系统,氮素添加和增温对土壤呼吸的影响受到水分条件的调控。     

小针茅荒漠草原土壤水分动态及其对降雨的响应

揭示干旱、半干旱地区生态系统土壤水分动态对于进一步认识生态系统过程与功能机制,提出应对气候变化影响的途径均具有重要意义。以小针茅草原为对象,基于连续4 a逐时监测的土壤含水量(地表以下15 cm)与降雨数据,结合邻近气象站过去50 a的降雨资料,探讨了荒漠草原土壤水分动态规律及其对降雨的响应。结果表明:1受降雨分布格局的影响,荒漠草原土壤水分动态存在单峰型和双峰型两种模式;2地表以下15 cm处的土壤水分对5 mm以下降雨事件没有响应,18 mm以上的降雨对该土层土壤水分才具有较强的补充作用,土壤所需的降雨量比沙地和荒漠区更高;3降雨量越大、降雨强度越大或降雨前土壤含水量越高,土壤水分对降雨的响应就越迅速。未来气候变化可能对荒漠草原区浅根型植物生长不利,从而对畜牧业生产产生重要影响。     

结实期水分与氮素对水稻氮素利用与养分吸收的影响

以武育粳3号和汕优63为材料,研究了结实期水分与氮素对水稻氮素利用与养分吸收的影响。结果表明:随氮素水平的提高,稻株吸氮量增加,氮素的利用率、产谷效率和营养器官的氮素转运率下降,稻草中氮的滞留量提高;氮肥促进了稻株对P、K的吸收;水分胁迫降低了稻株的吸氮能力,但提高了氮素的利用率、产谷效率和营养器官的氮素转运率;水分胁迫降低了稻株对P、K的吸收,但提高了对P的利用率;水分与氮肥有明显的互作效应,在一定的氮肥水平下,轻度的水分胁迫,可不降低产量或提高产量,同时提高了水稻的氮素利用率,减少稻田氮的损失。     

短期N、P添加对荒漠草原土壤非保护性有机碳的影响

以干旱、半干旱地区荒漠草原土壤为研究对象,研究N、P养分添加对荒漠草原0～30 cm土层土壤颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量、分配比例、敏感指数的影响,探讨荒漠草原土壤非保护性有机碳分配比例及其向保护性有机碳的转化速率对N、P添加的响应.研究结果表明:短期N、P添加能促进荒漠草原表层土壤(0～10 cm)土壤颗粒有机碳和轻组...     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原短花针茅空间异质性的影响

在不同放牧制度下,以荒漠草原短花针茅植物种群为研究对象,采用GS＋软件和地统计学分析方法对其空间异质性分布进行了研究。结果显示：对照区和划区轮牧区或自由放牧区都表现出很强的空间自相关性,且结构是导致短花针茅空间变异的主要因素。对照区、划区轮牧区和自由放牧区,短花针茅空间格局的分形维数相近,都接近于2。不同放牧制度下短花...     

一个生态气候区划的新方法及其在干旱草原、半荒漠和荒漠划分草原生态气候带中的应用

<正> 这个方法是为“肯亚牧场管理手册”设计的,初步结果已在1991年发表,经不断完善,现在供国际讨论。1.主要水分带     

荒漠草原不同时间尺度下垫面水分消耗与气象植被因子的关系

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪2012—2018年连续观测数据,系统解析了希拉穆仁荒漠草原植物生长季（4—10月）不同时间尺度蒸散发（ET)与气象植被因子之间的关系。研究表明：（1）小时、日和月尺度上,始终与ET保持高度相关的气象植被因子包括风速（P<0.01）、空气温度（P<0.01）和降水量（P<0.01）;（2）结合不同时间尺度主控因子,利用多元回归定量表征了小时、日、月尺度的下垫面ET变化特征,经验方程决定系数分别为0.94（P<0.01）、0.42（P<0.01）、0.82（P<0.01）,小时和月尺度上的经验方程可较好地反映希拉穆仁荒漠草原下垫面耗水特征;（3）ET与降水差值显示,2012—2018年希拉穆仁荒漠草原植物生长季（4—10月）水汽交换以下垫面水分消耗为主,8月份发生干旱事件的概率最大。     

