新型兽用抗菌药物 沃尼妙林

<正>抗菌机理及抗菌活性沃尼妙林的抗菌机理是通过与病原微生物核糖体相互作用,从而抑制了原微生物蛋白质的合成,导致其死亡。沃尼妙林抗菌活性很强,对各种动物不同种类的霉形体、支原体、链球菌、金     

酒石酸沃尼妙林的制备和评价

制备了一种新型有机酸盐酒石酸沃尼妙林。通过扫描电子显微镜和X-衍射对其物理化学性质进行研究。结果表明:酒石酸沃尼妙林具结晶性,盐酸沃尼妙林是无定形的。稳定性试验表明:光照60 d,酒石酸沃尼妙林含量减少3.5%,而盐酸沃尼妙林降幅为18.2%;酒石酸沃尼妙林表现出比盐酸沃尼妙林更优的抗湿性,在65%和78%的湿度条件下放置2 d,酒石酸沃尼妙林和盐酸沃尼妙林的吸水量分别为1.30%,1.40%和4.50%,9.71%。体外抗菌敏感性试验表明上述2种盐的抗菌效果相同。酒石酸沃尼妙林对光照和湿度的稳定性将有利于其有效应用在兽医临床领域。     

新型兽用抗菌药沃尼妙林

沃尼妙林是20世纪90年代中期国外批准新上市的一种动物专用抗生素,用于治疗猪、牛、羊、家禽等霉形体病及细菌性疾病。作为一种新型抗菌药物,沃尼妙林具有抗菌活性强、低残留、休药期短等特点。     

盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂对猪痢疾的临床疗效

分析探讨盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂对猪痢疾的临床疗效。方法:将2015年养猪场4~5月龄110头确诊为痢疾病猪作为研究对象,将110头病猪随机分为5组,各22头,进行隔离饲养,饲养条件均相同,A组给予100mg/kg盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂治疗,B组给予75mg/kg盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂治疗,C组给予50mg/kg盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂治疗,D组给予100mg/kg延胡索酸泰妙菌素预混剂治疗,E组正常饲喂,不给予任何抗菌药物,对比观察各组疗效。治疗10d后,沃尼妙林在平均日增重、死亡率方面均明显优于延胡索酸泰妙菌素(P0.05);推荐剂量为75mg/kg。盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂治疗猪痢疾疗效显著,可使猪痢疾减轻至消失,体重明显增加。     

沃尼妙林在猪病防治上的应用

盐酸沃尼妙林是新一代以截短侧耳素为原料的半合成类动物专用抗生素,它属于二萜烯类,与泰妙菌素为同一类药物。其抗菌活性相对比较强,抗菌谱广,半衰期较短,首过效应显著。其在兽医临床上主要用于预防和治疗由革兰氏阳性菌引起的各种动物疾病,并且对支原体和螺旋体也有很强的活性。本文对沃尼妙林的理化性质、药理作用、作用机制、毒理学研究等和其在猪病防治上的应用进行了阐述。     

动物专用抗生素类新药沃尼妙林研究进展

概述动物专用抗生素沃尼妙林的最新研究进展，包括其概况、抗菌活性及机理、药动学特征、毒性、残留及临床应用。认为该药为目前最优秀的截短侧耳素类抗生素，具有抗菌活性强、药动学特征优良、残留低、毒性低等特点。     

大华农杯“妙威林”书法大赛 征稿启事

<正>为庆祝大华农妙威林——盐酸沃尼妙林微囊型预混剂全国首研成功5周年暨产值突破3000万元,提升大华农妙威林品牌影响力,特举办大华农杯"妙威林"书法大赛。现面向畜牧兽医行业及社会各界征集书法作品,具体要求如下:一、大赛主题大华农妙威林,沃尼妙林中国首研成功者二、参赛细则1.作品书写内容为以下三条任选,"妙威林"三个字字体应显著大于其他字体。(1)贺大华农妙威林全国首研成功5周年(2)贺大华农妙威林产值突破3000万元(3)大华农妙威林沃尼妙林中国首研成功者沃尼妙林质量标准制定者沃尼妙林中国知名品牌2.作品要求:软笔硬笔不限     

截短侧耳素类抗生素的研究进展

截短侧耳素(pleuromutilin,化合物1)是由担子菌产生的一种三环二萜类兽用抗生素,对革兰阳性菌和支原体有强抗菌活性[1]。自1950年发现以来,以截短侧耳素为先导化合物,已成功开发出泰妙菌素(tiamulin,化合物2)和沃尼妙林(valnemulin,化     

