过瘤胃维生素D预防围产期奶牛低血钙症的效果

本试验选取围产期经产健康荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为4组:T1,T2,T3和C组,每组各10头.产前7d分别每头每天饲喂过瘤胃维生素D 1.5,3.0,6.0和0g,直至分娩,产后均不饲喂过瘤胃维生素D,试验至产后7d结束.所有试验奶牛在产前7d,3d、产后3d,7d及分娩当天测定血浆钙(Ca).磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(A...     

干奶期不同能量摄入水平对产后奶牛生产性能的影响

将围产期健康奶牛30头随机分为3组．分别于产前28d开始饲喂NRC标准日粮（能量摄入100％组）、NRC标准增加20％日粮（能量摄入120％组）和NRC标准减少20％日粮（能量摄入80％组）．产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮，至产后56d结束，观察干奶期不同能量摄入水平对产后奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明，高能量组奶牛产后干物质采食量和产奶量均显著低于其他2组，并且体质量消耗明显。由此认为，干奶期能量摄入水平是影响和调节产后干物质摄入量、产乳量和能量平衡状态的重要因素。     

热应激对干奶期奶牛甲烷排放量的影响

试验旨在研究不同程度热应激水平对奶牛甲烷排放量的影响。试验选用4头处于干奶期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,利用环境控制舱检测温湿度指数(THI)在66、72、78和84条件下甲烷的产生量。结果表明,当奶牛处于应激状态时,CO₂和CH₄排放量均显著下降;单位饲料干物质所产生的甲烷量显著升高。因此,干奶期奶牛在热应激条件下,甲烷排放量显著下降。     

全混合日粮中添加高活性干酵母对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验将96头荷斯坦牛,按年龄、胎次、泌乳天数、日产奶量相近的原则随机配对分成2组。试验组奶牛每头添加1g/d高活性干酵母,饲喂30d。结果表明：高活性干酵母对奶牛产奶量有所提高,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）;对乳脂肪率和乳蛋白率无显著影响（P〉0.05）;对尿素氮存在显著影响（P〈0.05）;乳中体细胞数有降低的趋势,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

围产期奶牛血清代谢物和相关激素水平的变化规律研究

试验旨在揭示围产期奶牛血清代谢物和相关激素水平的动态变化规律,选取临床健康经产奶牛 20 头,分别于产前 14、7 d 及产后 0、7、14 d 采血并分离血清,检测血清葡萄糖、甘油三酯、非酯化脂肪酸、β-羟丁酸等代谢物浓度和胰岛素、生长激素、脂联素和瘦素等激素水平,并根据相应公式计算胰岛素敏感指数。结果表明:奶牛分娩当天的血糖浓度较高,而后逐步恢复至产前水平;奶牛分娩后甘油三酯浓度下降,非酯化脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度升高;胰岛素浓度在产前 14 d 至产后 7 d 各时间点无显著变化;产前 7 d 时的生长激素浓度高于其他时间点(P<0.01);脂联素浓度在整个试验期无显著变化;瘦素水平在产前 7 d 和产后 0 d升高(P<0.01),但产后 7 d 时下降(P<0.01);胰岛素敏感性指数在分娩当天显著降低,随后逐步恢复。结果表明,奶牛产后体脂动员明显,可能与生长激素、瘦素等激素的调控有关。     

铬对泌乳期奶牛的生产性能和主要生理指标的影响

研究了泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬或赖氨酸铬对其生产性能和血液主要生理指标的影响。选择75头泌乳前期（〈80d）的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为试验组A、B和对照组C。试验组A和B每天日粮中分别补充吡啶羧酸铬和赖氨酸铬，供试期间对照组C不添加有机铬。结果表明：铬可提高泌乳期奶牛的生产性能，增强和改善泌乳奶牛的免疫力和应激状态。试验组A和试验组B泌乳量高于对照组C（P〈0．01）；试验组B血清中的甘油三酯的浓度低于对照组C（P〈0．05）；试验组A血清中胰岛素浓度低于对照组C（P〈0．01）；试验组A和试验组B血清中葡萄糖浓度都高于对照组C（P〈0．01）；试验组A和试验组B血清中皮质醇的浓度分别比对照组C低7．21nmol／L和4．92nmol／L，试验组A和试验组B血清中IgG的浓度分别比对照组C高2．1g／L和3．1g／L。     

