Stärkeeinlagerung in die Blütenorgane beim Apfel vom Beginn der Blütenknospendifferenzierung bis zur Aufblüte

Starch as an important reserve carbohydrate plays in deciduous fruit species an important role in frost resistance of the wood during winter as well as of flowers during spring frosts. Also during development of flowers the deposition of starch, e.g. in the conducting tissue of the style and in pollen grains is evident. This starch accumulation in the reproductive flower parts seems to be important for fertilization and thus fruit set. The investigations presented should contribute to elucidate the dynamic of starch accumulation in the different organs of a flower bud in apple, from the beginning of bud differentiation until anthesis. The sampled buds were sectioned after embedding in plastic material. Starch accumulation was determined by image analysis. In the four apple cultivars ‘Boskoop’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Pinova’ starch deposition could be observed already shortly after beginning of flower bud differentiation in July/August in the calyx, corolla, anthers and ovary. Until autumn, starch content increased considerably, it showed during winter some fluctuations according to flower organ, and decreased again towards the flowering season, presumately by conversion to sucrose, as shown in the wood in relation to frost resistance. This decrease seems to be related to the energy demand which is needed for flower development, fertilization and early fruit development.     

桃及其近缘种花芽分化特性的比较

以甘肃桃(甘肃桃1号)(Prunuskansuensis)、新疆桃(喀什2号)(P.ferganensis)、普通桃(青丝)(P.persica)为试材,研究了他们的花芽分化特性。结果表明,甘肃桃、新疆桃和普通桃花芽分化顺序一致,都是按花芽分化始期、萼片原基、花瓣原基、雄蕊原基、雌蕊原基这个顺序分化的,但花芽分化各阶段所持续的时间各不相同。甘肃桃、新疆桃和普通桃花芽分化始期不同。甘肃桃花芽分化始期较早,在6月上、中旬已经开始分化,而新疆桃、普通桃则在6月下旬到7月上旬才开始分化。甘肃桃与新疆桃、普通桃雌配子体发育存在差异,甘肃桃形成胚珠原基后越冬,而新疆桃、普通桃则以子房阶段越冬,春季才形成胚珠原基。     

南亚热带果梅自然休眠特性的研究

为了解南亚热带广东果梅品种的自然休眠特性,采用插枝法对6个主栽果梅品种的自然休眠特性进行了连续4年的观察。结果表明,供试的品种可划分为较短休眠期和较长休眠期2个品种组,横核、大核青属较短休眠期品种组,花芽的休眠期为34.5d、叶芽的休眠期为44.8d;软枝大粒梅、白粉梅、李梅和桃梅属较长休眠期品种组,花芽的休眠期为46.7d、叶芽的休眠期为60.9d。果梅最早进入自然休眠在10月5日,花芽结束休眠最晚在11月30日,叶芽最晚在12月15日。果梅自然休眠期间的日均气温平均值是花芽22.1℃、叶芽21.5℃,日最低气温平均值是花芽18.4℃、叶芽17.6℃,果梅的自然休眠是在较高气温条件下通过的。认为可采用0～14℃低温模式来研究南亚热带果梅品种的低温需求量,在这个模式下,较短休眠期品种组的低温需求量为花芽55.8h,叶芽110h,较长休眠期品种组的低温需求量为花芽94.3h,叶芽180.3h。     

Influence of flower bud density,flower bud drop and fruit set on apricot productivity

Flower bud density, flower bud drop and fruit set were studied for nine apricot cultivars in order to understand the influence of these variables on apricot biology and productivity. Cultivars in southern Spain were chosen as representatives of different flowering times and productivity. Results indicate differences among cultivars in the studied parameters. Low flower bud production, high flower bud drop and low fruit set were often recorded in mid- to late flowering cultivars. These traits subsequently led to poor yields. Early blooming varieties, which are frequently good producers, generally showed the highest flower bud density, medium flower bud drop and high percentage of fruit set. The influence of the cultivar was more determinant than the seasonal effect on fruit yield. This information should be useful to breeders for choosing the best parents for productivity.     

