生猪饲喂"瘦肉精"案的查处及启示

案由：养猪户使用违禁药物盐酸克伦特罗（俗称“瘦肉精”）。     

七道关口阻击“瘦肉精”——辽宁省采取综合措施整治“瘦肉精”

事件扫描有笑话说,中国的消费者,通过各种食品安全事件补上了化学课。瘦肉精就是最近几年中消费者最为熟悉的一个化学名词。上世纪80年代初,为了提高瘦肉率,美国最先在饲料中添加盐酸克伦特罗,也就是瘦肉     

饲喂瘦肉精猪的兽医卫生检验与处理

近期有关人食用添加了“瘦肉精”的猪肉中毒事件频频发生.“瘦肉精”一般指盐酸克伦特罗( clen buterol,CLB)[1],化学名称为2-[(叔丁氨基)甲基]-4-氨基-3.5-二氯苯甲醇盐酸盐,又称氨酵素、克喘素.为白色粉末,无臭,味苦,溶于水和乙醇.性质稳定,是人工合成的β-肾上腺素能受体兴奋剂之一,是一种强效激动剂,选择性的作用于肾上腺素β2受体上激活苷酸环化酶(CAMP),使环磷腺苷增加,加强脂肪分解,促进蛋白质合成.是用于治疗呼吸系统支气管哮喘、肺气肿等疾病,平息气喘的药物.而将一定量的盐酸克伦特罗添加到饲料中,可明显促进动物生长率和饲料转化率,饲料中添加3～5 mg/kg,就可使猪的瘦肉率提高9.7％,脂肪下降14.1％[2].“瘦肉精”因半衰期长,在体内代谢慢,人体对其耐受量非常小.然而在生产上一些不法生产者,在育肥猪饲料中大量的添加(往往是治疗量的10倍以上)至屠宰,使得“瘦肉精”在肥猪体内大量蓄积残留,又因其化学结构比较稳定,需加热至200℃才会分解破坏.     

一起经销售"瘦肉精"阳性猪被处刑罚的案例评析

1 案例　苏州市吴中区越溪街道办事处前珠村村民莫某2004年7月15日下午从他人处购得生猪25头,准备屠宰后销售给越溪、横泾的猪肉零售商.同日下午,苏州市吴中区兽医卫生监督所对该批生猪进行了检测,其中6头生猪被检测出盐酸克仑特罗（俗称“瘦肉精”）成分,属国家禁止销售的有毒、有害食品,并作出了禁止销售该批生猪的处理决定.莫某为牟取非法利益,隐瞒事实真相,仍将该批生猪送至苏州市吴中区浦庄食品站委托屠宰,在未通知当地动物检疫员的情况下,并于次日凌晨将其中4头生猪屠宰后销售给横泾镇的5户猪肉零售商,得销售款3 038元.     

农业部发出紧急通知 严厉打击非法生产经营使用“瘦肉精”

最近,农业部向各省、自治区的畜牧、饲料主管部门发出紧急通知,要求严厉打击非法生产经营使用“瘦肉精”(盐酸克伦特罗)的行为。通知中指出:     

河北省深入推进“瘦肉精”专项整治工作

<正>本刊讯为切实做好"瘦肉精"监管工作,严厉打击使用"瘦肉精"的违法行为,6月3日,河北省畜牧兽医局召开"瘦肉精"专项整治工作视频会议。会议由省畜牧兽医局副局长张强主持,省畜牧兽医局局长张钰出席并作重要讲话。     

查处两起非法销售使用“瘦肉精”案件的体会

2011年4月,农业部、国务院食品安全办、工业和信息化部、公安部、商务部、卫生部、国家工商总局、国家质检总局、国家食品药品监管局等九部门启动为期一年的瘦肉精专项整治行动,保障畜牧业健康发展,确保人民群众消费安全。根据《瘦肉精专项整治方案》,各地区、各有关部门以生猪、肉牛、肉羊为重点全面开展瘦肉精排查、清缴和抽检工作,加强源头治理,加大普法宣传力度,集中查处曝光一批违法犯罪案件。专项整治以来,辽宁省将查办     

恩施市“瘦肉精”专项整治工作初见成效

2011年4月8日上午,从湖北省恩施市"瘦肉精"专项整治第二阶段专题会上获悉,恩施市通过前段时间的"瘦肉精"专项整治,现已取得初步成效。据恩施市畜牧兽医局局长李明国介绍,为切实     

农业部开展重点省生猪养殖场(户)“瘦肉精”监测

为督促各地迅速落实"瘦肉精"专项整治各项工作措施,严厉打击养殖场(户)使用"瘦肉精"的违法行为,农业部于2011年5月份开始对重点省生猪养殖场(户)组织开展拉网监测。本次拉网监测从河南、河北、湖南、湖北、江西、浙江等6个生猪大省各选择2~3个重点县(市),由外省质检机构负责抽样,重点检测盐酸克伦特罗、莱克多巴胺和沙丁胺醇。对快速筛查出阳性样品的养     