盐酸沃尼妙林与猪鸡兔血浆蛋白结合率的检测和比较

本试验采用超滤法结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定沃尼妙林与猪、鸡和兔血浆蛋白结合率,并对血浆中不同浓度沃尼妙林的蛋白结合率进行比较。结果表明,建立的液相色谱-串联质谱联用法用于沃尼妙林生物样品的测定具有简便、灵敏与选择性高的特点。沃尼妙林具有较强的血浆蛋白结合率,其在猪、鸡和兔血浆中的平均蛋白结合率分别为84.4%±1.07%,87.5%±1.83%和86.6%±1.96%。沃尼妙林的血浆蛋白结合率在0.1~10μg/m L的考察浓度范围内无显著性差异,蛋白结合呈现非浓度依赖的特性。     

沃尼妙林对脂多糖诱导急性肺损伤小鼠的保护作用

为了研究预先服用沃尼妙林对急性肺损伤(ALI)的作用,试验采用脂多糖(LPS)诱导建立了小鼠炎症ALI模型;制备支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)以检测蛋白浓度、细胞因子水平以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性;收集肺组织测定湿干重(W/D)比率、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,观察组织学的变化。结果表明:预先服用沃尼妙林显著降低了肺组织的W/D比率、蛋白浓度和白细胞数,组织学分析表明减弱了组织损伤;沃尼妙林使BALF中SOD的水平显著升高,减弱了肺脏中MPO的活性,抑制了肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)等炎性细胞因子的产生。说明了沃尼妙林对LPS诱导的ALI小鼠具有保护作用。     

盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂的制备及评价

采用流化床制粒、包衣技术制备盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂,正交试验法进行工艺参数的筛选,通过包衣效果试验和稳定性试验进行考察,筛选出最佳生产工艺。在此优化工艺条件下制得的盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂临床适口性好、质量稳定。本品处方合理,制备工艺简单,为大规模生产提供了依据。     

盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸的研制

沃尼妙林是新一代截短侧耳素(pleuromutilin)类抗生素。试验以丙烯酸树脂水分散体为肠溶包衣材料,单因素与正交试验筛选处方及工艺条件,用流化床包衣技术及挤出-滚圆法制备10%盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸。研制的肠溶微丸外观、含量和释放度在加速试验条件下均保持稳定;以75~150 g/t饲料混饲给药,10%盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸对猪痢疾有良好治疗效果,明显优于痢菌净。研究表明,盐酸沃尼妙林肠溶微丸质量符合药学要求,具有良好的体外肠靶向性,可用于猪肠道疾病的防制。     

The efficacy of valnemulin (Econor) in the control of disease caused by experimental infection of calves with Mycoplasma bovis

Mycoplasma bovis infection was experimentally induced in groups of six young calves. A further group was uninfected and served as a control. Ten days after infection, medication with either enrofloxacin (Baytril, Bayer) or valnemulin (Econor, Novartis) was instituted via the milk replacer for a further 10 days, after which all calves were killed. Infection resulted in depression, pyrexia, inappetance and prominent respiratory signs. Arthritis occurred in two animals and two (unmedicated) animals died. At post-mortem examination extensive lesions were present in the lungs and M. bovis was re-isolated from infected unmedicated calves' lungs. Medication with either enrofloxacin or valnemulin resulted in a rapid diminution of clinical signs, restoration of appetite and reversal of weight loss. Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from the calves' lungs was suppressed by both medicaments. Valnemulin resulted in a more rapid reduction of clinical scores and eliminated M. bovis from the lungs more effectively than enrofloxacin.     

盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂的研制及其对猪增生性肠的炎疗效观察

以盐酸沃尼妙林为原料,利用流化床制粒包衣技术成功制备微丸型盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂,用HPLC测定制剂中主药含量。结果表明,制得的产品粒度均匀、流动性良好、含量稳定。选用猪增生性肠炎的自然发病猪为试验对象,以延胡索酸泰妙菌素疗效为对照。结果显示,试验组的高中低不同剂量组(中剂量为推荐剂量)与对照组对猪增生性肠炎治愈率分别为91.0%、82.0%、66.7%和75.3%,有效率分别为96.7%、88.7%、76.7%和83.6%,相同推荐剂量的微丸型盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂组的治愈率和有效率均高于泰妙菌素预混剂组(P<0.05)。     

Municipal commonage in South Africa: a critique of artificial dichotomies in policy debates on agriculture

The paper critiques Vetter's (in this issue) assertion that commercialisation of smallholder agriculture holds dangers for sustainable rangeland management. The paper argues that a range of policy options are required, including commercialisation and subsistence farming, large-scale and smallholder farming, a range of land tenure options, rural and peri-urban farming, and part-time farming. The case of municipal commonage land is useful to show the effectiveness of a flexible range of policy options regarding land ownership, farming scale and the social nature of farming. However, the key requirement, in all cases, is effective institutional development.     

