黑皮质素受体-4:生物学特征、作用机理和影响因素

黑皮质素受体4(MC4R)是G-蛋白耦联受体(GPCR),是下丘脑分泌的一种肽类物质,在调控动物采食量中起着重要的作用。MC4R与阿黑皮质素原(POMC)分泌的α-促黑素(α-MSH)结合,激活下丘脑MC4R神经元的表达,从而抑制采食量。本文综述了MC4R的生物学特征及其在动物采食量调控中的作用机理,并阐述了影响MC4R活性的因素。     

环颈雉和花尾榛鸡MC4R基因的克隆和序列分析

MC4R是由下丘脑腹内侧核分泌的神经受体,参与调节动物的体重、采食量和能量稳态。根据MC4R在物种间高度保守和只含有一个外显子的特点,参考鸡MC4R序列设计引物,利用PCR法克隆了环颈雉和花尾榛鸡MC4R的全长编码区。结果表明:环颈雉和花尾榛鸡MC4R都由331个氨基酸残基组成,二者相比只有2个氨基酸的差异,都含有7个跨膜结构,具有完全相同的结构功能域,都是疏水性蛋白;同源性分析显示MC4R高度保守,鸟类间、哺乳动物间氨基酸水平的同源性都在90%以上。表明MC4R在进化过程中承受着较大的选择压力,在动物的生长发育过程中具有极其重要的作用。     

哺乳动物黑素皮质素受体-4基因多态性研究进展

黑素皮质素受体-4(Melanocortinreceptor-4,MC4R)是下丘脑腹内侧核分泌的一类肽类物质,由中枢神经系统中的多个神经元群体表达,在哺乳动物体重以及能量平衡的调节中发挥重要作用。该基因可作为哺乳动物体重或生长性状的候选功能基因,且基因内存在多个与哺乳动物生长性状关联的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)。文章对哺乳动物MC4R基因及其SNP对动物生长性状的影响进行简要综述,以期为MC4R基因SNPs的相关研究提供参考。     

黑素皮质素受体4(MC4R)基因多态性与动物生长性能的相关性研究

黑素皮质素受体4(Melanocortin 4 receptor,MC4R)是G蛋白偶联受体(G Protein coupled receptors,GPCRs)超家族的一个成员,在动物的体重、能量稳态和采食量的调控中具有重要作用。综述了MC4R基因的结构与定位、生物学功能以及MC4R基因与动物生长性能的相关性研究进展。     

MC4R基因研究进展

黑素皮质素受体-4(melanocortin-4 receptor,MC4R)是下丘脑腹内侧核分泌的一类肽类物质,为黑素皮质素受体家族5个亚型(MC1-5R)之一。在哺乳动物中,MC4R具有介导瘦蛋白(leptin)的功能,是一个调节能量平衡与能量动态平衡的重要信号分子,可与其内源性配体黑素皮质素激素(melanocortin,MC)或刺鼠色蛋白(agouti protein,agouti蛋白)和agouti相关蛋白(agouti related protein,AGRP)相结合,从而在控制食欲和体重稳态中起关键作用。因此,MC4R在人类肥胖研究中作为重要的调节因子倍受关注。最近有研究表明:MC4R的1232位点的G→A的突变与绵羊背膘厚度间存在关联,AG和AA型较GG型具有较高的背膘厚度。     

鹅黑素皮质素受体-4基因的克隆与序列分析

黑素皮质素受体-4（Melanocortin receptor-4,MC4R）是其黑素皮质素受体MCR（MC1-5R）家族成员之一,属G蛋白偶联受体。它可与瘦蛋白、神经肽、α-黑素细胞刺激素等一起调节动物体重和采食量。参考鸡MC4R基因序列设计引物,克隆并测序了鹅MC4R基因。结果表明,鹅MC4R基因编码区全长996 bp,其核苷酸序列与鸡的同源性为95.3%,与人、牛、猪等哺乳动物同源性在75%-79%;其氨基酸序列与鸡的同源性达到98.5%。构建哺乳类、鸟类和鱼类MC4R基因核苷酸进化树显示,鹅较早地与哺乳类动物分化开来。分析MC4R蛋白的氨基酸残基特性参数表明,MC4R的7次跨膜结构与MC4R的亲水性区域、电荷密度以及氨基酸残基位于表面概率的变化规律相一致。     

鹌鹑黑素皮质素受体-4基因的克隆与序列分析

黑素皮质素受体-4(MC4R)是G蛋白偶联受体超家族的一个成员,在人、鼠和鸡的体重、能量稳态和采食量的调控中具有重要作用。实验根据GenBank中鸡MC4R基因全序列设计9对引物,对北京白羽蛋用鹌鹑和法国沙维玛特肉用鹌鹑MC4R基因序列进行PCR扩增及克隆测序,获得的序列长度分别为2154bp和2152bp。结果表明:所测的两段序列经GenBank中的Blast分析与鸡MC4R基因同源性均为97%;在MC4R基因核苷酸水平上,北京白羽蛋用鹌鹑与法国沙维玛特肉用鹌鹑的同源性为99.11%;在MC4R)基因氨基酸水平上两品种鹌鹑同源性也很高。     

比格犬MC3R和MC4R基因多态性与体重相关性的研究

犬体重是重要的经济性状,为探讨犬MC3R和MC4R基因多态性与犬体重性状的关系,本研究利用PCR-R FLP、AS-PCR方法对120只比格犬MC4R基因T101N位点,MC3R基因的A167T位点,G291A位点的不同基因型与体重的关系进行最小二乘分析、结果表明:对于MC4R基因NN基因型的比格犬体重显著高于其他2个基因型(P<0.05),而MC3R基因中TT和AA基因型的比格犬体重则显著高于其他2个基因型(P<0.05)。在MC4R基因型一致时,NNTT和NNAA基因型的犬体重显著高于其他合并基因型(P<0.01),NNTTAA合并基因型的犬体重最高,MMAAGG基因型犬体重最低。实验结果表明,MC3R和MC4R基因可以作为犬体型的候选基因,可筛选MC3R和MC4R合并基因型的犬用于培育不同体重的犬。     

猪黑素皮质素受体-4基因在成纤维细胞中的沉默研究

黑素皮质素受体-4(melanocortin receptor-4,MC4R)、黑素皮质素受体-3(melanocortin receptor-3,MC3R)、瘦素(Leptin)和缩胆囊素受体(cholecystokinin A receptor,CCKAR)基因均是与采食量相关的功能基因,为了研究这4个基因之间可能存在的互作关系,本研究采用RNAi方法,将体外培养的成纤维细胞中的MC4R基因沉默,然后采用Real-time PCR方法对Leptin、MC3R和CCKAR基因的表达变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,MC4R被沉默后,Leptin、MC3R和CCKAR的表达水平均没有发生显著变化。     

黑皮质素受体4对采食和能量代谢调控机制的研究进展

黑皮质素受体(MCRs)有5种亚型(MC1R~MC5R),在机体各组织中分布,具有不同的生理功能。其中主要参与采食和能量代谢调节的受体是黑皮质素受体4(MC4R),它能够通过多条信号通路调节采食和能量代谢,并且在由MC4R突变体介导的2条信号传导通路中观察到由同一配体引起的偏置信号传导。本文综述了MC4R对动物采食和能量代谢的调控作用及机制,并阐述了MC4R突变对其功能的影响。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。