不同秸秆处理鸡粪后氨气排放及恶臭强度现场评估

本研究利用不同秸秆覆盖,并辅助喷洒EM菌剂处理来观察鸡粪氨气排放的影响,并在现场进行鸡粪恶臭强度评估.采用单因子设计,分为10个处理组,单独鸡粪组为对照A组,鸡粪+菌剂组为B组,其它C～J组分别选取不同材料,包括锯末、麦秸、玉米秸、细沙土等,按鸡粪重量的5％比例来覆盖,一些组另外辅助喷洒EM菌剂进行处理.定期测定各组氨气、二氧化碳质量浓度连续5d.设计调查表,邀请12名有关专家根据嗅觉来赋值的方法进行恶臭强度现场评估.结果表明,和对照组相比,采用秸秆材料尤其是麦秸覆盖后各组氨气质量浓度显著下降(P＜0.05),但二氧化碳质量浓度各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).经过12名专家现场评估,认为采用麦秸覆盖组恶臭强度最低,而辅助喷洒EM菌剂对恶臭强度的影响效果不一致.     

不同清粪机械对兔舍内空气环境质量的影响

为评价刮板式清粪机和传送带式清粪机对兔舍内空气环境质量的影响效果,选取除清粪机械不同外,兔只数、兔生长阶段、风机数量、建筑形式均相同的两栋兔舍,分别在2018年4月连续一周对两类兔舍中的温度、相对湿度、氨气(NH3)、二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、粉尘、硫化氢(H2S)浓度进行检测。(1)兔舍外、刮板式舍和传送带式舍的温度分别为17.79℃、18.39℃、18.43℃,舍外与舍内温度差异不显著(P>0.05),刮板式舍与传送带式舍内温度差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)兔舍外、刮板式舍和传送带式舍的湿度分别为50.17%、50.3%、48.99%,舍外与舍内湿度差异不显著(P>0.05),刮板式舍与传送带式舍内湿度差异不显著(P>0.05);(3)刮板式舍和传送带式舍内NH3、CO2、粉尘的浓度分别为2.99mg/m^3、813.40mg/m^3、0.31mg/m^3和2.13mg/m^3、614.13mg/m^3、0.31mg/m^3,传送带式舍内NH3和CO2浓度显著低于刮板式舍(P<0.05);未检出H2S、CH4。     

保育猪舍和育肥猪舍粪污管理方式对冬季舍内空气环境的影响

本试验选用不同的保育及育肥猪舍，通过分别控制保育及育肥舍日清粪次数、猪只日龄及清粪方式设计了4组试验，分别探究保育舍日清粪次数、猪只日龄及育肥舍日清粪次数、清粪方式对猪舍内环境的影响，尤其是对NH3浓度的影响。结果表明：保育舍的日清粪次数对温湿度及有害气体浓度影响没有显著差异，增加育肥舍的日清粪次数可以显著降低舍内NH3浓度，而清粪次数过于频繁也使得舍内CO2浓度上升；随着猪的日龄增长，舍内的温湿度及有害气体浓度均有所增加；采用不同清粪方式的育肥舍中，水冲粪尿沟的育肥舍内NH3浓度显著低于只冲粪沟的猪舍。因此在猪舍的粪污管理中要注意及时清理粪尿沟，随着猪只日龄增加适当加强舍内通风，维持冬季猪舍良好的生长环境需求。     

饲用除臭剂组合对肉鸡生产性能、机体氮代谢和舍内氨气浓度的影响

试验旨在探讨改性蒙脱石、丝兰提取物、益生菌组成的饲用除臭剂组合对肉鸡生产性能、机体氮代谢和舍内氨气浓度的影响。630只1日龄肉雏鸡随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每重复70只。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组在基础日粮之上添加150mg/kg益生菌和125 mg/kg丝兰提取物,试验Ⅱ组在Ⅰ组日粮的基础上再添加2 000 mg/kg改性蒙脱石,试验共56 d。结果显示:与对照组比,试验Ⅱ组显著提高了肉鸡全期日增重和饲料转化率(P0.05),改善效果在生长后期表现尤为明显;试验组均有效地降低了鸡舍氨气浓度(P0.05);在生长后期,试验组皆降低了盲肠内容物尿酸、尿素氮水平和粪中尿素氮含量(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组还降低了粪中尿酸含量(P0.05)。以上结果表明,饲用复合益生菌、丝兰提取物和改性蒙脱石组合能有效调节鸡体氮代谢,降低鸡舍氨气浓度,并改善肉鸡生长性能和饲料利用状况。     

