华南地区圈养梅花鹿的饲养管理与繁殖技术

本文对圈养梅花鹿的人工饲养和繁殖的经验进行了总结,阐述了梅花鹿在南方地区圈养条件下的笼舍设置、饲料配比、日常管理等饲养繁殖技术要点。     

苏北农区引种双阳梅花鹿的饲养技术与发展前景

在品种繁多的梅花鹿家族中,双阳梅花鹿以其自身免疫力强,鹿产品质优价高等特点独占鳌头。苏北农区地处温暖带,气候温和,饲料资源丰富,引种实践证明其生长发育良好,发展前景十分广阔。     

梅花鹿半散放饲养技术的研究

梅花鹿半散放饲养技术主要表现在饲养场选择、种群培育、饲养技术指标、放养区域内森林资源可持续利用等方面.从黑龙江省濒危野生动物救助繁育中心梅花鹿半散放饲养实践中,对上述指标进行阐述.     

黑龙江省梅花鹿驯养繁育利用产业发展分析

受国家林业局保护司委托,我院承担了梅花鹿繁育利用产业发展的课题,分别对全国主要梅花鹿养殖地区梅花鹿目前的生存状况和繁育利用产业政策进行研究,分析了梅花鹿繁育利用的产业前景。亦通过对黑龙江省梅花鹿养殖企业的调研,了解企业目前的经营现状,对其发展前景进行了分析。     

窖鹿

我国盛产马鹿和梅花鹿。仅据黑龙江林区调查,有野生马鹿6万余头,野生梅花鹿也有几百头。这是一笔巨大的自然财富,要想合理利用野生鹿资源,须很好研究解决鹿的活扑方法。目前,北方林区多采用窖扑法。由于有关技术问题没有很好解决,窖鹿成活率仅达50%左右,如不解决窖鹿技术问题,会严重损害野生鹿的资源。笔者有机会参加东北林区鹿的资源调查,现就窖鹿问题谈谈看法,供各地参考。     

梅花鹿生态学研究进展

对我国梅花鹿从其种群生态、栖息地、食性、活动习性等生态学研究进行了概述,指出目前国内学者对梅花鹿生态学的研究主要集中在栖息地的研究,并且阐明栖息地的减少与恶化是梅花鹿的种群濒危的主要原因之一。如何提高梅花鹿种群的密度与数量是今后梅花鹿研究的主要方向。     

东北三省梅花鹿驯养繁育利用产业的SWOT分析

根据东北三省梅花鹿养殖地区的实际情况,利用SWOT分析法,对该地区梅花鹿目前的生存状况和繁育利用产业政策进行研究,分析了梅花鹿繁育利用的产业前景,从而为东北三省梅花鹿驯养繁育利用产业发展提供科学决策。     

辽宁省梅花鹿驯养繁育利用产业发展分析

受国家林业局保护司委托,我院承担了梅花鹿繁育利用产业发展的课题,分别对全国主要梅花鹿养殖地区进行调研,主要是通过对梅花鹿目前的生存状况、保护措施和繁育利用产业政策进行研究,分析梅花鹿繁育利用的产业前景。此文是对辽宁省8个梅花鹿养殖企业的调研,了解该省企业目前的经营现状,对其发展前景进行分析。     

江西省桃红岭梅花鹿自然保护区梅花鹿现状和保护对策

采用样方法对桃红岭梅花鹿种群进行调查研究，阐述该种群现状及其数量消长情况，并对其影响因子进行分析，提出可行的保护管理对策。     

吉林省梅花鹿驯养繁育利用产业发展情况分析

为全面了解我国梅花鹿产业的发展现状,开展了吉林省梅花鹿养殖地区的调研,了解养殖企业目前的经营现状,对梅花鹿目前的生存状况和繁育利用产业提出了相关发展对策。     

Habitat use of large ungulates in northeastern Germany in relation to forest management

