东方蜜蜂微孢子虫对中华蜜蜂的感染性和寿命的影响

为了探讨东方蜜蜂微孢子虫对中华蜜蜂工蜂的感染性和寿命的影响,用不同浓度梯度东方蜜蜂微孢子虫溶液感染刚出房的中蜂,并置于恒温箱内(30℃、RH:70~80%)培养。结果发现,接种14天后,与对照组相比,随着感染浓度的升高,感染浓度较高组的孢子感染量和感染率显著高于感染浓度较低组(P<0.05);而根据每天记录的蜜蜂死亡情况分析,与对照组相比,感染浓度越高,中蜂的死亡率出现显著性差异的时间更早,这说明东方蜜蜂微孢子虫对中蜂寿命有影响。     

Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in Spain during the last decade

A total of 229 Spanish Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates recovered from diseased pigs with pleuropneumonia from 1997 to 2004 was tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials in a broth microdilution method. All the isolates were susceptible to florfenicol and most of them to cephalothin; however, a high rate of resistance was observed to tetracycline. A bimodal or multimodal distribution of isolates over the MIC range were observed for penicillins, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfisoxazole and nalidixic acid, suggesting the development of acquired resistance. Eight resistance patterns were established, and 21.1% of the isolates were resistant to at least two antimicrobials. In addition, a considerable increase in the resistance to tetracyclines was observed during the last decade in Spain, when compared with other A. pleuropneumoniae strains isolated during 1987-1988 (Gutiérrez, C.B., Píriz, S., Vadillo, S., Rodríguez Ferri, E.F., 1993. In vitro susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains to 42 antimicrobial agents. Am. J. Vet. Res. 54, 546-550); this finding was also observed for gentamicin in minor percentage.     

猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗(C株)——10年回眸

1猪瘟及C株疫苗概况猪瘟(Classical swine fever,CSF)是猪的一种以高热稽留和广泛性出血为主要特征的高度传染性疾病,给许多国家的养猪业造成了重大的经济损失[1]。世界动物卫生组织(OIE)将其列入须申报(Notifiable)的动物疫病名录。在国务院印发的《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012~2020年)》中,将猪瘟列为5种优先防治的“一类动物疫病”之一。     

Experimental examinations concerning the problem of deformed emerging bees after infestation with Varroa jacobsoni

The deformations of bees occurring in connection with varroatosis was examined both in case of natural and artificial infestation. Under both conditions, the number of bees showing wing deformations increased with the degree of mite infestation. Shortened abdomina, however, only appeared in the case of natural infestation. Inadequate brood care in colonies severely infested by Varroa mites is supposed to be responsible. Wing deformations could be produced by experimental haemolymph extraction.     

熊蜂微孢子虫感染熊蜂(Bombus spp.)试验

从引进蜂种(B.terrestris)和国内蜂种(B.lucorum)分别提取微孢子虫,在两寄主工蜂的幼虫,蛹和成蜂间进行交叉感染.结果显示两种来源的微孢子虫能相互感染其寄主蜂,且幼虫、蛹和成蜂两两间无显著差异;用国内蜂种(Blucorum)提取的微孢子虫感染四种熊蜂(B.lucorum,B.pyrosoma,B.ignitus,B.terrestris),结果显示出同一种寄主提取的微孢子虫感染不同蜂种,对原寄主的感染率高于异源寄主,但死亡率低于异源寄主,不同来源的微孢子虫对不同寄主熊蜂感染程度的不同,是不同基因型的寄主群和不同基因型的寄生群间相互影响的结果.     

我国苜蓿产业过去10年发展成就与未来10年发展重点

纵观我国苜蓿(Medicago sativa)60多年的发展历程,可分为5个阶段。近十几年,随着苜蓿的社会地位和作用不断提高与增强,苜蓿科技驱动力亦不断提升,产业结构不断明晰,种植面积不断扩大,生产加工企业不断涌现;同时,苜蓿供需矛盾也在持续加剧,科技创新不足的压力与日俱增,资源约束的压力越来越大,生态安全的压力明显增强,苜蓿界面耦合的压力日趋明显;今后应着力提升苜蓿持续发展的战略地位,强化苜蓿科技创新、新品种培育和种子产业发展,推进苜蓿产业现代化发展进程,提升苜蓿-奶牛一体化发展水平,大力发展苜蓿生物技术及其生物经济。     

