5-Fluorouracil Toxicosis in the Dog

Twenty-six cases of accidental 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) ingestions by dogs were reviewed from phone calls to the Illinois Animal Poison Information Center. Cases were collected from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 1988. Of the 26 calls involving 5-FU exposures, 12 were classified as "toxicosis," 13 as "suspected toxicosis," and one as "exposure." Dogs were the only species involved in 5-FU cases received during this time. Accurate estimates of the amount of 5-FU ingested by dogs could be made in 17 cases. Ingestion of more than 20 mg/kg of 5-FU was associated with the development of toxicosis. None of the 12 dogs that ingested oral doses in excess of 43 mg/kg (estimated) survived. Clinical signs associated with 5-FU poisoning in the dog were death, seizures, vomiting (with and without blood), tremors, diarrhea (with and without blood), ataxia, and depression. Clinical signs generally developed within 45 to 60 minutes after exposure, and deaths occurred 6 to 16 hours after ingestion.     

Atypical Reaction to Acetaminophen Intoxication in a Dog

Objective: To report an unusual manifestation of acetaminophen intoxication in a dog.
Case Summary: A Miniature Pinscher was presented for evaluation of lethargy and facial swelling after ingestion of 500–750 mg/kg of acetaminophen. Laboratory testing revealed eccentrocytes, Heinz bodies, hemoglobinemia, and a declining packed red cell volume consistent with oxidative damage to the erythrocytes. Hepatocellular damage, as monitored by serum alanine aminotransferase, was not documented. The dog responded well to therapeutic intervention, and was discharged from the hospital. The dog returned to the hospital 2 days later with clinical signs and diagnostic tests consistent with acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which was assumed to be due to a toxic etiology. The dog responded well to therapy, regaining normal levels of tear production within six weeks.
New or Unique Information Provided: Acetaminophen intoxication may be associated with severe erythrocytic oxidative damage in the absence of detectable hepatic injury in dogs. Acetaminophen intoxication may have the potential to cause acute keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. ( J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 123–126 )     

Mechanical Ventilation of a Dog with Pentobarbital Intoxication

A 9-year old spayed female American bulldog presented 5 hours after ingesting a portion of a recently euthanized sheep carcass. The dog was comatose, intubated and manually ventilated on arrival. On physical examination, the dog had stable cardiovascular parameters but was hypothermic. Cranial nerve reflexes were absent and spinal reflexes were depressed. Mechanical ventilation was initiated and maintained for 18 hours before spontaneous respiration returned. Elevated serum pentobarbital concentration (19.1 mg/ml) confirmed pentobarbital intoxication as the cause of neurological signs. This is the first report of a dog with pentobarbital toxicity that was successfully managed with mechanical ventilation. Neurologic and functional recovery was complete and the dog was discharged 48 hours after admission. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(1):33–37)     

Unexpected Neurotoxicity in Dogs Receiving a Cyclophosphamide, Dactinomycin, and 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapy Protocol

An inexpensive combination chemotherapy protocol containing cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin, and 5-fluorouracil was evaluated in dogs with carcinomas. Fifteen dogs were entered in this study, and there were 1 complete response and 2 partial responses among 12 evaluable dogs. However, 6 of 15 dogs (40%) developed neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity of this protocol was compared with a previous 5-fluorouracil-containing protocol and found to be significantly higher. Due to the unacceptably high rate of neurotoxicity, this protocol cannot be recommended for use in dogs with cancer.     

Cutaneous Hemangiosarcoma in a Dog

A male golden retriever of unknown age presented with multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous masses from the left elbow to the digits. Histopathologically, multiple tumor foci had formed from the dermis to the subcutaneous tissue. Tumor foci consisted of a vascular structure, alveolar structure and solid proliferative area. The borders among these areas were not clear. Some neoplastic cells resembled a mature endothelium, while others were large pleomorphic cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were usually strongly positive for CD31 and often positive for PROX-1, the lymphatic endothelial cell marker. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a hemangiosarcoma with lymphatic differentiation.     

Diphenhydramine Intoxication in a Dog1

We report a case of diphenhydramine intoxication in a dog. A five month old intact male Labrador Retriever was presented after ingesting approximately 36 diphenhydramine tablets (50 mg/tablet; approximate ingested dose of 1800 mg or 67 mg/kg). Physical examination findings included severe ataxia, profound disorientation, severe continuous spastic muscle tremors, hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperesthesia. The dog was unresponsive to intravenous diazepam and phenobarbital, but rapidly responded to an intravenous bolus and subsequent continuous infusion of guaifenesin and supportive fluid therapy. The serum diphenhydramine level on admission was 537 ng/ml. The toxic level is not reported for dogs, but is considered>60 ng/ml in people. The dog was discharged 24 hours after admission with no apparent residual effects.     