放牧对小针茅荒漠草原土壤微生物分布的影响

以苏尼特右旗小针茅荒漠草原为样本区域,分别设置无牧、轻度、中度、重度和极重度放牧5种放牧梯度,在生长季(5月～9月)内对不同放牧强度下小针茅荒漠草原三大类土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)的分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同放牧强度下,小针茅荒漠草原三大类微生物的数量及比例具有明显的季节性分布特征;小针茅荒漠草原土壤微生物数量表现为土壤细菌数量＞放线菌＞真菌,其垂直分布具有明显的差异性,三大类群土壤微生物数量随土层加深而减少;随放牧强度的增加,不同土层三大类群土壤微生物数量均随之减少.     

不同放牧强度对荒漠草原几种牧草一些生理指标的影响

研究了不同放牧强度下荒漠草原长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、牛枝子(Lespedeza potanimii)、赖草(Ley-mus secalinus)、中亚白草(Pennisetum flaccidum)和糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)5种牧草叶片游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和根系可溶性糖(WSS)、还原糖的含量以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)3种保护酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加5种牧草各生理指标均有不同程度的变化,其中赖草Pro含量呈先升后降变化,其它牧草呈不断上升趋势;长芒草和糙隐子草分别在放牧强度为1.05和1.50只/hm2时SOD活性最高,分别是不放牧的1.86和2.13倍,两牧草保护酶活性较高且协同性较好,MDA含量较低且增幅不大,WSS含量呈先降后升变化;中亚白草保护酶活性在放牧轻时居中但放牧重时变小,赖草POD活性与SOD和CAT无明显的一致性,反映在MDA含量上两牧草均上升显著,在1.50只/hm2放牧强度时分别是不放牧的4.68和3.89倍,WSS含量均不断降低;牛枝子保护酶活性相对较低,MDA含量最低且增幅较小,WSS含量呈先降后升变化;糙隐子草和牛枝子根系还原糖含量变化与WSS含量变化相同,其它牧草这二者没有明显的相关性。以上述生理指标判断各牧草的适宜放牧强度,则长芒草和糙隐子草放牧强度应不大于1.05只/hm2、赖草不大于0.45只/hm2、中亚白草不大于0.60只/hm2,牛枝子放牧强度可达1.50只/hm2。     

放牧绵羊排泄物在荒漠草原土壤内的养分降解

试验研究了放牧绵羊粪便在内蒙古短花针茅草原土壤内的降解。结果显示:羊粪干物质的降解率为0.74mg.g-1.day-1,有机物质、C和N含量在一年的试验期间分别降解了25.0%、35.5%和16.6%;各成分间的降解有显著的相关性,其降解符合回归曲线方程为y=y0+a(1-e-bx);夏季是羊粪分解的主要时期。     

Effects of climate change on phenology and primary productivity in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia

 Variations in temperature and precipitation affect local ecosystems. Considerable spatial and temporal heterogeneity exists in arid ecosystems such as desert steppes. We analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of climate and vegetation phenology in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, China, using meteorological data from 11 stations (1961–2010) and phenology data from 6 ecological stations (2004–2012). We also estimated the gross primary production for the period of 1982–2009 and found that the annual mean temperature increased at a rate of 0.47ºC/decade during 1961–2010, with the last 10 years being consistently warmer than the 50-year mean. The most significant warming occurred in winters. Annual precipitation slightly decreased during the 50-year period, with summer precipitation experiencing the highest drop in the last 10 years, and spring precipitation, a rise. Spatially, annual precipitation increased significantly in the northeast and eastern central area of the region next to the typical steppe. From 2004 to 2012, vegetation green-up and senescence date advanced in the area, shortening the growing season. Consequently, the primary productivity of the desert steppe decreased along precipitation gradient from southeast to northwest. Temporally, productivity increased during the period of 1982–1999 and significantly decreased after 2000. Overall, the last decade witnessed the most dramatic climatic changes that were likely to negatively affect the desert steppe ecosystem. The decreased primary productivity, in particular, decreases ecosystem resilience and impairs the livelihood of local farmers and herdsmen.     