农业农村部关于集中开展违法违规调运生猪行为专项整治的通知

各省、自治区直辖市及计划单列市农业农村(农牧、畜牧兽医)厅(局、委),新疆生产建设兵团农业农村局:当前,正值生猪补栏增养的关键时节,种猪、仔猪调运频繁,违法违规调运行为时有发生,3月份发生的5起家猪非洲猪瘟疫情均由违法违规调运引发。为有效控制非洲猪瘟疫情跨区域传播风险,严厉打击违法违规行为,保障生猪规范有序调运,促进生猪生产加快恢复,我部决定自即日起至6月1日,集中开展为期60天左右的违法违规调运生猪行为专项整治(以下简称专项整治)。现就有关要求通知如下。     

Pilocarpine and digestive efficiency in beef cattle fed a high-concentrate diet

The effect of pilocarpine HCl, a parasympathetic muscarinic agonist, on digestive characteristics was evaluated in growing beef steers fed a high-grain diet. Oral doses of 0, 2 or 4 mg/kg BW were administered daily to each of eight steers immediately prior to offering an 88% concentrate: 12% hay diet in this three-period crossover design (19 d/period). Treatments did not improve digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen, ruminal liquid volume and fractional dilution rate, body weight gain or feed efficiency. Although daily voluntary feed intake was not altered by treatment (P = .25), there was a dose-dependent slowing of the rate at which feed was consumed (P less than .01). Also, ruminal fluid pH was increased with increasing dose (5.36, 5.55 and 6.11 respectively; P = .10). These observations indicate that the digestive improvements due to pilocarpine reported to occur in mature, nongrowing cattle consuming a high-forage diet are not observed in growing steers fed a production-type diet.     

Ethylene glycol toxicosis in adult beef cattle fed contaminated feeds

Acute deaths of cows held in a drylot and fed several crop processing plant by-products were investigated. Clinical signs in affected cows included diarrhea, ataxia, recumbency, hypersalivation, and sunken eyes. A histological diagnosis of ethylene glycol toxicosis, based on numerous birefringent crystals in renal tubules, was supported by toxicologic findings.     

从肉牛到牛肉的经济指标分析

【目的】为了解现阶段肉牛到牛肉之间的联系现状和产出能力,掌握主要经济指标,确定计算肉牛产值的依据。 【方法】以张掖市肉牛与牛肉之间的联系现状为例,从中选取１个能够代表现阶段生产水平的随机样本（n=11777）,利用统计分析方法进行分类和分组,列出次数分布表与分布图,研究宰前重、胴体重、净肉重、屠宰率和净肉率5个变量的频率分布,并根据平均数() 和标准差（S）及其分布规律推算出总体平均数u的概率置信区间代表群体生产水平,作为计算肉牛产值的依据。【结果】现阶段进行肉牛生产的主要品种为西门塔尔、安格斯和荷斯坦,公牛育肥产肉占84.54%。其中西门塔尔占74.61%居主导地位,安格斯占16.08%,荷斯坦占9.31%。西门塔尔牛以宰前重在500~700kg的小架子牛育肥产肉占56.12%居主导地位,依次为大架子育肥占39.28%、小牛肉占2.57%和成年牛占2.03%。肉牛宰前重、胴体重、净肉重和屠宰率、净肉率5个指标样本分组频率与正态分布理论概率相关度高、绝对差值小,概率相近。 【结论】现阶段生产牛肉的主要品种有西门塔尔、安格斯和荷斯坦,以公牛育肥为主。主导品种西门塔尔牛生产周期有缩短趋势,小牛肉生产起步。 西门塔尔牛群的宰前重、胴体重、净肉重和屠宰率、净肉率均值为：684.94kg、385.16kg、316.85kg和56.47%、45.71%时,区间为：581.33≦x≦788.55、321.9≦x≦448.40、266.09≦x≦367.61、53.85≦x≦59.09、42.57≦x≦48.85。 大群体宰前重、胴体重和屠宰率的均值为：678.13kg、379.54kg和55.81%%,区间为572.63≦x≦783.63 、311.42≦x≦447.66、52.34≦x≦59.28 。 反映肉牛生产水平的5个经济指标的概率分布为正态分布,平均值（）一倍标准差左右取值概率为0.6827,可用概率密度函数公式进行相应的计算。根据正态分布特点,平均值左右一倍标准差范围内取值的概率最大为,平均值即为群体盈亏平衡点,且主导品种的宰前重、胴体重和屠宰率较大群体分别高6.81kg、5.62kg和0.66%。 祁连牧歌实业有限公司为张掖市规模最大肉牛屠宰加工企业,屠宰牛源为周边规模养殖场育肥牛,该结果能够代表张掖市域内肉牛大群体生产水平,指标平均值（）可以作为计算肉牛产值的统计依据。 生产中可以此为标准对经营情况进行分析,当个体牛只或经营单位的宰前重、胴体重、净肉重和屠宰率、净肉率高于平均值时说明该牛只育肥状况较好或该经营单位经营状态良好,大概率保持盈利。     