Cytologic Features of a Meningioma in a Dog

Meningiomas are one of the most common nervous system tumors in dogs. They are mostly solitary, benign, intracranial tumors of the transitional type. Tentative diagnosis can usually be made on historical data, clinical and neurological signs, and radiographs, with an antemortem diagnosis confirmed by exploratory surgery and histologic evaluation of biopsy. The literature contains many reports of the gross, histological and ultrastructural morphology of canine meningiomas, but little on the cytologic features of these tumors. This report describes the cytologic appearance of an intracranial meningioma in a 9-year-old Miniature Schnauzer.     

一例犬糖尿病的诊断与治疗

犬糖尿病是犬的常发疾病,其临床症状为多饮、多食、多尿、体重下降。持续的血糖升高导致机体代谢紊乱,出现如白内障、胰腺炎、肾上腺皮质机能亢进等继发症,对犬的生活质量及生命健康造成严重的威胁。论文对1例Ⅰ型糖尿病犬进行详细分析,通过测量血糖、尿糖确诊为糖尿病,并通过实验室检查包括血细胞计数、血清生化检测及血气分析,排除并发症。治疗过程与主人共同配合,使用外源性胰岛素结合食物疗法与运动疗法。目前该犬的血糖稳定并接近正常值,身体状况得到改善,生活质量提高,主人对治疗效果满意。持续治疗方法是根据犬的身体情况及血糖变化适当调整胰岛素的剂量。     

May-Hegglin anomaly in a dog

An 8-year-old female spayed Pug dog was presented for evaluation of cutaneous lesions occurring secondary to immunosuppressive treatment of presumed immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Abnormal hematologic findings included persistent thrombocytopenia, macrothrombocytes, and variably shaped, often fusiform, blue cytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils. May-Hegglin anomaly (MHA) was suspected based on the morphologic appearance of platelets and neutrophils. Examination of cells by transmission electron microscopy revealed normal platelet ultrastructure; neutrophil inclusions had features similar to those reported for inclusions in human MHA. Neutrophil function was within normal limits based on flow cytometric analysis. Thrombelastography indicated a prolonged clotting time (r), and PlateletMapping showed a lack of response to 2 μM ADP compared with a moderate response in the control dog. Immunocytochemical staining of blood smears using 2 commercially available antibodies against MYH9 protein (nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II) yielded negative results. However, genomic DNA sequencing analysis of the dog's MYH9 gene identified a single point mutation, resulting in substitution of lysine for glutamine at the 1841 amino acid position; this mutation is identical to one identified in people with MHA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an MYH9 mutation in the dog. MHA-associated macrothrombocytopenia may be mistaken for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.     

Alopecia Mucinosa (Follicular Mucinosis) in a Dog

Abstract— A 10-year-old male Labrador Retriever dog presented with alopecia and scaling that was extensive in the head and limb regions and patchy over the trunk. The major histopathological feature was degeneration of the outer root sheath with disruption of keratinocytes and formation of cystic spaces filled with mucin. A diagnosis of follicular mucinosis was made. This case report represents the first case of this syndrome in the canine species.
Résumé— Un Labrador, mâle de 10 ans est présenté pour une alopécie squameuse, extensive, de la tête, des membres, et en "taches" sur le tronc. La lésion histopathologique principale est une dégénérescence de la gaine externe du poil avec dislocation des kératinocytes et la formation d'espaces kystiques remplis de mucine. Un diagnostic de mucinose folliculaire a été fait. Ce caqs est le premier décrit chez le chien. [Bell, A., Oliver, F. Alopecia mucinosa (follicular mucinosis) in a dog (Alopecia Mucinosa (mucinose folliculaire) chez un chien).     

