FH生物活性饲料酵母的营养特点及在蛋鸡饲料中的应用试验

FH生物活性饲料酵母的营养特点是(1)可消化蛋白含量高,各种必需的氨基酸丰富平衡;(2)含有较为丰富的B族维生素和多种消化酶,由于采用的烘干温度较低,表现出较好的生物活性;(3)含有能够在动物体内促进酶活性的微量元素。 饲养试验中,以FH生物活性饲料酵母与目前国内推广的几种蛋白源组合成五组饲料,将蛋鸡分五组进行对比试验。试验结果表明:FH组的产蛋率、产蛋量、饲料报酬及经济效益均高于对照组,是一种较为理想的蛋白源和生物添加剂。     

FH生物活性饲料酵母的营养特点及在蛋鸡饲料中的应用试验

FH生物活性饲料酵母的营养特点是(1)可消化蛋白含量高,各种必需的氨基酸丰富平衡;(2)含有较为丰富的B族维生素和多种消化酶,由于采用的烘干温度较低,表现出较好的生物活性;(3)含有能够在动物体内促进酶活性的微量元素。饲养试验中,以FH生物活性饲料酵母与目前国内推广的几种蛋白源组合成五组饲料,将蛋鸡分五组进行对比试验。试验结果表明:FH组的产蛋率、产蛋量、饲料报酬及经济效益均高于对照组,是一种较为理想的蛋白源和生物添加剂。     

黄粉虫替代鱼粉对低淀粉缓沉性膨化饲料加工质量的影响

为探究不同加工工艺参数和黄粉虫蛋白替代鱼粉不同比例对低淀粉缓沉性水产膨化颗粒饲料加工质量的影响,并优化得出最适操作参数。该研究采用Box-Behnken试验设计,以黄粉虫蛋白替代比例、调质后物料含水率和膨化机模头温度3个因素为自变量,变化范围分别在0～50%、25%～29%、110～140 ℃之间,以膨化颗粒饲料容重、沉降速度、10 min沉水率、能耗为因变量,对3个自变量参数进行优化。试验结果表明：低淀粉缓沉性膨化饲料的容重随着黄粉虫替代比例的升高逐渐升高,随含水率的升高而升高,随着模头温度的升高略微升高;沉降速度随着黄粉虫替代比例的升高逐渐升高,随着模头温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势;当黄粉虫替代比例在0～25%时,沉降速度随着含水率的升高逐渐增大,当黄粉虫替代比例为50%时,沉降速度随含水率的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势;10 min沉水率随着黄粉虫替代比例的升高逐渐升高,随着含水率的升高而升高;10 min沉水率随着模头温度的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势;能耗随着黄粉虫替代比例的升高逐渐升高,随着调质后物料含水率的升高总体呈降低的趋势,随着模头温度的升高逐渐降低。方差分析结果显示各因素对低淀粉缓沉性水产膨化颗粒饲料加工质量的影响由大到小顺序为：黄粉虫蛋白替代比例、调质后物料含水率、膨化机模头温度。优化得到加工低淀粉缓沉性水产膨化颗粒饲料的最优工艺参数为和最适替代比例：调质后物料含水率为27.6%,模头温度为108 ℃,黄粉虫蛋白替代比例为15.0%,在此条件下加工出的膨化颗粒饲料沉降速度为7.73 cm/s、10 min沉水率为95%、能耗为34.39 (kw·h)/t。验证试验相对误差均小于4%,模型优化结果可靠,研究结果可为饲料企业生产低淀粉缓沉性水产膨化颗粒饲料提供参考依据。     

利用胱氨酸生产母液开发蛋白质饲料的饲养效应

通过对１５－６０ｋｇ和６０－９０ｋｇ两个阶段的试猪进行饲喂试验，探讨从胱氨酸生产废液所开发的高级动物蛋白质饲料的饲养效应。结果表明，在１５－６０ｋｇ阶段用３％的高级动物蛋白质饲料等量取代或６％全部取代、在６０￣９０ｋｇ阶段用３％全部取代基础饲料中的鱼粉、蚕蛹，并加入一定比例的赖氨酸，都不降低基础饲粮饲养效果，不降低试猪的增重进度，不增加试猪单位增重的饲料消耗量，而且饲料中各种营养物质的消化率也不受     