氧化应激对围产期奶牛及犊牛的影响研究进展

围产期奶牛要承受由妊娠、产犊及泌乳3个阶段交替带来的生理性变化,此时奶牛既要维持后期胎儿的正常生长发育,还要保证随后泌乳正常,此阶段发生的生理变化以及能量负平衡很容易诱发奶牛的氧化应激反应.机体组织和细胞持续的氧化应激不仅损害围产期奶牛的生产性能,还会给胎儿带来生理和行为上的危害,影响后代终身生理进程及繁殖机能.本文对...     

利福昔明乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛的安全性研究

研究利福昔明乳房注入剂(干乳期)对健康奶牛的正常体温、日产奶量、奶中体细胞数和乳房内菌群的影响。选择健康泌乳期奶牛12头,给药前1 d和给药前0 d,统计记录各试验奶牛的直肠温度、日产奶量,检测每个乳区采集奶样的体细胞数,并对给药前0 d的奶样进行病原菌分离检测。每头入选奶牛的四个乳区分别单次灌注利福昔明乳房注入剂,在给药后的第1、3、5、7、10天分别记录每头奶牛的日产奶量;在给药后的第12小时、3、5、7、10天分别采集奶样进行体细胞检测,同时检查直肠温度;在给药后的第10天对采集的奶样进行病原菌检测。比较奶牛用药前后直肠温度、日产奶量、奶中体细胞数和病原菌的变化。试验期间对给药奶牛进行连续观察,记录奶牛是否出现红、肿、热、痛等临床症状。结果表明。给药前1 d、给药当天和最后一次给药后的第1、3、5、7、10天,试验奶牛的日产奶量平均值分别为30.5、30.3、29.8、30.3、30.0、30.9和31.0 kg,相互之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);给药前后各时间点采集的奶中体细胞数大都维持在30~50万/mL;给药前后各时间点测得的奶牛直肠温度无显著性差异(P>0.05);病原菌检测结果显示,在给药前0 d分离到7株大肠杆菌、6株链球菌和9株葡萄球菌,给药后第10天采集的奶样中未检测到大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌,仅检测到1株链球菌。与给药前相比,奶中的病原菌数量有所减少,无新增感染。利福昔明乳房注入剂(干乳期)对奶牛正常体温、产奶量、奶中体细胞数无不良影响,该制剂对于奶牛是安全的。     

奶牛围产期血液流变学主要指标的变化规律

为了解健康奶牛围产期血液流变学的变化规律,对１５头围产期（产前９０ｄ至产后３０ｄ）奶牛血液流变学的全血高、低切变率粘度,全血高、低切变率还原粘度,红细胞聚积指数,红细胞压积（ＰＣＶ）,血浆粘度等５项指标进行了系统检测。结果表明,在产前９０～５ｄ,上述５项指标均呈下降趋势,且分别于分娩前１０、８、５、３、１ｄ降至最低水平;产后１～３ｄ内,除ＰＣＶ外,上述４项指标迅速升高达最高值,产后１周以后,随着泌乳量的逐日增加而逐渐恢复到常态。     

OC8Effect of Progesterone Supplementation During Early Foetal Period in Neospora caninum Seropositive Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of filtration through Sephadex on the subpopulation characteristics of the boar semen. For this purpose 3 ml of 16 commercial doses of fresh diluted boar semen were filtered through a Sephadex G-15/Polypropylene column. Motility parameters were analysed by a CASA system and statistical study was performed by SAS package using the VARCLUS and the FASTLUST procedures. Statistical study revealed four subpopulations in fresh boar semen, as previously had described (Theriogenology 61: 673–690).Total motility was higher in control than in filtered semen, but there were not statistical differences (65.63 ± 9.65 vs 41.40 ± 9.02). Moreover, the analysis did not show many changes neither in the characteristics nor in the distribution of the four subpopulations. As example although ALHmed of filtered samples were slightly higher, there were only significant differences (p < 0.001) in two subpopulations (subpopulation 2 : 2.2 ± 0.05 in control vs 2.7 ± 0.08 in filtered. Subpopulation 3 : 4.5 ± 0.11 in control vs 5.8 ± 0.23 in filtered semen). HME was also statistically different (p < 0.005) in one subpopulation, showing great values in filtered semen (1.7 ± 0.15 vs 3.0 ± 0.30). In conclusion, the filtration by Sephadex/Polypropylene column does not cause strong changes in subpopulation sperm distribution.     