Bioavailability of magnesium in beef cattle fed magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide

Two experiments were conducted to compare Mg bioavailability from Mg oxide (MgO) vs Mg hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) fed in either a completely mixed diet or a mineral supplement. In Exp. 1, these Mg sources were incorporated into completely mixed diets and offered to 15 steers (282 kg) allotted to three treatments: control diet containing .19% Mg, control plus .2% added Mg as MgO, or control plus .2% added Mg as Mg(OH)2. Each calf was fed 5 kg/d of the respective diet during 10-d adjustment and 7-d collection periods. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 3 and 7. Mg supplementation increased (P less than .01) fecal and urinary Mg excretions, whereas apparent Mg absorption (%) and retention were similar (P greater than .10) for all treatments. Plasma Mg concentrations were similar (P less than .10) for calves supplemented with MgO and Mg(OH)2 but were higher (P less than .05) for Mg supplemented than for control calves on d 7. In Exp. 2, these Mg sources were incorporated into mineral supplements and offered free choice to 30 spring-calving beef cows gazing tetany-inducing pastures from March 6 to May 1. Each of three groups of 10 cows was assigned to a 5.7-ha tall fescue pasture and offered either a control supplement or a supplement containing 40% MgO or Mg(OH)2. Blood samplers were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56. Plasma Mg concentrations were not different (P greater than .10) for cows offered MgO and Mg(OH)2 but were higher (P less than .01) for Mg-supplemented than for control cows on d 28, 42 and 56.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Net absorption of amino acids by portal-drained viscera and hind half of beef cattle fed a high concentrate diet

Two experiments were conducted to measure the effect of level of feed intake on net amino acid absorption by portal-drained viscera of six beef heifers with catheters in a mesenteric vein, portal vein and iliac artery (Exp. 1) and to evaluate intrajugular infusion of insulin or glucose on amino acid uptake by hind half of four beef steers with catheters in posterior aorta and vena cava (Exp. 2). Experiment 1 was a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square design. Treatments were calculated intakes of 84, 157 or 225 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg.75 live weight. Treatments in Exp. 2 were control (no infusion), insulin infusion (1.4 IU/min for 90 min) and glucose infusion (2.5 mmol/min for 90 min) in that order. Mean live weight of animals +/- SE was 295 +/- 4 kg (Exp. 1) and 345 +/- 15 kg (Exp. 2). The diet used in both experiments was pelleted, 85% concentrate (2.9 Mcal ME/kg dry matter). Blood flow (BF) was measured by dilution of a primed, continuous infusion of para-aminohippuric acid into the mesenteric vein (Exp. 1) or the posterior aorta (Exp. 2). Net uptake or absorption was the product of BF times portal-arterial (Exp. 1) or arteriovenous (Exp. 2) differences in amino acid concentrations in blood. Increased feed intake caused linear (P less than .05) increases in net absorption of several amino acids, including lysine, methionine, leucine and valine (Exp. 1). Feed intake did not affect (P greater than .05) net absorption of glutamate or glutamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces methane emission in beef cattle fed sugarcane-based diets

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary nitrate on methane emission and rumen fermentation parameters in Nellore × Guzera (Bos indicus) beef cattle fed a sugarcane based diet. The experiment was conducted with 16 steers weighing 283 ± 49 kg (mean ± SD), 6 rumen cannulated and 10 intact steers, in a cross-over design. The animals were blocked according to BW and presence or absence of rumen cannula and randomly allocated to either the nitrate diet (22 g nitrate/kg DM) or the control diet made isonitrogenous by the addition of urea. The diets consisted of freshly chopped sugarcane and concentrate (60:40 on DM basis), fed as a mixed ration. A 16-d adaptation period was used to allow the rumen microbes to adapt to dietary nitrate. Methane emission was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Dry matter intake (P = 0.09) tended to be less when nitrate was present in the diet compared with the control, 6.60 and 7.05 kg/d DMI, respectively. The daily methane production was reduced (P < 0.01) by 32% when steers were fed the nitrate diet (85 g/d) compared with the urea diet (125 g/d). Methane emission per kilogram DMI was 27% less (P < 0.01) on the nitrate diet (13.3 g methane/kg DMI) than on the control diet (18.2 g methane/kg DMI). Methane losses as a fraction of gross energy intake (GEI) were less (P < 0.01) on the nitrate diet (4.2% of GEI) than on the control diet (5.9% of GEI). Nitrate mitigated enteric methane production by 87% of the theoretical potential. The rumen fluid ammonia-nitrogen (NH(3)-N()) concentration was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the nitrate diet. The total concentration of VFA was not affected (P = 0.61) by nitrate in the diet, while the proportion of acetic acid tended to be greater (P = 0.09), propionic acid less (P = 0.06) and acetate/propionate ratio tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for the nitrate diet. Dietary nitrate reduced enteric methane emission in beef cattle fed sugarcane based diet.     