小肽营养素对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验将40头21d断奶的三元杂交猪随机分为4组,用4组不同日粮组成及营养水平的饲料（Ⅰ：基础日粮＋2%喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉（SDPP）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加1%,2%和3%小肽营养素）饲养21d后称重、测定血液生化指标并进行统计分析。结果表明：添加小肽营养素对断奶仔猪的生产性能无显著影响;各处理组的血清总蛋白、血糖和血清尿素差异不显著,2%小肽组的球蛋白、免疫球蛋白含量显著高于其它组;小肽产品可以部分等蛋白取代断奶仔猪日粮中的血浆蛋白粉。通过了解小肽营养素替代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对21d断奶仔猪的生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,为肽类产品在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用提供了依据。     

饲料蛋白质水平对刺鲃幼鱼的生长、胴体营养组成及消化酶活性的影响

配制蛋白质水平20%~50% 的7种等能半精制实验饲料,饲养平均初始体重为1.26±0.02 g 的7组3重复的刺鲃(Barbudes caldwell)幼鱼8周,研究刺鲃对饲料蛋白的需求量。结果显示,饲料蛋白水平对实验鱼的成活率、脏体比和肝体比等均无显著影响(P >0.05),而对鱼体终重有显著影响(P <0.05);鱼体增重和生长比速均随饲料蛋白水平从20%升高到35%而不断提高,但饲料蛋白水平进一步提高,则鱼体增重和生长比速均无显著差异(P >0.05)。饲料蛋白水平30%～50%的5个实验组的饲料效率无显著差异(P>0.05), 但均显著高于饲料蛋白为20%和25%的2个实验组(P <0.05)。蛋白质效率(PER)与饲料蛋白水平(x)呈负相关(PER= 3.006－0.03251x, R =0.9366)。饲料蛋白水平对鱼体的胴体水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分的含量无显著影响(P > 0.05);胴体脂肪含量随饲料蛋白水平(x)的升高而不断降低(L=8.2169－0.0458x,R =0.8551)。实验鱼肝胰脏蛋白酶活性则在组间无显著差异(P > 0.05)。肠蛋白酶和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性均随着饲料蛋白水平的升高而呈现先逐渐升高,且升高到一定程度后又呈逐渐下降的趋势。肠淀粉酶活性(IAA)与饲料蛋白水平(x)呈负相关关系(IAA = 84.625－0.9147x, R =0.8463,)。以鱼体增重为指标(y),与饲料蛋白水平(x)拟合折线模型进行回归分析,估算出饲料蛋白质适宜水平为占干饲料的34%。     

甜高粱茎秆残渣生料多菌种固态发酵生产蛋白饲料

为实现甜高粱茎秆残渣生产蛋白饲料的规模化应用,该研究将黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei),产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)和干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)进行优化组合,添加不同质量分数尿素对甜高粱茎秆残渣进行生料固态发酵生产蛋白饲料。试验通过对比发酵前后粗蛋白、真蛋白、粗灰分和粗脂肪质量分数变化发现:添加4种菌的复合菌株,再添加1%尿素发酵8 d后能使以甜高粱茎秆残渣为底物的饲料中纤维素由33.00%降低至24.09%,半纤维素由20.99%降低至17.69%;粗蛋白质量分数由2.27%提升至7.14%,真蛋白由2.01%提升至6.41%。该研究简化了甜高粱秸秆残渣规模化生产饲料蛋白的工艺,为该工艺的推广应用奠定基础。     