Estimating large herbivore density has been a major area of research in recent decades. Previous studies monitoring ungulate density, however, focused mostly on determining animal abundance, and did not interpret animal distribution in relation to habitat parameters. We surveyed large ungulates in the Biodiversity Exploratory Schorfheide-Chorin using faecal pellet group counts. This allowed us to explore the link between relative ungulate abundance, habitat use, and browsing damage on trees in a region with several types of forest, including unharvested and age-class beech forests, as well as age-class pine forests. Our results demonstrate that roe deer and fallow deer relative abundance is negatively correlated with large tree cover, and positively correlated with the cover of small shrubs (Rubus spec., Vaccinium spec.), and winter food supply. Habitat use of roe deer and fallow deer, as estimated by counting faecal pellet groups, revealed a preference for mature pine forests, and avoidance of deciduous forests. This differential habitat use is explained by different distributions of high quality food resources during winter. The response of deer to understory cover differed between roe deer and fallow deer at high cover percentages. The amount of browsing damage we observed on coniferous trees was not consistent with the relative deer abundance. Browsing damage was consistently higher on most deciduous trees, except for beech saplings which sustained less damage when roe deer density was low. Because roe deer is a highly selective feeder, it was reported to affect tree diversity by feeding only on trees with high nutritional value. Consequently, we propose that managing the number of all deer species by hunting is necessary to allow successful forest regeneration. Such an adjustment to deer numbers would need to account for both current tree diversity and alternative food resources. Our findings may be applicable to other forest landscapes in northeastern Germany including mature pine stands and differently harvested deciduous forests.     

猴猕岭野放坡鹿种群与栖息地现状

2003年开始由大田自然保护区向猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿,至2005年止共野放296头。2007年5月,海南林业局组织了海南坡鹿种群全面调查。我们对猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿种群数量与栖息地现状进行了调查,采用现场直观点数调查、样方调查和访问调查相结合的方法进行。调查结果为海南坡鹿530头,种群年均增长率约21．4％。事实证明了迁地野放坡鹿是成功的,为促进坡鹿种群的进一步发展及栖息质量不断改善,提出了相应的保护建议。     

韩国原麝分布区50年间的变迁

在南朝鲜于1999年的2月至12月间,根据有关文献,调查问卷和对原麝的种类,粪便,及其在有雪和无雪的季节里的野外踪迹的调查,作者概述了50年中原麝的数量和分布区的变化。结果表明:从50年代至1999间,原麝(Moschus moschiferus parvipes)的分布区呈明显缩减之势。由于在原麝分布区中大规模地进行公路及林道的建设,导致了其生境片断化和丢失。而且牟取利润的非法猎捕也是造成原麝的种群数量和分布区缩减的主要原因,在高海拔地区的林道也常被盗猎者所利用。为保护韩国原麝资源,急待严格禁止非法猎捕行为。原麝生活习性方面的研究,为合理的保护和管理原麝提供了重要的基础信息。图1参9。     

Changes in spatial patterns of sika deer distribution and herbivory of planted seedlings: a comparison before and after deer population control by culling

Sika deer (Cervus nippon) sometimes cause extensive damage to planted tree seedlings. To evaluate the effects of culling on the spatial distribution patterns of sika deer and browse damage to planted seedlings, we compared the data collected before and after experimental culling in a cool, temperate, mixed forest on Kyushu Island, Japan. Experimental culling, conducted in an area of 1 km², removed five, four and two sika deer in April, June and October 2011, respectively. During the year before culling, the spatial pattern of the number of sika deer caught on camera corresponded to the predicted sika deer density. Sika deer immediately browsed planted seedlings after the initial planting. The cumulative number of browsed seedlings increased over time, especially in winter. The spatial pattern of the cumulative number of sika deer caught on camera corresponded to that of browsed seedlings at the year’s end. During the year when culling was conducted, the number of sika deer caught on camera decreased around the center of the study site where the culling was conducted and the number of browsed seedlings decreased. During the year following culling, the cumulative number of browsed seedlings was very similar to that in the year before the culling, while the same low number of sika deer was caught on camera. These results indicate that the effects of deer culling resulted in decreased levels of sika deer appearance and browse damage for more than 1 year and for several months, respectively.     