Analysis of beef cattle longitudinal data applying a nonlinear model

The objective of this work was to evaluate the Nelore beef cattle, growth curve parameters using the Von Bertalanffy function in a nested Bayesian procedure that allowed estimation of the joint posterior distribution of growth curve parameters, their (co)variance components, and the environmental and additive genetic components affecting them. A hierarchical model was applied; each individual had a growth trajectory described by the nonlinear function, and each parameter of this function was considered to be affected by genetic and environmental effects that were described by an animal model. Random samples of the posterior distributions were drawn using Gibbs sampling and Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. The data set consisted of a total of 145,961 BW recorded from 15,386 animals. Even though the curve parameters were estimated for animals with few records, given that the information from related animals and the structure of systematic effects were considered in the curve fitting, all mature BW predicted were suitable. A large additive genetic variance for mature BW was observed. The parameter a of growth curves, which represents asymptotic adult BW, could be used as a selection criterion to control increases in adult BW when selecting for growth rate. The effect of maternal environment on growth was carried through to maturity and should be considered when evaluating adult BW. Other growth curve parameters showed small additive genetic and maternal effects. Mature BW and parameter k, related to the slope of the curve, presented a large, positive genetic correlation. The results indicated that selection for growth rate would increase adult BW without substantially changing the shape of the growth curve. Selection to change the slope of the growth curve without modifying adult BW would be inefficient because their genetic correlation is large. However, adult BW could be considered in a selection index with its corresponding economic weight to improve the overall efficiency of beef cattle production.     

Feeding value of field pea as a protein source in forage-based diets fed to beef cattle

Three studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of field peas as a protein source in diets for beef cattle. In the first study, 4 cultivars of field pea were incubated in situ to determine rate and extent of CP disappearance. Results indicate that field pea cultivars vary in CP content (22.6, 26.1, 22.6, and 19.4%, DM basis for Profi, Arvika, Carneval, and Trapper, respectively). Soluble protein fraction ranged from 34.9% for Trapper to 54.9% for Profi. Degradable CP fraction was greater (P = 0.01) for Trapper compared with the other cultivars, and no differences (P ≥ 0.25) were observed among Profi, Arvika, and Carneval. Rate of CP degradation differed (P ≤ 0.03) for all cultivars, with Profi being the greatest and Trapper the smallest (10.8, 10.0, 8.1, and 6.3 ± 1.4%/h for Profi, Carneval, Arvika, and Trapper, respectively). Estimated RDP was not different (P = 0.21) for all 4 cultivars. In the second study, 30 crossbred beef steers (301 ± 15 kg) were individually fed and used to evaluate effects of field pea processing (whole, rolled, or ground) on steer performance. Diets contained 40% field pea grain. Growing steers consuming whole field pea had greater ADG (P = 0.08) than those consuming processed field pea (1.69, 1.52, and 1.63 ± 0.05 kg/d, for whole, rolled, and ground, respectively). However, DMI (kg/d and as % of BW) and G:F were not different (P ≥ 0.24). In the third study, 35 individually fed gestating beef cows (694 ± 17 kg) were used to evaluate the use of field pea as a protein supplement for medium quality grass hay (9.3% CP). Treatments consisted of whole field peas at 1) 0 g (CON), 2) 680 g (FP680), 3) 1,360 g (FP1360), and 4) 2,040 g (FP2040), and 5) 1,360 g of 74% barley and 26% canola meal (BCM). Total intake (forage + supplement) of gestating beef cows increased with increasing field pea level (linear, P = 0.01; supplemented vs. nonsupplemented, P = 0.01). In summary, protein quantity and rate of ruminal protein degradation vary across sources of field peas used in this study. Additionally, because of source variability, nutrient analysis and animal requirements should be considered when field pea is incorporated into beef cattle diets. Processing field pea does not improve performance of growing steers. Supplementation of field pea to gestating cows consuming medium-quality grass hay increased total DMI. Overall, our data indicate field pea can be used in a wide variety of beef cattle diets.