降低鸡粪氨释放的微生物研究

氨气(NH3)是蛋鸡生产环境中最主要的恶臭气体,减少鸡舍内NH3等恶臭气体的浓度能有效改善蛋鸡的生产环境,提高生产性能,保障鸡群健康.为获得有较好抑氨效果的微生物,本文采用富集培养的方法,从蛋鸡粪便中分离到20株细菌,经筛选后得到一株目标菌B3,能将蛋鸡粪释放的NH3浓度降低32.22%;通过使用氨气检测管测定添加有菌...     

畜禽舍氨气排放规律及对畜禽健康的危害

随着畜禽养殖规模的不断增加和集约化养殖方式的快速发展,大量畜禽粪尿集中排放。挥发的氨气(NH3)不仅对环境造成巨大污染,同时也严重影响畜禽的健康,诱发各种疾病,导致生产性能下降。因此,分析畜禽的氨气排放规律及其对畜禽生产和健康的影响,对控制畜禽舍氨气浓度具有重要意义。本文主要阐述了畜禽舍氨气排放影响因素,以及氨气排放规律;分析了氨气对畜禽健康的影响及其对机体的损伤机理,为规模化畜禽生产提供参考。     

水帘和半封闭蛋鸡舍内微生物、氨气浓度比较研究

为比较南方高温高湿气候下水帘蛋鸡舍和半封闭蛋鸡舍内微生物、氨气的分布规律,2栋存栏分别为5 000只产蛋鸡的水帘舍和半封闭鸡舍内,人工清粪,分产蛋初期、高峰期与下降期监测舍内空气中微生物和氨气;每栋鸡舍共9个采样区,试验期25周.结果表明,产蛋初期,舍内空气中细菌总数和大肠杆菌数在两舍之间差异不显著;产蛋高峰期和下降期,细菌总数和大肠杆菌数均表现为水帘舍显著高于半封闭合,水帘鸡舍中风机端显著高于中部和水帘端.产蛋下降期半封闭鸡舍内平均氨气浓度显著高于水帘鸡舍.提示,在人工清粪(不设粪沟)的水帘蛋鸡舍内,需注意改进清粪系统和加强消毒,以提高生物安全.     

不同粪尿收集工艺对猪舍内环境参数影响研究

在全环境控制条件下,对采用水泡粪工艺与刮粪工艺的猪舍内环境参数进行对比研究。结果表明,妊娠舍内温度采用水泡粪工艺较刮粪工艺高2.67℃,妊娠舍的二氧化碳(CO 2)浓度差异不显著,分娩舍的CO 2浓度水泡粪工艺比刮粪工艺低48%(P<0.01);水泡粪妊娠舍、分娩舍氨气(NH 3)浓度分别比刮粪工艺低60%(P<0.01)、71%(P<0.01)。由此可知,通过全环境控制技术,可平衡不同的粪尿收集工艺对猪舍内环境环境参数影响。在该研究中,有部分猪舍的环境参数不在舒适范围内,建议定期测定猪舍环境参数,并根据结果适时调节舍内环境参数,使猪只生活在舒适的舍内环境中。     

