瘤背石磺人工繁育关键技术的研究

研究了瘤背石磺亲体在不同温度、盐度下受精卵的孵化及不同开口饵料、不同附着基对浮游幼虫的培育和附着效果。结果表明,不同饵料对亲体的成活率无显著影响,各组成活率均超过95%;在(27±1)℃、不换水条件下,5、10、15、20、25、30的各盐度组中,以15、20盐度组的孵化率最高,分别为96.4%、95.8%;在盐度15、不换水条件下,(24±1)(、27±1)、(30±1)、(33±1)℃温度组,受精卵产出后至孵化出膜的时间分别需319、297、2862、78 h;采用自制孵化框漂浮式孵化,孵化率高达98%;不同开口饵料试验结果表明,金藻投喂组幼体成活率最高,为87.5%;不同附着基附着培养试验10 d后,悬浮球填料组的成活率最高,达90%,且个体整齐、生长速度快,而铺泥组为43%,不加附着基组仅38%。     

不同饵料对拟穴青蟹Scylla paramamosian后期幼体变态及成活率的影响

实验条件下研究了不同生物饵料种类对拟穴青蟹后期蚤状幼体生长发育的影响。结果表明：Z3~Z4阶段分别投喂初孵卤虫无节幼体、活体桡足类以及冰冻桡足类的3个实验组的培育成活率无显著差异,均在90%以上,但投喂卤虫无节幼体实验组的变态时间间隔缩短一天;Z4~Z5和Z5~M阶段,投喂活体桡足类实验组的培育成活率分别为95.72%和89.66%,Z3~M累计成活率达到80.18%,比投喂卤虫无节幼体实验组各发育阶段的培育成活率分别提高1.07%、6.09%和7.11%;比投喂冰冻桡足类实验组分别提高0.92%、5.14%和6.27%;3个实验组Z3~M所需天数,除投喂冰冻桡足类实验组为10 d外,其余两组均为9 d。实验结果可为丰富青蟹苗种培育的生物饵料种类和开展土池育苗生产提供有益的参考。     

饵料、盐度对金乌贼幼体生长的影响

针对金乌贼（Sepia esculenta Hoyle）幼体培育困难的技术问题,以不同的饵料组合投喂金乌贼幼体。试验结果显示,卤虫幼体、配合饲料、糠虾、小虾、冰鲜鱼虾饵料组能满足其正常生长营养需求,60d成活率可达67％。通过金乌贼幼体在不同盐度水体培育下成活率的测定,确定其可在盐度24～37的水域正常存活。     

哈氏仿对虾人工海水繁育技术初步研究

为研究哈氏仿对虾人工育苗技术,对从浙江近海捕获的性腺发育成熟的野生哈氏仿对虾进行了人工海水繁育试验。试验期间水温处于自然温度下,盐度控制在21~28,投喂生物饵料,亲本经过驯化和强化培育后顺利产卵,共计获得受精卵约40.88万粒;孵化出无节幼体30.2万尾,孵化率为73.9 %;经过25 d的培育,获得体长1.5 cm的虾苗20.1万尾,苗种培育成活率为66.56 %。     

牟氏角毛藻和海洋红酵母对玉足海参浮游幼体发育、生长及成活率的影响

研究了利用牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)和海洋红酵母(Rhodotorula sp.)单独投喂和按照一定比例混合投喂对玉足海参浮游幼体生长、发育以及成活率的影响。将牟氏角毛藻液与海洋红酵母稀释液按照4：0、3：1、2：2、1：3和0：4的体积比混合后投喂玉足海参浮游幼体,依次标记为A、B、C、D和E组。结果表明,仅投喂角毛藻的A组幼体的生长和发育速度最快,实验开始后该组幼体可以在第10 d进入大耳幼体阶段,第18 d进入樽形幼体阶段;同时,A组幼体的成活率最高,至实验结束时其平均成活率为58.73±2.75%。相比之下,整个实验过程中D和E组幼体一直停滞在小耳幼体阶段,且无法形成球状体;其中E组幼体的体长一直呈负增长状态,至实验结束时其平均成活率仅为22.22±5.50%。总体来说,随着饵料中海洋红酵母比例的增加,玉足海参浮游幼体的生长、发育及成活率均受到不利影响。因此,海洋红酵母并不适合作为替代饵料用于玉足海参浮游幼体培育。     