一例犬卵巢纤维肉瘤的病理学诊断

某警犬基地一繁育种犬于2011年3月18日死亡,根据发病及死亡经过、尸体剖检和病理学诊断,结果为卵巢纤维肉瘤并发肺转移,同时对病因进行分析。     

Pheochromocytoma Presenting as Acute Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage in a Dog

Objective: This report describes the perioperative management of a dog with a right adrenal pheochromocytoma that presented with acute retroperitoneal hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmia and hypertension. Additionally, a summary of pheochromocytoma and the idiosyncrasies of perioperative management of a pheochromocytoma are provided.
Summary: A 7-year old male, neutered, Dalmation was presented for acute collapse, abdominal pain and tachycardia. Physical examination findings were consistent with hypoperfusion concurrent with multiple cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension. Abdominal ultrasound revealed retroperitoneal effusion and a right adrenal mass intimately associated with the caudal vena cava. Incomplete right adrenalectomy was performed. Histopathology confirmed a pheochromocytoma.
Unique information provided: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first definitive report of acute retroperitoneal hemorrhage as the initial clinical manifestation of histologically confirmed adrenal pheochromocytoma in the dog. ( J. Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(3): 221–227 )     

Bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in a dog

Objective: To describe an unusual site of hemorrhage in a case of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity. Case summary: A dog treated for Brodifacoum anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication was referred for treatment of thrombocytopenia and dysuria. Sonographic examination revealed a large blood clot within the urinary bladder, extending proximally along both ureters, and a bilateral hydronephrosis. In this dog, management of the vitamin K₁‐dependent coagulopathy was unusually complicated by uremia and thrombocytopenia. New information provided: This is the first reported case of hydronephrosis secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in a dog.     

Putative Diethylcarbamazine-induced Urticaria with Eosinophilic Dermatitis in a Dog

Résumé— Une urtricaire due à la diethylcarbamazine associée à une dermite prurigineuse a été suspectée chez un chien mâle castré croisé Retriever. L'animal présentait des lésions d'urticaire multiples qui avaient tendance à fusionner au niveau des paupières, des lèvres, les conques auriculaires et du prépuce. Les biopsies cutanées ont révélé un infiltrat périvasculaire et périannexiel intense riche en polynucléaires éosinophiles. Parfois les polynuclaires éosinophiles étaient “dégranulés” ou présentaient des formes “en flamme”. La suppression de l'administration de diethylcarbamazine a été suivie d'une disparission rapide de toutes les lésions cutanées. L'hypothèse d'une réaction immune à la diethylcarbamazine est proposée. [Vitale, C. B., Ihrke, P. J., Gross, T. L. Putative diethylcarbamazine-induced uticaria with eosinophilic dermatitis in a dog. (Probable urticaire et dermite éosinophilique induites par la diethylcarbamazine chez un chien). Resumen— Se describe el caso de un perro macho castrado, cruzado de retriever que presentaba una dermatitis pruritica con urticaria supuestamente inducida por dietilcarbamacina. El perro mostraba multiples habones, principalmente alrededor de los ojos, la boca, los pabellones auriculares y el prepucio. El estudio histológico mostró un infiltrado perivascular y perianexal, con predominancia de eosinófilos. Ocasionalmente los eosinófilos degranulaban formando “figuras en llama”. La retirada de la terapia con dietilcarbamacina fue seguida por una mejoria rápida y espectacular de todas las lesiones cutáneas. Se postula una reacción adversa a la dietilcarbamacina mediada por factores inmunológicos. [Vitale, C. B., Ihrke, P. J. and Gross, T. L. Putative diethylcarbamazine-induced urticaria with eosinophilic dermatitis in a dog (Urticaria con dermatitis eosinofilica supuestamente inducida por dietilcarbamacina en un perro). Zusammenfassung— Es wird über eine vermutlich Diethylcarbamazin-verursachte Urtikaria mit Juckreiz bei einem männlich-kastrierten Retrievermischling berichtet. Der Hund wies generalisiert multifokale Striemen auf, die dazu tendierten um Augen, Mund, Ohrmuscheln und Präputium zusammenzulaufen. Die Hautbiopsie zeigte ein starkes perivaskuläres und periadenxales Infiltrat mit vorwiegend eosinophilen Granulozyten. Gelegentlich degranulierten die Eosinophilen zu “Flammenform”. Das Absetzen von Diethylcarbamazin führte zu einer dramatischen und raschen Abheilung aller Hautveranderungen. Es wird eine immunologischvermittelte Arzneimittelreaktion auf Diethylcarbamazin vermutet. [Putative diethylcarbamazine-induced utricaria with eosinophilic dermatitis in dogs (Vermutlich Diethylcarbamazin-verursachte Urtikaria mit eosinophiler Dermatitis beim Hund). Abstract— A suspected diethylcarbamazine-induced urticarial dermatitis with associated pruritus is reported in a castrated male mixed breed retriever. The dog had generalized multifocal wheals that tended to cluster around the eyes, mouth, pinnae, and prepuce. Skin biopsy revealed an intense perivascular and periadnexal infiltrate with eosinophils predominating. On occasion, eosinophils degranulated to form “flame figures”. Withdrawal of diethylcarbamazine resulted in dramatic and rapid resolution of all skin lesions. An immunologically mediated adverse drug reaction to diethylcarbamazine is proposed.     