模拟增温及施氮对荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

以内蒙古高原四子王旗短花针茅建群的荒漠草原为研究对象,通过野外自然条件下进行的模拟增温和增施氮肥实验,研究了增温、施氮及增温+施氮情况下土壤呼吸强度的变化。三年的研究结果表明:1)增温对各年内土壤呼吸没有产生显著影响,但土壤呼吸有明显的季节变化,而且与增温显著相关(P<0.05)。2)施氮对荒漠草地的影响程度与自然条件有密切关系,其中降雨量多少是施氮对荒漠草地土壤呼吸影响程度的重要制约因素,降雨量越高氮素对土壤呼吸作用愈加明显。3)施氮显著增加了植物群落的地下生物量(P<0.05),土壤呼吸与地下生物量呈显著的正相关(P<0.001)。     

乌拉特荒漠草原红砂生物量预测模型

红砂(Reaumuria soogorica)是一种广泛分布在中国半荒漠地区的多年生半灌木,是干旱荒漠区分布最广的植物种之一,具有固沙、固土的优良特性。其生物量估算对评价荒漠草原红砂的生态功能和荒漠草原经营管理具有重要作用,红砂生物量模型是估测红砂生物量的重要方法之一。本研究采用全挖法,以乌拉特荒漠草原优势种之一红砂为研究对象,基于对红砂地上、地下和整株生物量及株高(H)、冠幅(C)、基径(D)等的测定,通过数理统计的回归分析方法,利用相关生长模型(幂函数W=aX^b),分别构建了地上部分(W1)、地下部分(W2)和全株生物量(W)的预测模型。通过对比判别系数R2的大小,挑选最佳生物量估测模型。结果表明:①以冠幅(C)为指标的估测模型W1=0.555×C^1.867(R^2=0.866)能较好地反映红砂单株地上生物量累计特征。②以复合因子基径×基径×株高(D2H)为指标的估测模型W2=2.259×(D^2H)^0.762(R^2=0.769)能较好地反映红砂单株地下生物量累计特征。③以复合因子基径×基径×株高(D^2H)为指标的估测模型W=7.057×(D^2H)^0.813(R^2=0.859)能较好地反映红砂总生物量的累计特征。利用此类方法建立的生物量模型,精度高,简便易行,为评价乌拉特荒漠草原红砂的生态功能和准确测定其生物量提供科学依据。     

利用强度对荒漠草原土壤氮循环系统的影响

随着气候的变化和人类的干扰,草原退化日趋严重。文中研究了内蒙古荒漠草原不同利用强度下土壤中4类氮素转化菌,以及土壤的固氮作用、氨化作用和硝化作用强度。结果表明,轻牧区土壤中4类氮素转化菌的数量显著增加（P〉0.05）,也显著加强了土壤中的固氮作用、氨化作用和硝化作用。有利于促进土壤的氮循环;重度利用则导致草原土壤中氮素...     

不同放牧压短花针茅荒漠草原群落植物种的空间异质特征

利用样方法及GS+软件和地统计学分析方法对年荒漠草原植物种在不同放牧压下的空间异质性分布进行了研究。结果表明:不同放牧压对荒漠草原物种空间分布有明显影响。整个试验区植物种为38种。SA2(春季零放牧、夏季适度放牧和秋季重度放牧)处理区植物种数最多为10种。家畜选择性采食及践踏等随机因素引起的空间变异在SA2处理区中较小,在SA5(放牧季皆为适度放牧)处理区较大。植物种分布在不同放牧组合下存在强烈的空间自相关性,SA1(春季零放牧、夏季重度放牧及秋季适度放牧)处理区与SA5处理区空间自相关性表现强于SA2、SA3(放牧季皆为重度放牧)区和SA4(春夏季重度放牧、秋季适度放牧)处理区。SA3处理区分形维数最高,空间分布格局简单,空间依赖性强,空间结构性好;相反SA1分形维数最低,空间分布格局相对复杂,随机因素引起的异质性占有较大的比重。     