广东池塘培育四指马鲅亲鱼初次性成熟和苗种规模化繁育技术研究

于2015年6月~9月在广东珠海对人工孵化和培育的2龄四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)亲鱼的初次性成熟和产卵情况以及苗种规模化全人工繁育技术进行了系统的观察和研究。结果显示,实验期间培育亲鱼2 000余尾,成熟率93%以上。成熟亲鱼的体质量雌雄之间差异较大,雌鱼性腺指数(GSI)为1.03%~6.05%,雄鱼GSI为0.26%~1.76%。雌鱼产卵类型为一年产卵1次,分批成熟、分批产卵,初次性成熟的产卵期从2015年6月13日~9月30日。共计产卵75.0×106粒,受精率为72%~95%,胚胎发育在盐度27~28.8、温度29~31℃、p H 8.1~8.3条件下历时13 h 52 min,孵化率为58%~95%。仔鱼在室内培育,投喂小球藻和轮虫,5~7 d后转移到室外土池进行培育,7 d后投喂小球藻、轮虫、枝角类和桡足类幼体。第25天起投喂卤虫无节幼体,第30天起投喂粉状配合饲料并逐渐过渡到投喂人工颗粒饲料。从2015年7月23日开始至9月30日累计培育出子二代苗15.0×106尾,平均成活率为25.0%。综合亲鱼产卵和幼苗育成情况,认为该鱼全人工繁育的技术关键在于如何培育优质的亲鱼以及育苗过程中水质的控制和适口饵料选择及其适时更换。     

提高河蟹育苗成活率技术研究

采用逐步降低培育用水盐度,合理控制培育密度,严格掌握饵料投喂量,蚤状Ⅰ期投喂烫死的卤虫无节幼体,蚤状Ⅴ期幼体变态时投喂充足的成体卤虫等措施,提高了河蟹育苗成活率和单位水体出苗量。结果：在５００ｍ＾中,５６０只亲蟹一次出苗２０５．６ｋｇ,变态成大眼幼体１４０．６ｋｇ,成活率２３．４％,平均每立方米水体出苗０．４ｋｇ。     

不同饵料对锯缘青蟹幼体发育的影响

锯缘青蟹幼体培育实验表明在幼体培育过程中,单投轮虫、卤虫、人工饵料及藻类幼体的发育并不理想,均在某个变态阶段受阻.人工饵料和藻类在投喂的第四天已全部死亡.但适当添加人工饵料及藻类以几种饵料混合投喂方式可有效地提高幼体成活率.轮虫、丰年虫、裸腹蚤均是幼体良好的生物饲料.     

盐度对中间球海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)杂交子代受精卵孵化及浮游幼体生长发育的影响

试验结果表明,盐度对中间球海胆(♀)×光棘球海胆(♂)杂交子代的受精率、受精卵的孵化率、浮游幼体的生长发育均有重要影响.水温18 ℃、盐度为31时,受精率最高,为54%;盐度为23～37时受精卵可孵化至棱柱幼体,孵化适宜盐度为29~33,其中盐度为31时,孵化率最高,为89.5%;浮游幼体期适宜盐度为29～33,最适盐度为31.     