Regeneration dynamics in remnant Tsuga canadensis stands in the northern Lake States: Potential direct and indirect effects of herbivory

We examined the effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herbivory and microsite limitation on Tsuga canadensis regeneration in 39 randomly selected remnant T. canadensis stands in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Deer of the region migrate to and congregate in T. canadensis stands in winter resulting in strong seasonal habitat use patterns. In each study stand, we quantified vegetation, microsite availability, and deer use (via pellet counts). While some stands contained high densities of T. canadensis regeneration (stems < 4.0 cm dbh), we found complete T. canadensis regeneration failures in 6 out of 39 stands. Additionally, 17 and 22 stands respectively, had complete failures in the small and large sapling categories. General linear models suggested that deer use was the primary limiting factor in the small sapling size class, even at relatively low levels of deer use. T. canadensis seedling density was positively associated with the availability of high-decay coarse woody debris and negatively associated with basal area of Acer saccharum in the overstory. This latter association may be due, at least in part, to negative effects of broadleaf litter on T. canadensis establishment and a general trend toward increasing Acer abundance in the regeneration layer. Our results suggest that differential tolerance to browsing (Tsuga vs. Acer) in conjunction with reduced germination substrate availability may set up a scenario where successful T. canadensis establishments is more limited by legacy and indirect than direct effects given contemporary levels of deer use.     

Effects of white-tailed deer on vegetation structure and woody seedling composition in three forest types on the Piedmont Plateau

White-tailed deer (Ododcoileus virginiana) can substantially affect the structure and species composition of a forest. The tolerance of a forest community to browsing may vary by type as a result of varying biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. To date, no studies have compared the effects of browsing among forest communities within a physiographic region. We investigated the effects of browsing on vegetation structure and woody seedling composition in three forest types (oak–hickory, Virginia pine–eastern red cedar, bottomland hardwood) in Manassas National Battlefield Park (MNBP), Virginia, USA. We compared forb cover, vertical plant cover (0–1.5 m tall), and survival of tagged seedlings in 10 exclosed (2 m × 6 m) and 10 unexclosed plots in each forest type during a 5-year period. No differential effects of browsing were found among forest types. In all forest types, deer (67 deer/km²) suppressed forb and vertical plant cover to levels less than would be expected in the absence of deer. Seedling survival rates of most species were significantly reduced by browsing. By the 4th year of the study, box elder (Acer negundo), hickory (Carya spp.), and red maple (Acer rubrum) had been eliminated from unexclosed plots, and red and white oaks (Quercus spp.) dramatically reduced. Ash (Fraxinus spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), although significantly impacted, remained the most abundant species throughout the study. These findings suggest that white-tailed deer may be modifying the structure of the forest interior to the extent that it adversely affects wildlife species dependent on a dense understory to thrive. We predict that the future composition of forests in MNBP will shift towards stands with fewer species and a greater dominance of ash, black cherry, and hackberry, particularly in the oak–hickory and bottomland hardwood forests, where the majority of current dominants are most affected.     

Effects of deer abundance on broad-leaf tree seedling establishment in the understory of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies sachalinensis</Emphasis> plantations