日粮中硒和维生素E对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

将24头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组，研究饲喂硒或维生素E对奶牛泌乳性能的影响。对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验Ⅰ组在基础日粮中添加硒，试验Ⅱ组添加维生素E。试验Ⅲ组硒和维生素E同时添加。结果表明．日粮中添加抗氧化剂不影响奶牛的干物质采食量(P＞O.05)。饲喂硒或硒 维生素E可以显著提高奶牛的产奶量(P＜O．05)。各组之间乳脂率、乳蛋白和乳糖含量的差异不显著(P＞O．05)。     

有机铬对奶牛的作用

奶牛在妊娠晚期、产奶早期、高温时期和运输过程中处于极度应激的状态下,生产性能、免疫力、繁殖性能均受到影响。近年来研究发现有机铬对缓解奶牛应激有显著的作用,本文将就此作一综述。     

日粮中添加不同抗氧化剂对奶牛血液生化指标的影响

选用２０头荷斯坦干乳母牛，随机分为４个组，研究日粮中添加二氢吡啶和维生素Ｅ对奶牛血液中一些主要生化指标的影响。结果表明，日粮中添加二氢吡啶、维生素Ｅ或两者同时添加，能使产后母牛血清中谷草转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）活性显著降低而碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）活性显著提高，谷丙转氨酶（ＧＰＴ）活性和血糖浓度有所升高，而血清总蛋白浓度有所下降，对乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、血总脂和血钙含量无明显影响     

Effect of N‐Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Intracellular Glutathione,Urine Isoprostanes,Clinical Score,and Survival in Hospitalized Ill Dogs

Background

Antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation have been correlated with disease severity and associated with poor outcomes.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Supplementing dogs with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) during the first 48 hours of hospitalization will increase cysteine, normalize glutathione concentrations, and decrease the degree of lipid peroxidation associated with illness.

Animals

Sixty systemically ill hospitalized client‐owned dogs and 14 healthy control dogs.

Methods

Randomized investigator‐blinded, placebo‐controlled prospective study. Dogs were randomized to treatment with NAC (n = 30) versus placebo (n = 30). Antioxidants, urine 8‐isoprostane/creatinine (IP/Cr), and clinical score were determined before and after treatment with NAC. Glutathione, cysteine, and vitamin E concentrations were quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify selenium and isoprostane concentrations, respectively.

Results

Ill dogs had significantly lower vitamin E concentrations (27 versus 55 μg/mL; P = .0005) as well as elevated IP/Cr ratios (872 versus 399 pg/mg; P = .0007) versus healthy dogs. NAC supplementation significantly increased plasma cysteine (8.67 versus 15.1 μM; P < .0001) while maintaining glutathione concentrations. Dogs in the placebo group experienced a statistically significant decrease in glutathione concentrations (1.49 versus 1.44 mM; P = .0463). Illness severity and survival were unchanged after short duration NAC supplementation.

Conclusions

Ill dogs experience systemic oxidative stress. Supplementation with NAC during the first 48 hours of hospitalization stabilized erythrocyte glutathione concentrations. The clinical impact of this supplementation and glutathione concentration stabilization was undetermined.     

奶牛氧化应激研究进展

高产奶牛更容易发生氧化应激,氧化应激可以导致生物学大分子和生物膜系统的破坏,并可以增加炎症反应时的组织损伤：奶牛氧化应激的产生除了与机体的生理状态、健康状况和饲料成分有关外,环境因素也会引起氧化应激。目前主要通过饲喂抗氧化添加剂来预防奶牛氧化应激。     

