轰早生在云南粳稻品种选育中的重要贡献

１９７８年以来，云南省农科院利用日本粳稻品种轰早生作亲本与云南粳稻品种杂交，共育成粳稻品种１１个，其中有８个品种是用轰早生直接作亲本育成的，有３个品种是用轰早生间接作亲本（以轰早生的育成品种为亲本）育成，目前这些品种已全部通过云南省品种审定委员会审定，在省内已有大面积推广，成为我省中部，中北部粳稻区的当家品种。     

福建省审（认）定花生品种系谱及主要性状遗传改良分析

探讨福建省花生品种的亲缘关系和主要性状的遗传改良,为今后花生新品种选育和引种工作提供依据。对福建省开始开展花生品种审定工作至今审（认）定的29个花生品种进行系谱和共祖先度（或称亲本系数）分析以及主要性状遗传改良分析。结果表明,这29个花生品种共涉及38个直接亲本,92.11%来自广东和福建省,其中‘汕油523’、‘粤油92’、‘泉花10号’、‘泉花327’的利用频率较高;这些审（认）定品种系谱分析可追溯到47个祖先亲本,74.47%来自省外地方品种和国外引进品种,但只有8个祖先亲本利用频率较高;主要由2个系谱树组成,‘粤油92’、‘泉花10号’、‘汕油523’、‘泉花327’是福建省审（认）定品种直接的骨干亲本。共祖先度分析进一步了解品种群内亲缘关系的远近。随着年代的推后,审（认）定品种的大多数主要性状得到了改良,百果重、百仁重对提高花生产量起了重要的作用。福建省审（认）定的花生品种其遗传基础较为狭窄;系谱分析可充分了解品种的亲缘关系,而共祖先度（或亲本系数）则可从量上进一步说明两者间亲缘关系的远近,相宜得彰。品种产量性状的改良应协调好与单株结果数、果仁大小、出仁率、以及植株性状等性状的关系。     

外引大豆品种在南方春大豆育种中的作用

应用美国的春大豆品种比松(Beeson)、哈罗索63(Harosoy 63)、索夫400(SRF400)及国内的大豆良种穗稻黄及其选系1138-2、徐豆1号和泰兴黑豆等作亲本,采用春夏大豆进行单交和复式杂交等方法,育成春豆中熟品种宁镇1号和早熟品种宁镇2号,分别比对照增产34.7%和18.5%。种子蛋白质含量44.07%。还育成一批有希望的新品系,     

高蛋白大豆品种系谱分析

对已育成的高蛋白大豆品种素谱分析表明（１）高蛋白大豆品种间亲缘关系相近（２）通农５号可称为高蛋白大豆育种中的“骨干亲本”材料。（３）通农９、１０、１１号的蛋白质超亲值分别为３．５４％、４．１５％、３．１４％,表现正向超亲。     

大豆育成品种的遗传多样性及核心种质研究进展

大豆育成品种综合了祖先亲本和部分育成品种的遗传基础,对其遗传多样性进行准确的评价可以为亲本选配、后代遗传变异程度及杂种优势水平的预测提供指导。本文从常规表型、生化和分子三个方面阐述大豆育成品种的遗传多样性的研究进展,最后概述了大豆育成品种核心种质构建的进展。     

南方春大豆育种方法及途径的探讨

通过国内外1800余个春、夏大豆品种研究,筛选出一批具有不同优良性状的育种亲本。在此基础上,采用夏豆×春豆单交,(夏豆×春豆)×(春豆×春豆)复交等手段,创造新的变异类型;改进杂交技术,提高杂交成活率;选择与加代同步,鉴定与繁殖同步,区试与示范栽培同步,提高了育种效率。已育成了适宜南方春大豆多熟制种植的春大豆高产品种宁镇1号和一批优良品系,分别参加国家级和省级区域试验。本文对春大豆育种方法及途径作初步探讨。     