规模化半封闭式猪场舍内颗粒物、氨气和二氧化碳分布规律

旨在分析探究规模化猪场舍内颗粒物、氨气和二氧化碳的排放分布特点。试验选取了江苏省靖江市一个半封闭式现代化猪场作为试验猪场,分别监测了保育、育肥舍不同位置(南、北、前、后、外)和不同高度(0.5、1.0及1.5 m)的颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)与NH3和CO2浓度、温度、相对湿度、光照强度以及风速等。每个舍连续监测3 d,监测时间段为07:00~19:00,每2 h监测一次,全天监测7次。结果显示:猪场舍内颗粒物与有害气体浓度随着舍内湿帘、风机开启与否及猪体的运动情况呈现出规律性的变化;喂料与风机开启阶段,颗粒物浓度呈现升高和降低的相反趋势;舍内TSP浓度及NH3浓度分别最高达到0.822 mg/m3和12.01 mg/m3。猪舍内中部位置的TSP及NH3、CO2浓度均显著性高于四周靠窗位置(P0.05);猪场舍内颗粒物(TSP和PM10)显著高于舍外(P0.05)。研究表明:半封闭式猪场舍内颗粒物与NH3和CO2呈规律性变化,通风量、温湿度及猪体的活动量等均会影响猪舍内颗粒物及NH3和CO2的浓度,舍外空气质量明显好于养殖舍内。     

封闭式肉种鸡舍内夏季和冬季环境参数监测与分析对比

旨在通过监测和分析对比封闭式肉种鸡舍冬季和夏季环境参数的变化情况,从而为季节性调节鸡舍内环境参数提供数据基础。试验在江苏省常州市某封闭式肉种鸡舍进行,试验鸡舍内设7个监测位置,包含5个不同的水平位置和3个不同高度(前、中、后、上、下、南、北),分别在冬季(2016年12月)和夏季(2017年7月)连续监测7 d,每天5:00~21:00每2 h监测1次舍内温度、相对湿度、风速、光照强度、颗粒物(PM)浓度、氨气(NH3)和二氧化碳(CO2)浓度,每天监测9次。结果表明:夏季鸡舍内的温度、相对湿度、风速和光照均极显著高于冬季(P0.01),而PM浓度、NH3和CO2浓度均极显著低于冬季(P0.01);喂料等人为行为和鸡的活动可引起PM浓度升高,关灯后不同粒径PM浓度均下降;夏季和冬季鸡舍内风速均与NH3和CO2浓度呈显著负相关关系;夏季母鸡产蛋率显著高于冬季(P0.01),但孵化率没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:夏季封闭式鸡舍内空气质量较冬季更好,鸡的活动会引起PM浓度上升,鸡舍内风速显著影响NH3和CO2浓度,封闭式肉种鸡舍内夏季母鸡产蛋率高于冬季。     

笼养蛋鸡养殖环境指标调查分析

通过对江苏地区3个笼养蛋鸡场养殖环境的现场调查,了解和分析蛋鸡的养殖环境参数,为今后合理科学控制鸡舍环境提供参考依据。调查结果表明,饲养设备与饲养管理措施对蛋鸡舍内环境指标影响较大,也间接影响蛋鸡的生产性能。采用层叠式蛋鸡笼的鸡舍环境指标低于阶梯式,如有害气体浓度值较高(层叠式:CO2:658.88mg/kg,NH3:4.00mg/kg;阶梯式:CO2:587.75mg/kg,NH3:1.20mg/kg),密闭式鸡舍较半密闭式能更有效地降低外环境影响,维持舍内环境指标值的稳定与可控性。     

无水氨、尿素氨化秸秆饲喂肉牛的效果

为了评价无水氨、尿素氨化麦秸、玉米秸饲喂肉牛的效果,用42头肉用生长母牛及阉牛进行了80天饲养试验。试验开始牛平均体重为135公斤,按随机区组设计分为7组,占干物质3％的无水氨氨化麦秸组(WA)、占干物质5.4％的尿素加大豆粉氨化麦秸组(WUS)、麦秸组(W);占干物质3％的无水氨氨化玉米秸组(CA)、占干物质5.4％的尿素加大豆粉氨化玉米秸组(CUS)、占干物质5.4％的尿素氨化玉米秸组(CU)、玉米秸组(C).各组牛秸秆自由采食,混合精料按体重的1％喂给。为了平衡日粮粗蛋白质水平,W组及C组每日每头分别加喂32克和37克尿素。试验结果表明:秸秆经氨化处理后含氮量提高88-151％,肉牛采食每公斤秸秆干物质的时间显著缩短。WA组、WUS组、W组、CA组CUS组、CU组和C组的日增重分别为0.66、0.54、0.52、0.57、0.63、0.56、0.48公斤(P<0.01)。添加大豆脲酶对尿素氨化玉米秸的效果无明显影响。     