能量平衡对围产期奶牛泌乳和干物质摄入量及机体代谢的影响

为了阐明不同能量平衡状况的围产期奶牛泌乳量、干物质摄入的变化及其机体代谢调节作用。在某一集约化牛场选取胎次、年龄相近的奶牛,分为高血糖组(H)和低血糖组(L),每组各15头。在产前21、14、7d和分娩当天,产后7、14、21d,分别记录奶牛围产期干物质摄入量(DMI)、泌乳量(MY),并测定血浆血糖(Glu)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、胰岛素(Ins)、胰高血糖素(Gn)、瘦蛋白(Lp)、皮质醇(Cor)的浓度。结果显示,试验奶牛产后泌乳量和干物质摄入量均增加,但是产后能量负平衡发生率高于产前,产后21d达最高;两组产后血浆Glu水平均降低,血浆NEFA和BHBA升高,L组血浆NEFA和BH-BA水平高于H组(P0.05);H组血浆Ins与Lp水平高于L组(P0.05),血浆Gn与Cor水平低于L组(P0.05)。围产期不同能量平衡状态的奶牛机体能量代谢发生了各自适应性的变化。血浆低水平Ins、Lp和高水平Cor在缓解能量负平衡方面发挥了重要作用。     

Form of Vitamin E Supplementation Affects Oxidative and Inflammatory Response in Exercising Horses

Vitamin E is an essential antioxidant that may benefit athletes by reducing oxidative stress and influencing cytokine expression. Supplements can be derived from natural or manufactured synthetic sources. This study aimed to determine (1) if supplemental vitamin E is beneficial to exercising horses and (2) if there is a benefit of natural versus synthetic vitamin E. After 2 weeks on the control diet (vitamin E–deficient grain and hay), 18 horses were divided into three groups and fed the control diet plus (1) 1000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-L), (2) 4000 IU/d synthetic α-tocopherol (SYN-H), or (3) 4000 IU/d RRR-α-tocopherol (natural source [NAT]). On day 7, horses began a 6-week training protocol, with standard exercise tests (SETs) performed before and after the 6-week protocol. Venous blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 29, and 49. Horses fed NAT had higher α-tocopherol (P < .05) at post-SET1 through post-SET2. Plasma thiobarbituric acid–reactive substance levels were lower in NAT versus SYN-L horses after SET2 (P = .02). Serum aspartate aminotransferase was lower after exercise in NAT horses versus SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02), and less reduction in stride duration was seen after exercise in NAT as compared with SYN-L and SYN-H (P = .02). Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor α was lower in NAT compared with SYN-H (P = .01) but not SYN-L. In conclusion, feeding higher levels of natural vitamin E source resulted in higher serum α-tocopherol levels as well as some improvement in oxidative and inflammatory response and improved functional outcomes in response to an exercise test.     

过瘤胃维生素D对围产期奶牛低血钙症的影响

为了阐明日粮添加过瘤胃维生素D对围产期奶牛低钙血症的调控机制,在某集约化奶牛场选取40头奶牛,随机分为4组,对照组(C)饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别于产前10d至分娩后10d在日粮中每天添加1.5、3.0、6.0g/头过瘤胃维生素D。对4组试验奶牛围产期(分别于产前10、7、3、0d和产后3、7、10d)血清维生素D3(1,25-(OH)2D3)、钙、羟脯氨酸、甲状旁腺素和降钙素水平进行检测。结果表明,围产期奶牛血钙水平分娩时达最低,产后逐渐上升,且产前7d至产后10d对照组奶牛血钙浓度显著低于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05);分娩当天试验Ⅰ组奶牛血浆中1,25-(OH)2D3、羟脯氨酸和降钙素水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),甲状旁腺素水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。提示,日粮中每天添加1.5g/头过瘤胃维生素D能调节甲状旁腺素和降钙素等激素的分泌,促进肠道对钙的吸收,动员骨钙,从而防止奶牛产后低钙血的发生,且围产期奶牛低血钙症与机体血钙稳态调节作用密切关联。     

干奶期奶牛乳房炎防控

乳房炎是影响奶牛健康、牛奶产量及品质、造成牧场经济损失最严重的疾病之一。约2个月的干奶期是防治奶牛乳房炎最关键的时期。本文基于干奶期的乳腺变化,分析干奶期乳房炎高发原因,提出全群及选择性干奶治疗、乳头末端保护方法、营养及卫生方面的饲养管理方法,为防控奶牛乳房炎、提高牛群生产表现及牧场经济效益提供科学参考。