生态条件的多样性变化对蜜蜂生存的影响

蜜蜂在整个生态系统中起着重要的传花授粉作用,是生态链中不可或缺的物种.随着现代农业的发展,蜜蜂赖以生存的环境遭到破坏,继而引发蜜蜂数量大幅减少,影响了蜂种的生存与可持续发展.总结了近年来生态条件的变化,归纳了影响蜜蜂生存的主要因素,分析了蜜蜂生存艰难的原因,提出了蜜蜂生存的关键问题,并展望了未来维持蜜蜂强群的主要研究方向.     

Computing inbreeding coefficients and the inverse numerator relationship matrix in large populations of honey bees

The inbreeding coefficients are considered in breeding decisions, and the inverse numerator relationship matrix A ^?1 is a prerequisite for breeding value estimation. Polyandry and haploid males are among the specifics of relationships between honey bees. Brascamp and Bijma (2014) averaged out the manifold possible relationships among honey bees that appear to have the same parents in a pedigree and assigned a single entry in A to animals that behave as a unit, for example, the workers of a hive. Their methods of calculation connected full‐sibs in the variance matrix of the Mendelian sampling terms D , via nonzero off‐diagonal elements. This impedes the inversion of A and the closely connected calculation of inbreeding coefficients, because efficient algorithms for this task take D to be a diagonal matrix. Memory limitations necessitate their use for large data sets. We adapted the quickest of them to the block diagonal matrix D , that is postulated for the honey bee. To our knowledge, the presented algorithm is the first one that facilitates the method of Brascamp and Bijma (2014) on large data sets.     

熊蜂和蜜蜂为日光温室草莓授粉效果的比较

通过熊蜂和蜜蜂在日光温室中为草莓授粉的比较试验得出,熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率(分别为11.52%和17.74%)更低,差异显著(P<0.05);平均单果重(分别为33.9171g和33.1156g)较重,差异不显著(P>0.05);VC平均含量(分别为0.6660mg/g和0.5970mg/g)较高,差异显著(P<0.05);可溶性糖平均值(分别为4.93%和6.03%)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05);可滴定酸平均含量(分别为0.1235mmol/g和0.1265mmol/g)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果进一步说明了熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合为日光温室草莓授粉。     

Lumpy skin disease of cattle: an emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious disease of cattle caused by a virus belonging to the Capripoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. The purpose of this study is to place on record the first confirmation of LSD in the Sultanate. The disease was diagnosed and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction, histopathology, transmission electron microscopy and serum neutralization testing. The epizootic occurred in 2009 involving a large number of animals and covering a wide area including Nezwa, Alqabel, Sohar, Saham and Burimi. Morbidity and mortality rates of 29.7 and 26.3 %, and 13.6 and 15.4 % were observed at Nezwa and Sohar, respectively. The clinical signs were much more severe in Holstein–Friesian cattle compared to indigenous breeds and were characterized by multiple skin nodules covering the neck, back, perineum, tail, limbs and genital organs. Affected animals also exhibited lameness, emaciation and cessation of milk production. Oedema of limbs and brisket, and superficial lymph node enlargement were highly prominent. It is not known from where the virus originated, or how it spread to the Sultanate. The disease has become endemic in the country and is liable to extend to other Gulf Cooperation Council Countries and cause a pandemic. It is of major concern to the Omani dairy industry. Due to the widespread presence of screw worm, serious economic losses can follow outbreaks.     

熊蜂和蜜蜂为塑料大棚西瓜授粉对比试验

熊蜂和蜜蜂为塑料大棚西瓜授粉试验得出,熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉的平均单瓜重较重,差异不显著(P>0.05);单位面积产量较多,差异不显著(P>0.05);瓜型更周正,差异显著(P<0.05);VC含量较高,增加0.14%;总糖较高,增加2.22%;糖酸比较高,增加2.23%;可溶性固形物较低,降低2.04%;硝酸盐相同;说明熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉产量略高,瓜较重,外观较好,VC含量较高,糖含量较高,口感相差不大,均可达到有机食品标准。证实了熊蜂授粉技术可以代替蜜蜂授粉技术。     