史氏鲟南移驯养及生物学的研究:Ⅲ.仔鱼的开口摄食

用单一的水蚯蚓、卤虫无节幼体、池塘浮游动物、人工配合饲料投喂及先卤虫无节幼体后人工配合饲料混合投喂等五种方式培育史氏鲟仔鱼。结果为：卤虫无节幼体是史氏鲟最好的开口饵料,可获得高的成活率和生长率;开口摄食后３－５天,即可开始投喂人工饵料进行食性驯化,２０日龄的鱼苗可获得满意的饵料驯化效果。     

以江蓠为基质条件下温度对双齿围沙蚕亲体培育的影响

在以江蓠(Gracilaria tenuistipitata)为养殖基质的养殖条件下,研究了温度对双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)亲体成活率、变态率、绝对繁殖力、相对繁殖力和性腺系数(GSI)的影响。结果表明:江蓠为基质的养殖条件下,温度对双齿围沙蚕亲体的成活率、变态率、绝对繁殖力、体重均有显著的影响(P<0.05);温度为22℃、24℃时,双齿围沙蚕的成活率达82.0%～86.0%,变态率为44.0%,体重为5.22g,绝对繁殖力为23.17万粒,均显著高于其他实验组;在实验温度范围内,双齿围沙蚕相对繁殖力在4.27万～4.44万粒/g之间,性腺系数在64.06%～67.04%范围之内,组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,以江蓠为基质的养殖条件下,22～24℃是双齿围沙蚕亲体培育的最适宜温度。     

双齿围沙蚕对潮间带不同类型底质选择行为的研究

利用行为学实验装置研究了双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)对低潮区、中潮区和高潮区沉积物表层为10、60 cm深以下的沉积物的选择行为。3个潮区表层为10 cm的沉积物编号分别为1#、2#、3#,3个潮区60 cm以下的沉积物编号分别为4#、5#、6#。结果显示,在实验装置一中,不同沉积物的有机物含量无显著差异(P>0.05),1#和4#沉积物中,C含量显著高于2#沉积物(P<0.05),4#沉积物中,N含量显著高于2#和6#沉积物,不同沉积物的H2S含量均差异显著(P<0.05);1#沉积物间隙水中,H2S含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。规格和底质类型对双齿围沙蚕的选择行为无显著影响(P>0.05);规格对双齿围沙蚕搜寻时间影响显著(P<0.05),而底质类型则对搜寻时间无显著影响(P>0.05)。在实验装置二中,6#沉积物中有机物含量显著高于1#和2#沉积物(P<0.05),C、N含量均显著高于其他沉积物(P<0.05),2#沉积物中,H2S含量显著高于其他沉积物(P<0.05);各个沉积物间隙水中H2S含量均差异显著(P<0.05)。底质类型和规格对双齿围沙蚕的移动距离均有显著影响(P<0.05)。研究表明,小规格双齿围沙蚕比较活跃和敏感,倾向于选择H2S含量较低的底质;在底质内部钻蚀时,双齿围沙蚕倾向于选择物质含量较低的底质。总体来看,双齿围沙蚕对自然栖息地底质类型选择性不强。     

沙蚕和星虫的营养成分研究

为充分利用沙蚕和星虫资源,利用常规方法分析和检测沙蚕和星虫的总蛋白、总脂肪、氨基酸含量,结果表明二者的氨基酸含量高,种类齐全,包括了人类的全部8种必需氨基酸,几乎占到所测18种氨基酸的1/2。所测氨基酸中谷氨酸含量最高(7.71%,5.77%),天门冬氨酸(4.61%,4.94%)次之,甘氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸含量也较高。沙蚕体内的溶血因子不耐热。同时,沙蚕和星虫的淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性相对较高,而胃蛋白酶与类胰蛋白酶的活性较低。可通过投喂藻类和有机碎屑而进行人工养殖,保证原材料的供应。     

双齿围沙蚕生态养殖的初步研究

在滩涂高潮区进行双齿围沙蚕单养与改造涂面和平涂的双齿围沙蚕与贝类生态混养试验,结果表明：改造涂面进行沙蚕与贝类混养效果最好,其次是沙蚕单养,平涂沙蚕与贝类混养效果最差。     