Browsing by sika deer (Cervus nippon) has significant negative effects on regeneration in many forests in Japan; however, the effects of browsing on regeneration processes have not been determined quantitatively. Our study was conducted in Abies sachalinensis plantations in seven tracts with differences in deer abundance on Hokkaido, northern Japan, to identify indicators for the effects of deer on the regeneration of broad-leaf species from observing seedlings. Five 5 × 20-m plots were located within each tract, and the densities of seedlings 30–200 cm tall and percentages of browsed seedlings were determined. We used sightings per unit effort (SPUE) by hunters and spotlight survey counts (SLCs) as indices of deer abundance for each tract. Seedling density was negatively correlated with deer abundance and coverage of dwarf bamboo, and basal areas of overstory trees also affected number of seedlings. Percentage of browsed seedlings was positively correlated with deer abundance, and it was affected by deer preferences among seedling species. However, the percentage of browsed seedlings was more clearly related to deer abundance than seedling density. There were few seedlings of tree species ≥100 cm tall in tracts with the highest deer abundance. Based on these results, deer abundances of SPUE >6 sightings per hunter-day or SLC >15 animals per 10 km are likely to prevent regeneration of broad-leaf species. The percentage of browsed seedlings and density and browsing damage on tree seedlings ≥100 cm tall are useful indicators of the effects of deer.     

White-tailed deer activity reconstructed from tree-rings in eastern boreal Canada

We evaluated the potential of tree-ring techniques for the reconstruction of recent and past seasonal activity of introduced white-tailed deer in a boreal environment of eastern Canada. Hoof scrape scars on balsam fir stems and trampling scars on roots were used to reconstruct deer activity during the winter and snow-free seasons, respectively. Tree damage showed that there was continuous deer activity in the north-central part of Anticosti Island since the mid-1960s. High scrape scars along tree stems (3–3.5 m from the ground) indicate that 1975, 1976, 1981, 1983 and 1985 were years of intensive food search by deer on high balsam fir foliage. The annual number of hoof scrape scars was low between 1982 and 1985, when severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, combined with deer browsing, led to high fir sapling mortality, food depletion, degradation of the winter shelter forests and a decrease in deer activity. The lowest scrape scars 50 cm above ground correspond to the mean height of the residual snowpack in the shelter forest at springtime, when deer start searching for food in nearby open sites and use logging roads, where dead and bonsai-like fir predominate due to overbrowsing. The trampling scar age frequency distribution from two sites indicated that deer activity during the snow-free season started synchronously in the late 1960s. In response to degradation of winter shelter forests, deer may have moved from the southern part to the north-central part of the island and other sectors to survive. Deer-induced tree damage and tree-ring techniques can thus be used to reconstruct past seasonal activity of white-tailed deer.     

Is deer herbivory directly proportional to deer population density? Comparison of deer feeding frequencies among six forests with different deer density

The intensity of deer herbivory, rather than simply the deer population density, directly affects the forest ecosystem, but a linear relationship between these two factors has generally been assumed. To assess their relationship, we investigated deer population density and tree sapling vegetation in six forests with different deer density on Yakushima Island, Japan. The feeding frequency was used as an index of deer herbivory. Palatable saplings showed high feeding frequency and became rare in deer-abundant areas, while unpalatable saplings showed low feeding frequency and increased with increasing deer density. In addition, feeding frequency on sapling vegetation did not continue to increase with increasing deer population and was limited to only 0.24-0.32 in deer-abundant areas (more than 20 deer/km²). These data suggest that deer shift their main food items from living palatable saplings to other alternatives such as litter fall rather than living unpalatable saplings. Clearly, the nonlinear relationship between deer density and deer herbivory on forest vegetation could result from a change in the food eaten by deer, and it is therefore necessary to assess the impacts of deer based on not only the size of the deer population but also the intensity of direct herbivory.     

陕西省三道门森林公园林麝苑规划设计初探

本文结合陕西省三道门森林公园良好的自然环境,通过采用发展林下经济-林麝特色养殖的方式,对该公园林麝苑进行规划设计。该项目以人工养殖林麝为主,建成运营后既能保护好现有森林公园林地资源,又可增加当地林麝数量,对保护林麝具有一定的积极作用,同时促进了当地的林下经济发展。项目实施后将成为发展陕南山地林下养殖的积极探索和有益尝试,为陕南地区林下经济产业发展提供有价值的参考。