The effect of straw in ground and pelleted form on the rumen fermentation and protozoa]

Cows possessing a large ruminal fistula were fed straw meal and pelleted wheat straw to investigate its effect on ruminal fermentation (concentration of NH3 and volatile fatty acids (FFS), pH, molar proportions of FFS, rates of FFS production) and on the protozoa population. The straw-concentrate mixture used in the present trial contained 40% of straw. The feeding of pelleted straw produced a significant rise in FFS concentrations (from 8.8. to 12.3 mMole/100 ml) and a corresponding decline of pH (from 6.7 to 6.1). With high molar proportions of acetate (72 mole%) the influence of the straw diet on molar FFS proportions was low. The NH3 peak observed 1 hr after feeding was higher with the pelleted straw than with the straw meal. The feeding of finely gound straw produced a higher level of FFS production (by 10%) than that of straw pellets. (3.88 and 4.29 mMole per gm DM). The number of protozoa (per ml of ruminal fluid) was 335,000 (straw meal) and 121,833 (pellets). The number of large infusorial cells (Isotricha, Diplodinium, Ophryoscolex) decreased correspondingly from 70,000 (straw meal) to 18,870 per ml (pellets). These results suggest that the feeding of pelleted straw-concentrate mixtures to cows as sole feed will not bring about optimum conditions for ruminal fermentation (FFS formation, protein synthesis) and for the layering of ruminal contents.     

广西鸡舍内主要环境因子变化对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

为了解广西鸡舍内主要环境因子变化对蛋鸡生产性能的影响,本试验以全封闭笼养蛋鸡舍为对象,于2018年04月-2018年5月,每天监测鸡舍内环境的温度、相对湿度、CO2、NH3、H2S、SO2浓度变化,测定点设在鸡舍的前中后位置,每隔3 d测定鸡舍内细菌的总数,并分析各种环境因子与蛋鸡生产性能的相关性。结果显示,4月份和5月份蛋鸡舍内的温度与相对湿度均呈正相关关系,与CO2和NH3浓度均呈负相关关系(P<0.01),温度在29.1℃~30.2℃时,温度与产蛋率呈显著负相关(P<0.05);日均相对湿度与日均CO2浓度均呈负相关关系(P<0.01),5月份日均相对湿度与舍内日均NH3浓度呈负相关关系(P<0.05);4月份和5月份舍内日均CO2浓度与NH3浓度呈正相关关系;舍内温度、相对湿度、CO2浓度和NH3浓度与鸡舍内环境空气细菌总量有一定相关性;鸡舍内环境空气细菌总量与日均蛋鸡淘汰率、日均破蛋率相关关系不明显。试验表明,全封闭鸡舍内温度的升高对本地蛋鸡的产蛋率有显著影响,应及时调整通风和降温措施,以免影响蛋鸡的产蛋率。     

新型饲料添加剂对稻草对牛瘤胃降解特性影响的研究

以3头装有瘤胃瘘管的湖北本地黄牛为实验动物 ,研究了在以稻草为主的日粮条件下 ,补喂SL添加剂和B(SL)舔块对稻草干物质(DM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)瘤胃降解率的影响 ,同时测定了瘤胃液的 pH和氨氮浓度。结果表明 :添加SL后 ,加快了稻草的消化速度 ;饲喂B(SL)后 ,显著加快了稻草的消化速度(P<0.01) ,明显提高了稻草DM和NDF降解率(P<0.05) ;添加SL或B(SL)舔块后 ,瘤胃液pH有下降趋势 ,但差异不显著 ;2种舔加剂均显著降低采食4h内的瘤胃液氨氮浓度(P<0.01) ,并使氨氮浓度曲线趋于平缓 ,说明有效提高了瘤胃微生物对降解氮的转化能力。     

Influence of various nesting materials on nest site selection of the domestic hen

Nesting behaviour of LSL hens from a deep litter house and from a battery system was compared. Every hen was tested in one of two trial chambers containing a wire mesh floor and a nest unit with 5 nesting materials: wire mesh, perforated plastic, synthetic grass, wheat straw and oat husk. Wheat straw and oat husk were preferred as nesting materials to perforated plastic, synthetic grass and wire mesh. The results from these trials were confirmed in a deep litter house. After the nesting material, oat husk, was changed in two of 10 communal nests the hens did not accept those two nests for the trial period of two weeks and laid elsewhere. Hens of the same breed and age reared together on deep litter showed no differences in nest site selection and nesting behaviour regardless of whether they had previously been housed in a deep litter house or in cages.     