保山市农科所育成大麦品种及其系谱分析

系谱分析能够简便有效地阐明育成品种的整体遗传基础,掌握育成品种的遗传基础可揭示品种演变特点,总结亲本选配的经验,并指导育种。本研究对保山市农业科学研究所2000年以后育成的21个大麦系列品种的育种途径及其品种系谱进行分析,结果表明,杂交育种是保山市农业科学研究所大麦育种的主要方法,76.2%的品种是通过杂交育种育成的,23.8%的品种是经过系统选择育种而成。所育成的21个大麦系列品种来源于20个细胞核祖先亲本和10个细胞质祖先亲本。来源于墨西哥的亲本细胞核遗传贡献值最大,为62.35%,表明保大麦系列品种祖先亲本主要来源于墨西哥。来源于墨西哥的亲本‘YS500’、‘V008’、‘8640’、‘Peaosanhos-174’累计细胞核贡献值最大、衍生品种最多,为核心祖先亲本。     

1923—2005年中国大豆育成品种种质的地理来源及其遗传贡献

中国大豆育成品种的种质构成可通过追溯其祖先亲本的遗传贡献来估计。本研究搜集1923—2005年全国育成的1 300个大豆育成品种系谱资料, 追溯其祖先亲本, 计算每一育成品种祖先亲本的细胞核和细胞质遗传贡献值, 并分析其种质的地理来源及其年代演变特点。结果表明, 全国1 300个大豆育成品种来源于670个细胞核、344个细胞质终端祖先亲本, 其地理来源按国内I、II、III、IV、V、VI生态区和国外归类, 地理来源不详的另归一类, 相应的核(质)遗传贡献率分别为45.44 (49.77) %、23.23 (26.31) %、7.33 (9.62) %、4.40 (4.62) %、0.87 (1.08) %、0.55 (0.77) %、17.75 (7.00) %和0.45 (0.85) %; 各生态区育成品种的核(质)种质主要来自本区祖先亲本。近十年(1996—2005)全国育成的592个品种中, 国外、VI区和地理来源不详者祖先亲本核(质)贡献率分别增加了11.96 (8.85) %、0.89 (1.07) %和0.22 (0.62) %, I、II、III、IV和V区祖先亲本核(质)贡献率分别下降了7.83 (4.22) %、3.66 (6.13) %、0.66 (0.34) %、0.64 (0.41) %和0.27 (0.12) %; 归纳出了这期间育成品种的46个重要祖先亲本; 各生态区间种质交流虽有增加, 但所在区种质仍占绝大部分。整体上说, 十年来我国大豆育成品种种质的地理来源有所增宽, 但仍主要局限在本生态区,为了拓宽未来品种的遗传基础需进一步加强各生态区间的种质交流与利用。     

“三高”大豆良种辽豆11号及其栽培技术

辽豆11号是由辽宁省农业科学院作物研究所研究员宋宏书等科研人员选用辽84063（辽8015×辽豆3号）做母本,以辽豆3号为父本,经过人工杂交、基因重组、基因累加和系谱选择之后精心育成的“三高”（粗蛋白含量高、粗脂肪含量高、籽粒产量高）大豆名优新品种。已通过省级品种审定,曾荣获国家农业部新品种补助二等奖（大豆不设一等奖）、首届中国国际农业博览会金奖、辽宁省科技     

大豆优异种质北丰11资源特点及育种上的利用

优异种质资源北丰11是以合丰25为母本,与北69-1483为父本经有性杂交育成,已在大豆生产和品种改良中广泛应用.该种质资源亲本系谱树含有金元、四粒黄、白眉、克山四粒荚、小粒豆9号和大白眉等6个国内核心祖先亲本,十胜长叶(日本品种)1个国外核心祖先亲本,元宝金、满仓金、合丰23、合丰25、丰收6号、丰收10、克4430...     