双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)典型自然栖息地的沉积环境特征

在山东沿海选取了双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)的典型栖息地——河口潮间带,通过测定、分析不同潮区(高潮区、中潮区和低潮区)和同一潮区不同深度(5 cm、15 cm、25 cm和50 cm)沉积物中H2S、有机物、碳、氮、含水率以及粒度等指标,对其沉积环境特征进行了研究.结果显示,高潮区沉积物H2S浓度显著低于其他2个潮区(P＜0.05),25 cm深度处的沉积物H2S浓度显著高于其他深度(P＜0.05).3个不同潮区的间隙水中H2S浓度和含水率无显著性差异(P＞0.05),不同深度沉积物的间隙水中H2S浓度和含水率也无显著性差异(P＞0.05).低潮区有机物含量和氮含量显著低于中潮区和高潮区(P＜0.05),不同潮区之间的碳含量无显著性差异(P＞0.05),不同深度的沉积物中有机物含量、氮含量和碳含量随深度的增加而逐渐升高.粉砂在3个潮区以及各个潮区不同深度的沉积物中所占的比例均为最大,砂所占比例最小.低潮区沉积物的中值粒径显著高于其他2个潮区(P＜0.05),而不同深度沉积物的中值粒径无显著差异(P＞0.05).实验显示,本研究所选取的双齿围沙蚕典型自然栖息地沉积物中的H2S含量较高,并且随沉积物深度的增加而逐渐升高.沉积物中的有机物和碳含量极显著相关,碳氮含量显著相关.沉积物粒度分类属粘土质粉砂,高潮区沉积物的中值粒径显著小于低潮区,可能是造成高潮区沉积物的有机物含量和含水率显著高于低潮区的原因之一.     

Combined effects of fertilization rate, manuring and feed pellet application on fish performance and water quality in polyculture ponds

This study analyses the combined effects of organic and inorganic fertilization and of feeding with pellets on fish performance and water quality in a polyculture of common carp. Cyprinus Carpio L., silver carp. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.), grass carp. Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) and hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. x O. aureus Stetndachner. Experiments included six treatments, which are combinations of inorganic fertilisation (daily or fortnightly), manuring (supplied or not), feed pellets (supplied or not) and density of phytoplanktivorous fish species (high-density treatments with 50% more hybrid tilapia and 300% more silver carp than low-density treatments). The effects of the management procedures on fish weight, growth, survival and yield. plankton abundance, water quality, and their complex interactions at the different levels of the natural food web were analysed. The hypothesis that daily fertilization should increase algal production, which in turn should sustain a higher density of phytoplanktivorous fish, proved to be correct within certain limits. Algal reproduction rate was higher under daily fertilization, pointing to better supply of food for herbivorous fish, while algal biomass was similar under both fertilization regimes, pointing to the utilization of that algal food supply. The increased algal food supply sustained a 50% density increase of the omnivorous tilapia, but not the 300% density increase of the grazer silver carp.     

Growout of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Fertilized Ponds with Reduced Levels of Formulated Feed

Formulated feed for freshwater prawn farming under semi-intensive conditions is expensive, presenting a significant portion of the farm's operating costs. Production and availability of natural food in earthen ponds may reduce the needs for formulated feed. This paper evaluates growth of freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii under three feeding regimes, where supplemental feed was reduced and natural productivity of the ponds was increased by a fertilization program that included the addition of lime, phosphorus and nitrogen. Prawns (4.35 g) were stocked into 12 50-m² earthen ponds (6 juveniles/m²) and grown for 84 d feeding on 25% crude protein ration. Chemical and physical water parameters were monitored routinely. Growth and production were similar at 100% formulated feed supplementation with no fertilization and at 50% formulated feed with fertilization, as determined by weight gain, specific growth rate, and net yield ( P >0.05). However, further reduction in feed supplementation (0, 25%, and 50% of feeding rate, respectively, for each subsequent 28-d period) with fertilization, yielded shrimp smaller than market size. Feed conversion ratios were significantly higher ( P 0.05) for the 100% versus the 50% feed supplementation. Survival rate averaged 86% with no significant differences among treatments. Reducing up to 50% of the supplemental feed with added fertilization for increased natural productivity does not reduce yield of M. rosenbergii raised under semi-intensive conditions in northeastern Brazil. Under the local conditions of semi-arid and warm water temperatures (24.0–33.5 C), increasing natural productivity of ponds significantly improves feed conversion ratio, which is reflected in feed cost savings and potential savings of the farm operating cost.     