复合蛋白源对杂交石斑鱼生长和肠道菌群的影响

该试验旨在探究复合荚膜甲基球菌蛋白（methanotroph bacteria meal,MBM）与棉籽蛋白（cottonseed meal,CSM）在降低鱼粉（fish meal,FM）的饲料中对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼（Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂）生长性能和肠道菌群的影响。以基础饲料（FM为40%）为FM组,降低FM至30%,添加复合蛋白源（MBM为4%,CSM为12%）为MC组,投喂初质量为(28.85±0.04)g的石斑鱼56 d。结果显示,两组石斑鱼生长性能、存活、饲料利用和体形态指标无显著差异（P>0.05）。MC组肌肉丙氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸显著升高（P<0.05）,脯氨酸含量显著降低,血脂含量和转氨酶以及肝脏丙二醛显著降低（P<0.05）,肠道总抗氧化能力和绒毛长度显著升高（P<0.05）,肠道菌群Shannon和Simpson指数升高,菌群功能在代谢相关通路的富集度升高,环境信息处理相关通路的富集度降低。综上所述,MBM和CSM复合蛋白源能提高肝脏和肠道抗氧化能力,改善肠道发育和菌群结构。研究结果为...     

蝇蛆生物转化餐厨残渣对产物特性的影响

昆虫生物转化有机废弃物是缓解饲料蛋白源短缺和生态环境压力的有效手段。受限于养殖工艺复杂,获取的昆虫蛋白和虫粪常存在物料特性均一性低、稳定性差等问题,加之对产物特性影响作用不明,导致市场接受度低而限制其产业化应用。该研究以获取优质蛋白原料和肥料为目的,以预处理餐厨残渣-腐生链生物转化中的过程产物为研究对象,分析蝇蛆生物转化餐厨残渣对蛆虫、虫粪理化特性的影响,并探究重金属、霉菌等有害物质消减规律。研究结果表明：蛆虫幼虫饲喂4 d收获最佳,此时蛆虫蛋白质质量分数超过14.79%,粗脂肪质量分数超过6.80%,蛆虫干粉氨基酸组成基本符合FAO/WHO推荐值,有害微生物和霉菌含量低于微生物饲料添加剂规定的最高允许量,可替代中国饲料原料三级红鱼粉使用。蛆虫对砷、铅、汞、镉、铬等重金属元素的生物富集系数分别为0.08、0.00、0.17、3.71、0.04,对镉元素的富集能力最强,对铅元素的富集能力最小。经蛆虫生物转化处理后,虫粪中重金属元素质量分数明显降低,分别为0.25、1.50、0.03、0.00、10.90 mg/kg,在与其他样品有机质含量差异不大的情况下,可作为优质肥料使用。该研究可为蝇蛆生物转化餐厨残渣提供重要的基础数据,为后续蛆虫品质评价、资源筛选及饲料化应用提供理论依据。     

肉仔鸡不同饲养工艺的对比试验

肉仔鸡不同饲养工艺对比试验结果表明，笼养比地面平养、棚架饲养有如下优势：１）提高了饲养密度，比地面平养、棚架饲养高１倍左右，大大减少建场面积。２）生长速度、饲料报酬明显高于地面平养和棚架饲养，每生产１ｋｇ活鸡，可减少１６０克饲料。３）腿病发生率低于棚架饲养，但与地面平养相近。４）出栏率明显高于地面平养和棚架饲养。５）每只鸡盈利比地面平养、棚架饲养分别高０．８元和０．５６元。     

Effects of Lysine on Growth of Tilapia Fed Diets Rich in Corn Gluten Meal

Tilapia is a warmwater fish with mild flavor. Nearly 8.6 million kg are produced domestically, and ≈22.7 million kg are imported. Corn gluten meal (60% protein fraction) is a product obtained from wet-milling of corn. Diets (36% protein) containing 36–44% corn gluten meal with different levels of lysine and fish meal were formulated and fed to tilapia in aquaria for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of tilapia fed diets containing the highest level of lysine (7.4% protein) with 4% fish meal was equal to that of fish fed a commercial control diet. Diets with lower lysine resulted in lower WG. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of tilapia fed experimental diets containing adequate levels of essential amino acids and fish meal were the same as for fish fed the commercial control diet (also containing fish meal). Fish fed diets containing lower lysine levels had less favorable FCR and PER. This study shows that corn gluten meal is utilized at high levels in tilapia diets, particularly if essential amino acids are provided in adequate amounts.     