Effect of artificial chilling on the depth of endodormancy and vegetative and flower budbreak of peach and nectarine cultivars using excised shoots

Stem cuttings were obtained from 12 peach and nectarine cultivars during leaf fall, placed in plastic bags at 3.0 ± 0.1 °C to simulate 0–800 h of chilling and forced to budbreak at 20.0 ± 1.0 °C for a period of 6 weeks. Some cultivars showed high blooming and leafing without exposure to chilling; chilling enhances leafing and blooming but the percentage increment was higher in leaf buds. In general, maximum budbreak was reached with less chilling accumulation (<100–200 h) in flower buds compared with leaf buds; excessive chilling caused a reduction of the percentage budbreak in flower but not in leaf buds. Additionally, chilling modified the proportion of blooming that occurred before leafing. In non-chilled shoots, blooming occurred earlier than leafing, except in cv. ‘San Pedro 16–33’ but the proportion of blooming before leafing decreased significantly with chilling in most cases. By studying the mean time to budbreak, we conclude that the flower bud generally has a lower intensity of rest; the intensity of rest declines at a slower rate in flower than in leaf buds with chilling; flower buds had greater heat requirements than leaf buds when the chilling requirement had been covered, so that each peach cultivar had a point of critical chilling accumulation below which blooming tended to occur earlier, and above which leafing tends to occur first. Flower and leaf buds had different depths of endodormancy but similar chilling requirements in the majority of peach and nectarine cultivars studied. Finally, different varieties with similar chilling requirements showed different responses to chilling. Therefore, the cutting test measuring the response of vegetative and floral buds provides considerable information on the characterisation of the variety, compared with the sole and traditional data of chilling requirements.     

The Effects of Some Growth Regulators on Peach Flower Bud Abscission

Applications of growth regulators to detached peach laterals in winter had variable effects on flower bud abscission. GA₃ and GA₄₊₇ increased bud abscission while IAA, BA and ABA inhibited abscission. Ethephon had a variable effect. Interactions were obtained between the compounds generally with IAA or GA playing the major role. GA had a peak of activity during a critical period in late winter indicating a variation in responsiveness. Variations in sensitivity to GA were obtained for different cultivars. Field applications of GA₃, GA₄₊₇, and ethephon to Elberta peach trees in winter, alone and in various combinations, promoted bud abscission.     

几种化学药剂对破除葡萄与桃自然休眠的效果

以桃、葡萄为试材,探讨多种化学药剂和外源生长调节剂打破休眠的效应。结果表明:CaCN2打破葡萄的休眠效果稳定,可使萌芽提早6～17d,并提高萌芽率,其破眠效果随需冷量的增加而显著;几种化学药剂在桃树上应用,其打破休眠的效果差异较大,CaCN2、NH4NO3对打破桃休眠无效,硫脲的破眠效果最明显,可使叶芽萌发提前9～12d、花芽6d,并提高萌芽率;KNO3对破除休眠亦有一定效果。外源生长调节剂对休眠的调节作用因调节剂种类、浓度和使用时间而异:Ze(50mg/L)+GA3(100mg/L)可完全打破叶芽的休眠,100mg/L6-BA对尚未完成自然休眠的花芽萌发有明显的促进作用,IAA和2,4-D却对芽的萌发表现出强烈的抑制作用。     

影响大白菜游离小孢子培养因素的研究

采用游离小孢子培养方法,研究了花期、活性炭和取蕾时间对大白菜小孢子出胚率的影响。结果表明:科萌78盛花期取蕾培养的出胚率为每蕾79.5个胚,是初花期的3.0倍、末花期的6.3倍;科萌45盛花期取蕾培养出胚率为2.8个胚,而初花期和末花期的出胚率都为0。在NLN-13培养基中添加活性炭(800 mg/L)后,金夏55出胚率提高了71.5%,科萌45的出胚率由0增加为3.2个;新三包头下午取蕾的出胚率是上午的2.0倍,科萌45上午取蕾出胚率为0,下午出胚率为4.1个。     

基于牡丹类黄酮糖基转移酶基因建立VIGS技术体系

牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews）花色的化学基础研究较为深入,但因其无遗传转化体系,导致花色相关基因的功能验证只能利用其他植物进行旁证。利用保守区段长分别为413和418 bp的牡丹花瓣类黄酮糖基转移酶基因PsUF3GT和PsUF5GT,通过VIGS表达载体,采用二因素三水平的试验体系对目的基因进行沉默。结果表明,PsUF3GT和PsUF5GT的表达量在花斑中（盛开期花瓣,真空抽滤15 min）和非斑中（蕾期花瓣,真空抽滤10 min）分别比空载体处理的花斑中（盛开期花瓣,真空抽滤10 min）和非斑中（蕾期花瓣,真空抽滤15 min）降低了65.0%和85.0%;花斑中总花青苷含量分别降低了24.2%和28.2%,尤其是盛开期花瓣（真空抽滤15 min）处理后3G型糖苷降低了92.2%,蕾期花瓣 （真空抽滤10 min）处理后3G5G型糖苷降低了54.9 %。由此获得了沉默PsUF3GT和PsUF5GT的适宜体系：以盛开期或者花蕾期带花柄的花朵为材料,抽真空渗透10 ~ 15 min后,置于去离子水中暗培养1 d（8 ℃,湿度60%）;之后转移至23 ~ 25 ℃、湿度60%的环境,光照培养3 d后可用于检测和分析。本研究中建立的VIGS体系可有效沉默花瓣中的内源基因,为牡丹基因功能验证及其花色形成的分子机制研究奠定了基础。     