Necrolytic Migratory Erythema in a Dog with a Glucagon-Secreting Endocrine Tumor

Abstract— A 5-year-old mongrel dog developed necrolytic migratory erythema secondary to a glucagon-secreting α cell tumor. The dog was anemic, glucose intolerant, and hyperglucagonemic but liver function tests were within normal limits. Metastatic tumor cells were found in the liver but the primary tumor was not identified.
Résumé— Un chien croisé mâle de 5 ans a développé un Erythème nécrolytique migrant secondaire à un glucayonome. L'animal était anémié, présentait une intolérance au glucose et une hyperglucagonémie, avec des tests fontcionnels hépatiques dans les limites des valeurs usuelles. Des cellules métastaiques tumorales ont été retrouvées dans le foie, mais la tumeur primitive n'a pas été identifiée.
Zusamenfassung —Ein 5 Jahr alter Mischingshund entwickelte sekundär auf einen Glukagon-sezernierenden Tumor ein nekroyltisches Erythema migrans. Das Tier war anämisch, Glukose-intolerant und hyperglukagonämische; die Leberfunktionstests befanden sich jedoch innerhalb normaler Grenzwerte. Matastatische Tumorzellen waren in der Leber nachweisbar, der Primärtumor konnte jedoch nicht identifizert werden.
Resumen  Un perro cruzado de 5 años desarrollo un eritema necrolítico migratorio, secundario a un tumor de celulas secretoras de glucógeno. El perro era anémico, presentaba intolerancia a la glucosa, e hiperglucogenia, pero los resultados de los tests que evaluaban la función hepática feuron normales. Se encontraron células tumorales metastásicas procedentes del hígado, pero el tumor primario no se identificó. Se encontraron células tumorales metastásicas procedentes del hígado, pero el tumor primario no se identificicó.     

A Spontaneously Regressing Pseudolymphoma in a Dog Resembling Pseudo-Hodgkin's Disease

Abstract— A case report of a dog with a lymphohistiocytic proliferative disorder of the skin, third eyelids and lymph nodes is presented. Skin biopsies showed a nodular to diffuse cellular proliferation of lymphohistiocytic cells with many cytological features of malignancy. Numerous Reed-Sternberg cells were present. The pathological diagnosis was malignant lymphoma with cytological features of Hodgkin's disease. The dog experienced a spontaneous remission which has lasted for over three years. Résumé— Le cas clinique d'un chien présentant un désordre prolifératif lymphohistiocytaire de la peau, des troisièmes paupières et des ganglions lymphatiques est présenté. Des biopsies de peau ont motré une prolifération de nature nodulaire à diffuse des cellules lymphohistiocytaires avec plusieurs caractères cytologiques de malignité. De nombreuses cellules de Reed-Sternberg étaient présentes. Le diagnostic histologique était celui d'un lymphome malin avec des signes cytologiques de maladie de Hodgkin. Le chien a presénté une rémission spontanée qui a duré plus de 3 ans. Zusammenfassung— Der Fallbericht eines Hundes mit einer lymphohistiozytären, proliferativen Erkrankung von Haut, Nickhäuten und Lymphknoten wird beschrieben. Die Untersuchung von Hautbiopsien erbrachte eine noduläre bis diffuse zelluläre Proliferation der lymphohistiozytären Zellen mit zahlreichen zytologischen Anzeichen für maligne Veränderungen. Zahlreiche Reed-Sternberg-Zellen traten auf. Die pathologische Diagnose lautete “malignes Lymphom mit zytologischen Merkmalen der Hodgkinschen Erkrankung”. Es kam zu einer spontanen Remission, die sich über drei Jahre erstreckte. Resumen Se describe un caso de una enfermedad linfohistiocítica proliferativa que afectaba a la piel, al tercer párpado y a los ganglios linfáticos. Las biopsias cutáneas mostraron una proliferación nodular a difusa de células linfoides con características de malignidad. Se apreciaban numerosas células de Reed-Sternberg. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue linfoma maligno con características citológicas de enfermedad de Hodgkin. El perro sufrió una remisión espontánea que duró más de tres años.