Effects of fish meal replacement with full-fat soy meal on growth and tissue fatty acid composition in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Atlantic cod of initial mean weight approximately 220 g were fed a control diet and three diets in which fish meal (FM) was replaced with increasing levels of full-fat soybean meal (FFS) supplied at 12, 24, and 36% of dry diet, for 12 weeks. There were no significant differences in final weights, but the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in fish fed the control (FFS0) diet compared to fish fed the FFS12 and FFS36 diets, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in fish fed the FFS0 diet compared to the other three treatments. The fatty acid (FA) compositions of the cod muscle and liver were highly affected by dietary treatment, and linear relationships between dietary and tissue FA concentrations were shown for some of these. Moreover, selective utilization or accumulation in the tissues of specific FA was suggested by the results.     

青鳞鱼骨粉的食用营养价值及应用研究

研究了青鳞鱼骨粉的食用营养价值及其在玉米粥、马蹄粉和鸡精中的应用。结果表明：(1)青鳞鱼骨粉是一种蛋白质含量为27.0%、脂肪含量为2.0%的典型的高营养低热能食品；它具有独特的补钙生物学功能的关键因素和优势。(2)青鳞鱼鱼骨粉钙磷比为2.32∶1，钙和铁易于被人体吸收和利用。(3)青鳞鱼骨粉氨基酸总量为24.36 mg/100g，其中必需氨基酸为5.23 mg/100g，占氨基酸总量的21.49%；蛋白质质量优越于猪骨粉，具有更大的利用价值。(4)以10%的比例将超微鱼骨粉分别添加到策友牌玉米粥，互润牌桂花马蹄粉和美极牌鲜鸡精中，可以提高产品的感官质量，达到强化蛋白质和钙磷铁等矿物质元素、改善食品的钙磷比例等目的。     

Soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and are not degraded during gut passage in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The stability of soyasaponins in fish feed formulations was investigated. The level of soyasaponin Ab, Bb, Bc, Ba-2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (Ba-DDMP), Bb-DDMP, and Bc-DDMP was quantified in 15 samples of defatted soybean meal, two full fat soybean meals, and two soybean protein concentrates by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The total level of saponins in the 15 samples of commercial defatted soybean meal ranged from 4.8-6.8 micromol/g (5.1-7.0 g/kg). The two full fat meals contained 4.4 and 4.7 micromol/g whereas no saponins could be detected in the alcohol-extracted soybean protein concentrates. Fifteen batches of fish feed containing 20% defatted soybean meal were produced by twin-screw extrusion from the 15 different samples of defatted soybean meal. Extrusion did not reduce the total level of group B saponins, but the ratio between DDMP-conjugated group B saponins and non-DDMP-conjugated group B saponins was slightly reduced. A soybean-containing diet was fed to seawater adapted Atlantic salmon for 9 weeks. Yttrium oxide was included in the feed as an inert marker in order to estimate the disappearance of saponins during gut passage. High levels of intact non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins were found in feces whereas only low levels of DDMP-conjugated saponins could be detected. The overall disappearance of saponins was close to zero, and the concentration of intact saponins in dry feces reached levels several fold higher than dietary levels. The present work demonstrates that non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and remain intact during gut passage in Atlantic salmon. The latter is contrary to earlier findings in endothermic animals.     

高含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料热特性及调质温度控制

为探究热敏性饲料原料乳清粉及不同含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的热物理特性,该文以仔猪料配方中的4种主要饲料原料玉米、豆粕、乳清粉和鱼粉为研究对象,采用混料设计的方法得到33种不同含量(0～30％)乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料,并利用差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)测定了4种单一原料在25～120℃范围内以及33种仔猪配合饲料在25～110℃范围内的比热,分析了乳清粉及高含量乳清粉(质量分数≥14.548％)的仔猪配合饲料的热变性过程.结果显示:玉米、豆粕和鱼粉的比热分别与温度(25～120℃)呈线性、对数和二次关系,而乳清粉的比热与温度(25～110℃)遵循三次多项式的关系;当配合饲料中含有≥6.25％的乳清粉时,其比热与温度遵循三次多项式的关系;配合饲料的比热显著受温度、原料配比以及二者交互作用的影响(P＜0.001),其中,温度的影响最为显著,而乳清粉含量的影响次之.DSC热焓曲线上,乳清粉在109.79℃会出现吸热峰,为乳清蛋白的热变性导致;而随着温度由20℃升高到110℃,乳清粉颗粒由存在许多凸起与微孔的粗糙表面结构逐渐过渡为光滑、粘结的状态.与乳清粉相似,高含量乳清粉的配合饲料也会在77.95～87.69℃出现吸热峰.在仔猪配合颗粒饲料的加工过程中,为降低乳清蛋白的变性程度、减少环模制粒机的堵机现象,应将调质温度降低至70℃以下为宜.研究结果为高含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的调质、制粒等热处理过程的工艺优化提供理论指导.     