几种适宜设施栽培果树需冷量的研究

 1996～1999 年, 采用Utah 加权模型, 先后对5 个树种、65 个常见设施栽培果树品种的需冷量及相关特性进行了研究。结果表明: 不同树种、品种的需冷量差异显著, 葡萄、西洋樱桃的需冷量最高, 桃最低, 李、杏居中, 而且年际间有较大差异, 说明作为一种遗传特性, 需冷量亦受环境因素的调节; 同一树种不同品种的需冷量高低与本品种果实的成熟期无明显关系, 果实成熟期早而需冷量较高的情况普遍存在; 同一品种其需冷量基本趋势是花芽高于叶芽; 根系在低温需求进程中起调控作用, 与地上低温同步的根际高温减少了花芽的需冷量, 而根系低温则没有效果。晚秋根外喷布6-BA 降低了油桃和杏的低温需求量, GA₃ 则有增加低温需求量的趋势, 而ABA 无明显效果。     

Influences of cold deprivation during dormancy on carbohydrate contents of vegetative and floral primordia and nearby structures of peach buds (Prunus persica L. Batch)

Endogenous carbohydrate contents and availability in structures near the meristematic zone (scales, cushion, part of stem) during winter with and without sufficient chilling were investigated. Insufficient chilling is known to provoke an abnormal pattern of budbreak and development in temperate zone fruit trees cultivated in warm climates. Mild temperatures applied during winter to strictly floral buds, as is the case in peach, are known to provoke the necrosis of flower primordia in the buds. One of the hypotheses to explain this is that carbohydrate fluxes to the buds are impeded and/or that internal reserves are completely used up. Carbohydrate availability and bud survival were compared between peach trees under natural temperate conditions and under complete deprivation of cold, by keeping trees in a greenhouse with temperature constantly above 15 °C from early October to the first sign of necrosis in flower buds. Concentrations and carbohydrate contents were compared during a little more than 2 months (beginning mid-December) before the first signs of necrosis in flower buds. Results showed that cold deprivation deeply disturbed carbohydrate dynamics, blocking the import of carbohydrates into vegetative and floral primordia, even though sucrose and sorbitol concentrations within these structures remained high. Conversely, soluble carbohydrates accumulated strongly in bud scales and in the cushion beneath the primordia. This suggests a strong diversion towards structures close to the primordia under cold deprivation. However, since sucrose and sorbitol concentrations in the floral primordia remained high, necrosis could be the consequence of the inability to use sucrose and sorbitol reserves rather than the result of a lack of available carbohydrates.     

Simultaneous down-regulation of DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-box6 and SOC1 during dormancy release in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) flower buds

In temperate deciduous fruit crops such as Prunus spp., bud endodormancy is an important physiological phase affecting the timing of blooming and subsequent fruit development. Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) bears unmixed flower buds, separate from vegetative buds, that bloom slightly more than a month before vegetative bud burst. Seasonal expression of Prunus mume DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-box genes (PmDAMs) has previously been analyzed only in vegetative buds, with an association between these genes and flower bud endodormancy release not yet confirmed. In this study, we performed a seasonal expression analysis of PmDAM1–6 genes in flower buds of two Japanese apricot genotypes – namely, high-chill and low-chill cultivars. The analysis revealed that PmDAM3, PmDAM5, and PmDAM6 expressions are closely associated with dormancy release in both flower and vegetative buds. In addition, a yeast two-hybrid screening demonstrated that PmDAM6 can interact in yeast with the homolog of Arabidopsis SOC1 (PmSOC1). Synchronized expression patterns were detected in PmDAM6 and PmSOC1 during dormancy release in flower buds of the two genotypes. Taken together, these results suggest that the dimer of PmDAM6 and PmSOC1 may play a role in the regulation of dormancy transition and blooming time in Japanese apricot flower buds.     

蝴蝶兰催花及开花过程中可溶性糖含量变化的研究

根据蝴蝶兰的生长发育状态将蝴蝶兰催花及开花过程分为4个时期:抽梗前期,抽出花梗期,出现花苞期,开花期。对蝴蝶兰花梗诱导及开花过程中可溶性糖在植株各器官间的分布进行了研究。结果表明:在蝴蝶兰花梗诱导及开花过程中不同器官的可溶性糖含量有各自的变化规律。     

北京28号桃芽变株系的ISSR和SSR鉴定

品种鉴定是种质资源研究和新品种保护的基础,研究在形态学鉴定的基础上,通过ISSR和SSR标记,对3株北京28号疑似芽变材料及来自同一果园和不同果园对照未变异北京28号进行分子鉴定。结果发现,芽变株系在物候期及果实性状上存在不同程度的变异,50对SSR标记中只有CPPCT022和BPPCT023在对照C2和其他供试样品间...     