Climate migrants’ survival threatened by “C” shaped anthropic barriers

Despite studies on range shifts being abundant, the problem of dispersal barriers limiting climate migrants’ movement is yet to be fully included into any modeling framework. For this reason, we introduce a novel concept whereby the interplay of range shifts and dispersal barriers of a particular spatial configuration can threaten the persistence of populations under a climate change scenario. We named this concept “C‐trap,” based on the topographic shape of such barriers. After elaborating on the theoretical features of C‐traps, we provide a simple method that combines environmental data and future climate projections to locate them spatially. We use this method to determine where high C‐trap densities have the potential to further threaten the conservation of endangered, endemic animals across the world's terrestrial realm, in a climate change scenario. Our methodology detected potential C‐traps for the study system, with areas of high density mostly located in east Europe, south Asia and North America. However, finer‐scale analyses are required to assess the magnitude of the threat locally. Dispersal barriers add an additional dimension to range shift studies and can ultimately prevent otherwise successful climate migrants from tracking their climatic niche. The methodology presented here is simple and flexible enough to be adapted to a wide range of taxa and locations as well as the fast development of range shift modeling. Therefore, we encourage researchers to include the effects of anthropogenic dispersal barriers in range shifts models and in the planning of effective conservation strategies with reference to climate change.     

Alouatta seniculus: Density, Home Range and Group Structure in a Bamboo Forest Fragment in the Colombian Andes

We evaluated population density, group structure and home range of red howler monkeys in a bamboo forest fragment in the Cordillera Central mountain range of Colombia. We estimated a density of 377.7 individuals/km(2), which is a higher density than normally reported for this species. The average home range size was 3.6 ± 1.1 ha. We found large groups (15.1 ± 4.0 individuals) with subgrouping behavior (daily divisions in foraging subgroups), and a high number of adult and subadult individuals of both sexes per group (mean of 5 males and 7 females per group). The small home range and large group size observed may be related to the high density of howler monkeys in this fragment, which we suggest could be the result of limited dispersal opportunities for these monkeys. The results illustrate the great plasticity of the genus Alouatta, which enables the monkeys to live in a wide range of conditions.     

新麦草种子产量的水肥耦合模型分析

采用二因素五水平正交组合设计方案,建立回归模型并进行效应解析后表明,肥对新麦草种子产量的效应大于水;水对新麦草种子产量作用为负效应;但是水肥耦合对新麦草种子产量的效应为协同效应.按照新麦草种子生产水肥因子的等效点方程可调整水肥因子.新麦草种子最高产量的施肥量为179.93 kg/hm2 (其中N:105.84 kg/hm2;P2O5:74.09 kg/hm2)～195.89 kg/hm2 (其中N:115.23 kg/hm2;P2O5:80.66 kg/hm2), 灌溉量为60.52～131.81 mm.     

Mechlorethamine,vincristine, melphalan and prednisone (MOMP) for the treatment of relapsed lymphoma in dogs

Eighty‐eight dogs with relapsed lymphoma were treated with the MOMP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, melphalan and prednisone) protocol on a 28‐day treatment cycle. The overall response rate (ORR) to the MOMP protocol was 51.1% for a median of 56 days (range 7–858 days). Twelve percent of dogs experienced a complete response for a median of 81 days (range 42–274 days) and 38.6% experienced a partial response for a median of 49 days (range 7–858 days). Dogs with T‐cell lymphoma had an ORR of 55% for a median of 60 days (range 49–858 days) while those with B‐cell lymphoma had an ORR of 57% for a median of 81 days (range 7–274 days) (P = 0.783). The overall survival time for all dogs was 183 days (range 17–974 days). Fifty‐four percent of dogs experienced toxicity with the majority classified as grade I. The MOMP protocol seems well‐tolerated and is an option for dogs with relapsed lymphoma.