Biocrust-induced partitioning of soil water between grass and shrub in a desert steppe of Northwest China

Maintaining the stability of exotic sand-binding shrub has become a large challenge in arid and semi-arid grassland ecosystems in northern China. We investigated two kinds of shrublands with different BSCs (biological soil crusts) cover in desert steppe in Northwest China to characterize the water sources of shrub (Caragana intermedia Kuang et H. C. Fu) and grass (Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit.) by stable ¹⁸O isotopic. Our results showed that both shrublands were subject to persistent soil water deficiency from 2012 to 2017, the minimum soil depth with CV (coefficient of variation) <15% and SWC (soil water content) <6% was 1.4 m in shrubland with open areas lacking obvious BSC cover, and 0.8 m in shrubland covered by mature BSCs. For C. intermedia, a considerable proportion of water sources pointed to the surface soil. Water from BSCs contributed to averages 22.9% and 17.6% of the total for C. intermedia and A. scoparia, respectively. C. intermedia might use more water from BSCs in rainy season than dry season, in contrast to A. scoparia. The relationship between shrub (or grass) and soil water by δ¹⁸O shown significant differences in months, which partly verified the potential trends and relations covered by the high variability of the water source at seasonal scale. More fine roots at 0-5 cm soil layer could be found in the surface soil layer covered by BSCs (8000 cm/m³) than without BSCs (3200 cm/m³), which ensured the possibility of using the surface soil water by C. intermedia. The result implies that even under serious soil water deficiency, C. intermedia can use the surface soil water, leading to the coexistence between C. intermedia and A. scoparia. Different with the result from BSCs in desert areas, the natural withdrawal of artificial C. intermedia from desert steppe will be a long-term process, and the highly competitive relationship between shrubs and grasses also determines that its habitat will be maintained in serious drought state for a long time.     

Interactive effects of wind speed,vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe,Inner Mongolia of China

The rapid desertification of grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China poses a significant ecological threaten to northern China. The combined effects of anthropogenic disturbances(e.g., overgrazing) and biophysical processes(e.g., soil erosion) have led to vegetation degradation and the consequent acceleration of regional desertification. Thus, mitigating the accelerated wind erosion, a cause and effect of grassland desertification, is critical for the sustainable management of grasslands. Here, a combination of mobile wind tunnel experiments and wind erosion model was used to explore the effects of different levels of vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed on wind erosion at different positions of a slope inside an enclosed desert steppe in the Xilamuren grassland of Inner Mongolia. The results indicated a significant spatial difference in wind erosion intensities depending on the vegetation coverage, with a strong decreasing trend from the top to the base of the slope. Increasing vegetation coverage resulted in a rapid decrease in wind erosion as explained by a power function correlation. Vegetation coverage was found to be a dominant control on wind erosion by increasing the surface roughness and by lowering the threshold wind velocity for erosion. The critical vegetation coverage required for effectively controlling wind erosion was found to be higher than 60%. Further, the wind erosion rates were negatively correlated with surface soil moisture and the mass flux in aeolian sand transport increased with increasing wind speed. We developed a mathematical model of wind erosion based on the results of an orthogonal array design. The results from the model simulation indicated that the standardized regression coefficients of the main effects of the three factors(vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed) on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport were in the following order: wind speedvegetation coveragesoil moisture. These three factors had different levels of interactive effects on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport. Our results will improve the understanding of the interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in desert steppes, and will be helpful for the design of desertification control programs in future.