Current prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats and humans from the island of Gran Canaria, Spain

The island of Gran Canaria is a hyperendemic area for canine dirofilariasis. The aim of the present study was to provide data on Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats, and humans on this island in 2010. The data confirms the prevalence in the overall canine population (19%), with a considerably higher prevalence (43%) in the autochthonous breed of Canarian Warren hound. The prevalence in the feline population (33%) is higher than that of the canine population, and the existence of specific D. immitis antibodies in the inhabitants of the island of Gran Canaria (12%) is confirmed. In both cats and humans, the prevalence, according to the different climate areas on the island, is related to the prevalence of D. immitis in dogs in the same area, which shows the key epidemiological role played by the canine host with regard to the transmission to other hosts of D. immitis.     

Veterinary pathology in Europe in the light of the congresses of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology in the last decade

This paper presents the main trends in the activity of European veterinary pathologists in the context of their oral presentations (plenary lectures and short presentations) and posters provided during annual meetings of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology (ESVP), in the decade 1997-2006. It was found that the issue that was most often brought up in the meetings was organ pathology (566 presentations). Infectious and parasitical diseases were only slightly less frequent (548 presentations). Oncology was another common issue (404 presentations). During this decade, 52 plenary lectures were presented, 765 oral presentations and 1 072 posters. Altogether, 1 889 presentations were made, which is between 127 and 238 per year. Research by Polish scientists accounted for 3.16% of all presentations. Additionally, the subject matter discussed at the annual meetings is analysed, and the trends in the development of veterinary diagnostic pathology and broad pathology education are indicated. It is shown that veterinary pathology enhances knowledge in the field of veterinary medicine by fulfilling a cognitive and diagnostic role.     

The prevalence of antibodies to influenza virus and respiratory coronavirus in fattening pigs in Spain

The presence of antibodies to two influenza viruses of the type A (H1N1 and H3N2) and to a porcine respiratory coronavirus was investigated in a study lasting a year. 735 blood serum samples were collected from 79 closed pig fattening farms in the province Segovia (Spain). Hemagglutination inhibition was used with influenza viruses. The percentage of positive results was 78.5% and 62.5% respectively for the serotypes H1N1 and H3N2. A clear reduction in the spread of antibodies was observed in the autumn. The ELISA technique was used with the porcine respiratory coronavirus. As antigen we used the antigenically related transmissible porcine gastroenteritis virus. Using this technique 87% of the sera were positive. Some of these sera with representative ELISA values were confirmed by means of serum neutralisation and radioimmune precipitation of the viral proteins. The incidence of these antibodies remained unchanged over the whole year of the investigation.     

家蚕微孢子虫诊断方法研究进展

家蚕微孢子虫（Nosema bombycis）因其能经食下和胚种途径寄生于家蚕,引发严重的传染性微粒子病,造成巨大的经济损失,成为近100年来影响蚕业生产的难题,因而被世界各养蚕国家和地区列为蚕种生产的惟一检疫对象。多年来,广大学者对其病原、检测技术及防治方法等方面进行了大量的研究,取得了较大进展。本文主要从光镜检测、电镜观察、分子生物学技术以及血清学检测4个方面综述近几十年来关于微孢子虫诊断方面的研究进展,并展望新技术的诞生。     

Cross-sectional study on prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in domestic ruminants in an endemic area of the Canary Islands (Spain)

Trypanosoma evansi is the most widely spread of the pathogenic African trypanosomes of animals. The disease (surra) was first diagnosed in the Canary Islands in a dromedary camel in 1997; thus, a control plan was implemented achieving the eventual eradication of T. evansi from most of the infected areas in the Archipelago. However, a little area remains still infected despite the use of the same control measures. To evaluate possible reservoirs in the area a representative sample of domestic ruminants was examined by serological, parasitological and molecular tests. Of a total of 1228 ruminants assessed, 61 (5%) were serologically positive (7 cattle, 21 goats, 33 sheep), but T. evansi could be demonstrated in none of them. According to FreeCalc assessment, cattle and goat populations would be free from disease; however, the results from sheep are not adequate to conclude that the population would be free from disease. As a conclusion, surveillance must be exercised on ruminant farms in the surroundings of the infected area in order to evaluate the possible extension of the disease and their potential role as reservoirs of T. evansi.