Characterization and allelism of soybean mosaic virus strain SC3 resistance in ‘Qihuang-1’ derived soybean cultivars

Soybean mosaic virus is a severe constraint of soybean production in China. A total of country-wide 22 SMV strains (SC1-SC22) were identified. Of these, SC3 is a major strain widely distributed in Huanghuai and Yangtze River Valley region of China. Soybean cultivar ‘Qihuang-1’ contains R_SC3Q locus conditioning the resistance to SC3 and is an important parental line extensively used to breed the soybean cultivars in China. The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic pattern of SC3 resistance genes in cultivars developed from ‘Qihuang-1’ or its derivative lines. Hence, we have evaluated the SC3 resistance in 91 cultivars developed from ‘Qihuang-1’ or its derivative lines. The results showed that a total of 43 cultivars exhibited resistance to the SC3 strain. Among them, 37 cultivars were derived from ‘Qihuang-1’. Then, we have detected the R_SC3Q loci in these cultivars using four SSR markers (Satt334, Sct_033, BARCSOYSSR_13_1114 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1136). It revealed that, among the 37 resistant cultivars derived from ‘Qihuang-1’, there are 20 cultivars containing R_SC3Q loci. Moreover, the allelic relationship of resistance genes was analysed using the crosses from resistance × resistance between ‘Qihuang-1’ and its resistant derived cultivars. The results showed that the resistance genes of ‘Qihuang-1’ and its 20 cultivars were allelic. But it is not allelic with those of the other 17 cultivars, different from ‘Qihuang-1’, and also, R_SC3Q does not condition the resistance. These results will be beneficial to exploring the transmission of resistance genes of ‘Qihuang-1’ and will be useful to the disease resistance breeding of soybean.     

我国黄淮和南方主要大豆育成品种家族产量和品质优异等位变异在系谱中遗传的研究

以往研究育成品种间的遗传关系只能通过系谱追踪进行一般性分析, 分子标记的发掘则提供了在位点及其等位变异基础上分析育成品种间遗传关系的手段。本研究在黄淮和南方190份大豆育成品种的85个SSR标记与农艺性状关联分析基础上, 将其中163份品种按系谱祖先归为58-161、徐豆1号、齐黄1号、南农493-1、南农1138-2五个家族, 对产量和品质性状进行优异等位变异在系谱中传承情况的分析。所涉及的最佳位点, 产量9个、百粒重3个、蛋白质含量2个、脂肪含量4个, 总解释率分别为91%、36%、13%和31%。每位点考查2个最优等位变异, 家族系谱祖先具有各自的优异等位变异, 随着育种轮次的增加在后育成品种中有丢失; 在系谱祖先基础上新品种衍生过程中吸纳其他亲本, 5个家族趋向共有大部分优异等位变异, 但频率分布不同。5个家族的品种所含有产量最多优异等位变异数未达饱和, 9个位点中最高含7个优异等位变异, 平均每个品种2.23个, 产量有进一步改良潜力。供试条件下高产品种平均产量是低产的2.36倍, 平均优异等位变异数是低产的4.17倍, 高、低产品种优异等位变异构成差异明显, 但高产品种间优异等位变异构成并不相同。也有的品种高产而优异等位变异数并不多, 有的品种优异等位变异较多但产量并不高。大豆育种不断从不同亲本中累积目标性状优异等位变异, 同时有些也在丢失, 应重视保存过时品种的优异等位变异, 以备后用。     

菜豆种子蛋白的变异和品种鉴定

用两种线性浓度梯度(8—20%和12—20%)的SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了来自14个国家的54个菜豆品种的种子蛋白.结果表明:多数多肽在品种间有淌度变异,变异发生在8个分子量区域.我们推荐本方法用于菜豆品种鉴定.种子蛋白谱与种皮颜色没有相关性.除3个品种外,凡菜豆球蛋白含3主要多肽的品种都是茎直立的矮生类型;而只有2主要多肽的品种都是茎缠绕的蔓生类型.看来,种子蛋白还可能在育种中预测其他性状.     