Physiological alterations in Clarias lazera induced by two different pollutants

The physiological effects of sublethal concentrations (0.3 of 96-hr TL.) of two different pollutants (endrin and toluene) on the levels of cholesterol, glucose and protein in serum and glycogen in liver and muscle of a freshwater fish, Clarias lazera, at time intervals from 24 to 96 hr have been compared. These results indicated that the two pollutants at sublethal concentrations influenced the metabolism of cholesterol, glucose in serum and glycogen in liver and muscle in Clarias lazera. The changes induced by endrin were more striking than those induced by toluene.     

Glyphosate tolerant canola meal is equivalent to the parental line in diets fed to rainbow trout

Two separate studies were conducted to evaluate the utility of glyphosate tolerant canola (GTC) as a feed ingredient in diets fed to rainbow trout. In the first study, two forms of GTC were compared to a parental line, Westar. In the second study, one line of GTC was reevaluated to Westar. In each study, processed canola meals were incorporated at 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the dry diet and a diet containing no canola was fed for comparison. All diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish in each study. In the first study, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) were not significantly different in fish fed either Westar or GT200 at any level of substitution. Fish fed GT73 exhibited a gradual reduction in weight gain, FE, and PER as the level of GTC increased. However, the only significant reduction was in weight gain of fish fed 20% GT73 as compared to fish fed 5% GT73. Because of an error in preparing samples prior to the experiment, samples GT200 and GT73 were essentially equivalent in composition. The differences were explained by differences in processing temperatures that occurred after the sample mixing error occurred. In the second study, mean weight gain, PR, and survival were not significantly different among forms of canola. FE and PER values were significantly lower in fish fed 15% Westar as compared to fish fed 10% Westar; other FE and PER values were not significantly different. On the basis of these results, GTC processed into a toasted meal and incorporated into diets for rainbow trout is equivalent to a parental line of canola.     

Nutritional quality of sesame seed protein fraction extracted with isopropanol

The nutritional effect of diet containing decorticated sesame seed extracted with isopropanol (DSS-Iso) was evaluated on growth performance, food efficiency ratio, plasma and tissue lipid profile, plasma protein content, and erythrocyte membrane lipid profile of rats on a comparative basis with diets containing casein (control), soybean meal, and decorticated sesame seed extracted with hexane (DSS-Hex). Rats fed a DSS-Iso-based diet showed body weight gain and food efficiency ratio similar to those of the control groups fed diets prepared with casein, soybean meal, and DSS-Hex. However, dietary proteins exerted a separate effect on plasma lipid concentrations of the rats. Rats fed a DSS-Iso-based diet showed significant decreases in plasma total cholesterol (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and VLDL+LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01) concentrations in comparison to the rats fed diet containing casein. No significant differences in plasma lipid concentrations were observed for the rats fed diets prepared with soybean meal, DSS-Hex, and DSS-Iso. Rats fed the different dietary proteins did not show much variation in plasma proteins, liver lipids, and erythrocyte membrane lipid concentrations, which suggests that DSS-Iso could be a suitable edible protein like casein or soybean meal.     

酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对鸡肉宰后氧化及氨基酸的影响研究

为研究酵母硒和枣粉饲粮对白羽肉鸡鸡胸肉成熟过程中蛋白质氧化及氨基酸含量变化的影响,本试验采用不同浓度酵母硒和枣粉饲喂白羽肉鸡42 d,根据酵母硒和枣粉添加量分为6个处理组,分别为CK(基础日粮)、J组(基础日粮+8％枣粉替换8％玉米)、0.3S(基础日粮+0.3 mg·kg-1酵母硒)、0.6S(基础日粮+0.6 mg...