Studies on nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 5. Metabolism of intra-cecally infused 15N-urea without and with fermentable material in heifers

Six heifers with a live weight of 215, 227 and 238 kg (experiment 1) and 220, 227 and 233 kg, resp. (experiment 2), were supplied with ileocaecal re-entrance cannulae, jugular venous catheters and bladder catheters. The ration consisted of 4 kg maize silage and 4 kg wheat straw pellets per animal per day. Up to 3.5 kg of the straw pellets, consisting of 73% wheat straw, 10% barley, 12% molasses, NPN salts and a mineral mixture, were consumed per animal per day. In a preliminary period 50% of the digesta flow was collected over 12 h/d on 5 consecutive days and stored in a deep-freeze. During the main trial the re-entrance cannula was disrupted and the flowing digesta were quantitatively collected at the end of the ileum; previously collected digesta were supplemented with 15N urea and every hour over 24 h infused into the caecal part of the re-entrance cannula. Between the 24th and 30th hours the digesta were infused without 15N urea supplement. In trial 2 the digesta were also supplemented with partly hydrolysed straw meal between the 1st and 30th hours (approximately 10% straw meal DM related to digesta DM). There were no differences between trials 1 and 2 with regard to the increase of atom-% 15N excess (15N') in the plasma urea. The 15N labelling decrease of the plasma urea N shows that the half-life is 7.9 h in trial 1 and 7.0 h in trial 2. The NH3 nitrogen in faeces was distinctly higher labelled in trial 2 after the supplement of straw meal than in trial 1. The total N in faeces was also twice as highly labelled as in trial 1. Atom-% 15N' in urine was significantly higher in trial 2 than in trial 1 between the 6th and 16th hours after the beginning of 15N urea supplementation. In the decrease curve of atom-% 15N' (after the 26th hour of trial) the values in trial 1 were generally higher than in trial 2. The higher bacterial protein synthesis in the large intestine in trial 2 (after the supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal) had the effect that 13.6% of the supplemented 15N' was excreted in faeces by the 30th hour of trial, in contrast to this only 4.7% in group 1. Up to the 4th day after the 15N urea infusion these values increased to 16.2 and 6.1%, resp., only.     

亚硫酸铵对稻草瘤胃有效降解率的影响

用0%、4%、8%的亚硫酸铵处理稻草,水分调至45%,填紧压实,密封保存于贮罐内1个月,然后用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定稻草有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明:4%、8%的亚硫酸铵可显著提高(P<0.01)稻草中CP、S元素含量,分别提高CP83.80%、174%,S370%、465%;显著降低(P<0.01)NDF、ADF含量,分别降低NDF5.48%、6.98%,ADF3.94%、14.16%。可显著提高(P<0.01)稻草中DM、OM有效降解率,其中8%亚硫酸铵分别提高DM、OM有效降解率12.57%、13.11%,显著降低(P<0.01)NDF有效降解率13.54%。     

迁移式鸡舍对肉鸡生长性能及舍内环境的影响

试验选取880羽21日龄岭南三黄鸡,随机分成2组,每组4个重复。其中对照组在传统的固定鸡舍内饲养,试验组在迁移式鸡舍组内饲养。旨在研究迁移式鸡舍对肉鸡生长性能及空气指标的影响。结果表明:迁移鸡舍组和传统鸡舍组平均日增重分别为28.05 g和27.84 g(P>0.05),饲料增重比分别为3.10和3.13(P>0.05)。在舍内空气环境指标方面,迁移式、传统鸡舍内日平均温度分别为11.22、9.96℃;隔日测定氨气浓度分别平均为2.98、2.70μg/mL,均未超过规定的安全浓度(5～20μg/mL)。因此迁移式鸡舍能够替代传统的固定鸡合并推广。