Farmers' highland maize (Zea mays L.) selection criteria: Implication for maize breeding for the Hararghe highlands of eastern Ethiopia

Despite the presence of large numbers of improved maize cultivars, farmers in the Hararghe highlands of eastern Ethiopia persistently grow local cultivars and are not benefiting from the varietal improvement program. By growing local cultivars farmers obtain an average yield of 1.2 t ^-1 whereas research has released cultivars yielding 5–11 t ^-1under on-station conditions. Recognizing this and the important role maize is playing in the livelihood system of farmers in eastern Ethiopia; Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) was conducted for three consecutive seasons (1996–1998) in three locations. The objectives of the study were to identify farmers' cultivar selection criteria for future breeding, to enable farmers to assess the performance of improved cultivars under their management, to increase farmers' access to the cultivars of their preference by injecting source seed into the local seed system, and to investigate whether breeding for wide adaptation like for the Hararghe highlands has any drawbacks or not. The study indicated farmers' maize varietal selection criteria together with the differences in selection criteria across locations classified under the same adaptation zone. Though farmers selected some of the many improved cultivars tested, no improved cultivar had all the characteristics, which farmers want in a single cultivar. To be able to combine cultivar selection traits farmers considered cultivar combinations in all locations, but not the single `best' cultivar. Despite the yield advantage of hybrids, farmers selected Open Pollinated Varieties (OPVs) because they had more preferred traits. Farmers also preferred to retain their local cultivars despite their lower yield compared to most of the improved cultivars. Both situations confirmed how resource poor farmers' cultivar requirements are much more diverse than yield per se. Gender and social group-driven difference in cultivar preference was also observed. The study revealed the need for proper zoning of the Hararghe highlands as a prerequisite to developing better adapted maize cultivars to the varied agro ecological and socioeconomic niches. As shown in this study, proper zoning, due consideration to farmers' relevant selection traits and wider use of participatory approaches should be adapted to develop cultivars which can gain farmers acceptance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Analysis of genetic profiles of winter wheats from Russia

With the aid of GRIS, the wheat genetic resources database, the retrospective analysis of winter wheat breeding programs in the ex-USSR during its existence, and modern Russia, was conducted. The dynamics of genetic diversity of released cultivars was studied. A significant tendency to reduce the use of local materials was discovered, although a stable set of original ancestors has prevailed over the last 40 years. The modern cultivar genes pool has increased as a result of the utilisation of North American semidwarf varieties. Breeding programs at different breeding centres are distinguished by varying levels of genetic diversity. The need to discover new sources of disease resistance and environmental adaptation are problems that remain. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦育种策略探讨

小麦育种的理论、方法与技术早有详尽的研究,但是综合运用它们的策略尚有待发展,因为育种理论与方法需有育种实践的长期积累,并与育种理论结合才具实际意义。笔者所在单位近50年来育成了一系列小麦品种,成为新中国成立以来长江下游及中游部分地区小麦品种3次大面积更换的主体品种,是小麦杂交育种的成功范例。笔者根据长     

黑龙江省1986-2010年大豆审定品种的品质性状分析

本文对黑龙江省1986～2010年间审定推广的275个大豆品种的子粒蛋白质、脂肪和蛋脂总量等品质性状指标进行了分析。结果表明,2006～2010年审定的大豆品种的不同品质性状最高值均高于1986～1990年的最高值,其中,大豆品种脂肪含量最高值显著提高,与品种推广年代间存在显著的线性回归关系,说明近年来大豆品质育种尤其是高油育种取得较大进展。育成蛋白质含量高于45.0%的大豆品种8个,脂肪含量在23.0%以上的品种9个,蛋脂总量在63.0%以上的品种23个。     

1983-2010年北京市大豆育成品种的亲缘关系分析

追溯北京市1983—2010年90个大豆品种的系谱信息,计算其亲本间及品种组合间亲缘系数(coefficient of parentage,COP)并据此聚类,旨在探讨北京市育成大豆品种的遗传多样性特点。结果表明,19个品种的父母本间存在亲缘关系,占品种总数的21.11%;90个品种间共组成4005个组合,其中63.62%存在亲缘关系,COP平均值为0.031,表明大部分品种亲缘关系相对较远。随着时间的推移,品种间亲缘系数呈下降趋势,但从2005年至2010年亲缘系数值增大。除12个品种各自独为一类外,其余78个品种被聚成10类,从中可见不同年代的育种特征和品种的演化过程;中品661等9份种质对北京市大豆品种贡献较大,是骨干亲本。北京市品种总体的遗传背景丰富,但随年代推移,遗传多样性有逐渐降低趋势。