Spermatophore cryopreservation and artificial insemination of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius)

To develop an appropriate cryopreservation protocol for spermatophores of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, three cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH) and ethylene glycol (EG)) at two concentrations (5% and 10%) were examined. Artificial implantation of spermatophores was also carried out to assess the fertilizing ability of fresh and post‐thaw spermatophores. Spermatophores were collected during consecutive regenerations (15‐day intervals) and assessed for qualitative and quantitative changes and also for fertilizing ability by implantation. The mean fertilization rate for artificial insemination using post‐thaw spermatophore was 79.9±3.7%, lower than the fertilization rates observed for artificial implantation using fresh spermatophore and natural mating. Mean hatch rates for fresh spermatophore, frozen‐thawed spermatophore and natural mating were 88.8±0.6%, 87.8±0.4% and 88.3±0.5%, respectively; and there was no difference among the three groups. The mean fertilization rate of spermatophores collected during the first stripping was higher (90.6±0.6) than during the second stripping (85.7±2.6), but the mean hatch rate was not different between the two strippings. The highest mean sperm viability (79.7±0.4%) was obtained from DMSO (5%), with no survival observed in the 10% MeOH treatment. Spermatophore weight, total sperm count and percentage of abnormal sperm were not different between spermatophores collected at the first and second stripping. This is the first study to report high fertilization and hatch rates from cryopreserved spermatophore using artificial implantation of spermatophore before spawning.     

17-雌二醇对双齿围沙蚕幼虫SOD、CAT和GST活性的影响

将双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）幼虫暴露于不同浓度的17-雌二醇（0.1 gL-1、1 gL-1、10 gL-1、100 gL-1和1 000 gL-1）中,于第2 、第4 、第6 和第8 天取样,分别测定抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）]活性。结果表明,第2 天时10 gL-1浓度组显著诱导双齿围沙蚕CAT、SOD和GST活性,1 000 gL-1浓度组显著抑制其SOD和GST活性。第４天时各浓度组SOD和GST活性均被不同程度诱导。第6 天时低浓度组（0.1 gL-1和1 gL-1）显著抑制双齿围沙蚕CAT活性,高浓度组（100 gL-1和1 000 gL-1）则抑制其SOD活性。第8天时,除1 000 gL-1浓度组外,其余各组CAT活性均被不同程度诱导（P0.05）,而SOD活性则受到抑制,10 gL-1浓度组显著抑制其GST活性。试验结果显示,外源性17-雌二醇对双齿围沙蚕幼虫产生氧化胁迫,沙蚕幼虫SOD、CAT、GST对17-雌二醇的响应与其暴露浓度及时间有关。     

Effects of larval cryopreservation on subsequent development of the blue mussels,Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck

In this study, the effects of three commonly used chemicals, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG) and their combinations with trehalose, were evaluated on the cryopreservation of D‐larvae of the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The larvae were harvested 30 h post‐fertilization at 21 °C and cryopreserved using a standard protocol in 5%, 10% or 15% of DSMO, EG and PG either as single chemical solutions or in combination with 0.2 M trehalose. Among these cryoprotectants, 5% DMSO resulted in the highest post‐thaw survival rate of 55.3±7.8%, although it did not significantly differ from those with 10% and 15% EG. The addition of 0.2 M trehalose did not improve the post‐thaw larval survival rates in all the combinations assessed. The cryo‐effects on subsequent development were evaluated using the D‐larvae frozen with 5% DMSO. The results showed that cryopreservation affected both larval survival and growth in this species. The relative daily mortality rate was significantly higher in treated than control groups over the period from 3 h post‐thaw to day 11 post‐fertilization. On day 6 post‐fertilization, the average larval length in the treated group was significantly smaller than that in the control. From day 11 post‐fertilization, and onwards, differences in these two traits were not significant between treated and control groups. On day 21 post‐fertilization, about 80% of the larvae in both treated and control groups developed eyes and the normalized survival rate in the treated group was 12.5%.