灰豆象生物学特性的初步观察

灰豆象Callosobruchus phaseoli(Chevrolate)是我国尚无分布的危险性害虫。我们于1984年底至1986年在我所室内对来自澳大利亚扁豆中的灰豆象进行了饲养观察。现将初步观察结果整理如下。发生历期和越冬代:灰豆象在昆明地区一年最多发生6代,以幼虫在豆粒内越冬。灰豆象幼虫对低温的忍受有一定限度,2龄幼虫在低于14.6℃条件下,不能越冬。卵期:在恒温26℃,卵期为7.6天,32℃为6天,35℃为7天,受温差影响幅度不大。昆     

畹町口岸多次检疫查获巴西豆象

自1986年5月8日首次在畹町口岸进口的一批缅甸绿豆的外包装麻袋上查获巴西豆象Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman 活成虫以来,又多次查获到该虫,1986年5—10月在畹町口岸进口的123批缅甸豆类中,就有25批查获巴西豆象,其中花红豆15批,红扁豆7批,小白豆、白扁豆、绿豆各1批,占检疫豆类批次的20.3%。从查获的情况看,花红豆批次带虫率最高,每批带虫量很大,豆粒受害较重。红扁豆和小白豆次之,而白扁豆和绿豆仅在外包装麻袋上查获几头成虫,豆粒并未受害。据抽样测定,每公斤花红豆虫量最高可达10头活成虫,还有大量死成虫,豆粒上可见少量卵粒,豆粒被蛀率高达8%。6月27日检疫一批红花     

展缘异点瓢虫——一种捕食玉米螟卵的天敌

展缘异点瓢虫(Anisosticta kobensis Lewis)在玉米、高粱、水稻、小麦、大豆及果树上均有发生。以玉米田的数量较大,盛期百株成虫70余头;其次是高粱、水稻;豆田、麦田、果树上的数量较小。该虫可捕食多种作物上的蚜虫及玉米螟卵。 展缘异点瓢虫在河南玉米上一年有两个成虫高峰。第一次出现在5月上旬,盛期为5月底至6且上旬,第二次在7月下旬,盛期在8月中旬。成虫产卵期为5～7天,产卵量30～50粒,散产或两列排布于玉米叶背,卵经3天孵化。在日均温23～28℃的室内条件下饲养,1、2龄幼虫各1天;3龄幼虫2～3天;4龄幼虫4～5天,整个幼虫期9～10天,蛹期3～4天。     

高温与磷化铝对四纹豆象的处理技术

采用不同温度和不同剂量的磷化铝,在不同的处理时间一对四纹豆象的高温灭虫及磷化铝熏蒸试验,结果表明：四纹豆象肾的而高温能力最强,卵次之,在５５℃温度下幼虫和成虫经５０ｍｉｎ校正死亡率为１００％,肾和卵要７５ｍｉｎ,在６０℃温度下卵、幼虫、成虫经１５ｍｉｎ全部死亡,而肾需要４５ｍｉｎ才达到１００％的死亡率。用经铝熏蒸,幼虫和成虫较第敏感,用１．５ｇ／ｍ＾３处理３天,人武部死亡,但卵、蛹的校正死亡率仅为     

巴西豆象的防治试验

巴西豆象经高温55℃处理60分钟和60℃处理15分钟、低温-20～-17℃处理2小时后,各虫态100％死亡,且对豆类发芽无显著影响。压盖2cm 以上的小麦、干河沙和草木灰能有效地阻止巴西豆象成虫在豆粒上产卵。磷化氢对巴西豆象卵、幼虫和蛹的有效致死浓度分别为0.104mg/L、0.164mg/L、0.767mg/L,100%死亡的 ct 值分别为2.496％mg·hr/L、3.936mg·hr/L、18.408mg·hr/L;毒力回归线(LC-P)为:y=3.3221+1.6536X。用茶油3～4ml/kg、花生油4ml/kg 和菜油5ml/kg 与豆类混合对巴西豆象的防效很高,且残效期长。     

黑广肩步甲主要生物学特性及卵的有效积温

研究了黑广肩步甲Calosoma maximociczi Morawitz各虫态的主要生物学特性及其卵的发育起点温度与有效积温。在山东地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14．66℃,有效积温41．7日度,在25℃下卵期平均为3．69±0．25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、4d-5d;平均气温28℃下,预蛹期约为8d-14d,蛹期为10d-15d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。     

小地老虎抗寒能力的研究

小地老虎各虫态的过冷却点,卵期为-9.5℃,一至六龄幼虫分别为-8.8、-4.1、-3.6、-3.0、-2.3与-1.2℃,蛹期为-6.6℃,成虫期为-4.3℃。越冬幼虫在-5—0℃下1天内即死亡,2—4℃间能存活2个月,低温锻炼不能提高幼虫的抗寒力。六龄幼虫在4℃时停食,消化道内酯酶活性下降。成虫在越冬期间,若无补充营养,只能存活2个月。     

柑桔介壳虫寄生蜂研究Ⅳ：印巴黄蚜小蜂个体发育研究

在２５℃，印巴黄蚜小蜂的个体发育周期为１５－２１天，其中卵期３天，幼虫期７－１０，蛹期５－８天。羽化后的成虫寿命３－１８天，幼虫的发育分三个龄期，根据颚的大小和虫体的形态可区分各龄幼虫。并且，一龄幼虫只有４对气门，二龄和三龄幼虫有８对气门。老龄幼虫停止取食，排出粪便、然后化蛹。成虫羽化后，在介壳上咬一小孔钻出。     

大草蛉生物学特性研究

大草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmaer)在湖北省以预蛹越冬,全年可完成4—5个世代。雌虫1次交尾可终生产受精卵,单雌平均产卵量在800粒左右,最多可达1234粒。幼虫可捕食粮、棉多种害虫。成虫和幼虫均嗜食多种蚜虫。成虫有趋光性。温度对卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹的存活率以及成虫寿命有较大影响,最适温度在25—30℃之间,卵在35℃恒温条件下不能孵化。各虫态发育的起点温度和有效积温分别是:卵期为8.17℃和63.21日度;一龄幼虫为12.99℃和37.80日度;二龄幼虫为10.83℃和39.17日度;三龄幼虫为9.35℃和60.23日度;蛹期为9.23℃和215.47日度。幼虫随着龄期的增长,抗寒能力加强。草蛉黑卵蜂(Telenomus aorobates)是抑制大草蛉种群数量的主要天敌。     

溴甲烷熏蒸检疫处理豇豆上的巴西豆象

溴甲烷熏蒸检疫处理白豇豆上的巴西豆象。１０－１２℃，溴甲烷３５ｇ／ｍ＾３，熏荪２４时；１６－１８℃，溴甲烷２５ｇ／ｍ＾３，熏蒸２４小时，２１－２３℃，溴甲烷２０ｇ／ｍ＾３，熏蒸２４小时；可以１００％杀死巴西豆象卵，幼虫，蛹和成虫。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.