甘肃桃(Prunus kansuensis)雌雄配子体发育规律及遗传特性的研究

为了了解甘肃桃的早花性与其花芽分化的关系及早花性的遗传能力,以甘肃桃1号(甘肃桃)(Prunus kan-suensis)、96-7(普通桃)(P.persica)、甘肃桃1号×96-7的杂种一代群体(20株)为试材,对材料的生物学特性和花芽分化解剖结构进行了研究。结果表明,1)通过对叶、花、果形态特征观察发现,甘肃桃1号×96-7杂种群体的表现性状趋向甘肃桃1号。2)甘肃桃1号在落叶前形成雄配子体,具有花粉的早熟性。3)杂种群体花芽分化始期及花芽分化特性也趋向于母本甘肃桃1号。     

103份桃种质在南京地区的需冷量和需热量研究

【目的】用不同模型估算南京资源圃103份桃种质花芽和叶芽的需冷量和需热量,筛选花芽和叶芽需冷量和需热量的最佳估算模型,探讨需冷量、需热量与开花展叶的关系。【方法】连续2 a(年)(2018年11月—2019年4月和2019年11月—2020年4月),采用3种需冷量估算模型和2种需热量估算模型对103份桃种质(南京地区)的花芽和叶芽需冷量和需热量进行估算,并对不同年际间、不同模型间、不同种质间、花芽与叶芽间、需冷量与需热量间,以及需冷量和需热量与开花期和展叶期之间的关系进行了分析。【结果】0~7.2℃模型和有效积温模型为南京气候区域桃需冷量和需热量估算的最优模型。绝大部分桃种质的花芽和叶芽需冷量基本一致,仅‘帚形山桃’和‘红花山桃’2份种质的叶芽需冷量约为花芽的5倍。桃花芽需热量基本低于叶芽需热量;桃芽需冷量与需热量之间无显著相关关系。需冷量和需热量与盛花期和展叶期均存在相关关系,需冷量和需热量低的种质开花展叶早;需冷量和需热量高的种质开花展叶晚。【结论】适宜南京气候区域桃需冷量和需热量估算的模型分别是0~7.2℃模型和有效积温模型;103份桃种质花芽和叶芽的需冷量和需热量值范围广,分别为151~1 264 h和187~1 108 h,256~391 D·℃和267~498 D·℃;花芽需冷量与叶芽较一致,需热量则基本低于叶芽;需冷量与需热量无相关关系,二者对开花、展叶均起重要作用。     

影响南京甜樱桃坐果的关键时期

研究不同生育期的生态条件对甜樱桃花芽分化和坐果的影响,确定导致南京地区（年均温 > 15 ℃）甜樱桃坐果率低的关键时期,将郑州的一部分4年生盆栽结果甜樱桃运至南京生长1年后,然后将郑州和南京两地的盆栽苗分别在落叶期、休眠结束后进行双向位置交换,采用石蜡切片法观察花芽和胚囊形态发育,并在果实着色期观察坐果率。结果显示：全生育期在郑州、落叶期由郑州运至南京、休眠结束后由郑州运至南京、全生育期在南京、落叶后由南京运至郑州的‘早红宝石’甜樱桃坐果率分别为38.2%、14.7%、12.9%、8.9%和31.7%;无胚囊的比例分别为41.5%、55.6%、57.7%、74.5%和50.0%;全生育期在郑州和落叶后由郑州运至南京休眠结束后再运回郑州的甜樱桃‘萨米脱’的坐果率分别为13.9%和18.8%。结果表明：影响南京地区甜樱桃坐果的关键时期应是春季开花坐果期;而对于一些能满足需冷量的品种,休眠期对坐果率的影响不大;夏季花芽分化期的高温影响花芽分化进程及分化质量。     

Plant management of greenhouse roses. The pruning

Results of pruning-experiments showed no significant differences in winter flower production between selective pruning and hedging. Winter production was related to the degree of the plant cut-back during the spring. Severe removal of the plant canopy resulted in decreased winter production of flowers. Delay in autumn cut-back decreased total winter yield, but mid-winter production was increased. The decline in winter flower production, following early summer cut-back, was partially restored by continuous lateral bud removal (de-shooting) during the summer. Flowering was greatly hampered by defoliation.