新型玉米免耕播种机的试验研究

研制了一种小型适用于小麦玉米两茬平作区的具有深松、播种、施肥功能的玉米免耕播种机,获国家实用新型专利。该机施肥播种共用一个窄幅开沟器,化肥点施于两穴种子之间,可一次完成深松、开沟、施肥、播种、覆土、镇压工序。生产试验表明,各项技术性能满足农业种植要求。本机被农业部选为全国首批推荐精少量播种机具。     

Aspartase Activity of Soils Under Different Management Systems

Abstract

Recent interest in soil tillage, cropping systems, and residue management has focused on low‐input sustainable agriculture. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of various management systems on aspartase activity in soils. This enzyme [L‐aspartate ammonia‐lyase, EC 4.3.1.1] catalyzes the hydrolysis of L‐aspartate to fumarate and NH₃. It may play a significant role in the mineralization of organic N in soils. The management systems consisted of three cropping systems [continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CCCC); corn‐soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]‐corn‐soybean (CSCS); and corn‐oat (Avena sativa L.)‐meadow‐meadow (COMM) {meadow was a mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)] at three long‐term field experiments initiated in 1954, 1957, and 1978 in Iowa and sampled in June 1987. The plots received 0 or 180 (or 200) kg ha^?1 before corn and an annual application of 20 kg P and 56 kg K ha^?1. The tillage systems (no‐tillage, chisel plow, and moldboard plow) were initiated in 1981 in Wisconsin and sampled in May 1991. The crop residue treatments were: bare, normal, mulch, and double (2×) mulch. The residue in the study was corn stalks. Results showed that, in general, crop rotation in combination with N fertilizer treatments affected aspartase activity in the following order: COMM>CSCS>CCCC. Because of nitrification of the NH₄ ⁺ or NH₄ ⁺‐forming fertilizers, which resulted in decreasing the pH values, N fertilizer application, in general, decreased the aspartase activity in soils in the order: CCCC>CSCS>COMM. The effect of tillage and residue management practices on aspartase activity in soils showed a very wide variation. The trend was as follows: no‐till/2× mulch>chisel plow/mulch>moldboard plow/mulch>no‐till normal>chisel plow/normal>no‐till bare>moldboard plow/normal. Aspartase activity decreased with increasing depth in the plow layer (0–15 cm) of the no‐till/2× mulch. The decreased activity was accompanied by decreasing organic C and pH with depth. Statistical analyses using pooled data (28 samples) showed that aspartase activity was significantly, linearly correlated with organic C (r=0.78^***) and exponentially with soil pH (r=0.53**). The variation in the patterns and magnitudes of activity distribution among the profiles of the four replicated plots was probably due to the spatial variability in soils.     

农艺措施对土壤可溶性有机质的影响研究进展

土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)是土壤有机物中的高活性组分,在土壤养分的生物地球化学循环、重金属和有机污染物的迁移转化、土壤矿物质的活化及土壤肥力的保持等过程中发挥着重要作用。农艺措施可通过内外源同步作用显著影响土壤DOM的含量、组分及性质,本文综述了近年来相关研究中不同农艺措施下土壤DOM的变化,总结了不同耕作管理、种植制度、施肥措施以及新型土壤改良剂等对土壤DOM的影响。分析表明,免耕加秸秆覆盖方式可显著提高土壤DOM含量,与单一耕作相比轮作可提升土壤DOM含量,绿肥配施有机肥较单一化肥施用可显著改善土壤DOM的组成和结构,合理调控热解炭和水热炭等土壤调理剂的施用时间、施用量、C/N等性质可优化土壤DOM结构和性能。本综述分析了农艺措施对土壤DOM的影响效果及作用途径,指出了当前的研究热点和难点,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,可为今后合理的农艺措施管理和土壤健康调控提供科学指导。     

不同耕作制度对紫色水稻土活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

以长期定位试验点的紫色水稻土为研究对象,研究了耕作制度对紫色水稻土活性有机质和碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明：稻田长期垄作免耕0～10cm土层有机质含量比常规平作高,10～60cm土层有机质含量则比常规平作低;表明稻田长期垄作免耕土壤有机质具有表层富集现象;水旱轮作各土层有机质含量均比常规平作低。垄作免耕各土层活性有机质含量普遍增加,水旱轮作表层（0～10cm）活性有机质含量减少,其余土层变化不大。对活性有机质组分含量的研究表明：与常规平作相比,垄作免耕增加了土壤表层活性有机质各个组分的含量,在其余土层增加了低活性有机质含量,而减少了高活性有机质含量;水旱轮作增加了各土层低活性有机质含量而减少了中活性和高活性有机质含量。垄作免耕所有土层的碳库管理指数都在100以上,水旱轮作除表层（0～10cm）小于100以外,其余土层都在100以上。由此可见,农业管理措施对土壤有机质、活性有机质及碳库管理指数有较大影响。     

五年玉米秸秆改良后土壤密度分级有机质的分子组成和结构

Corn straw is an important source of carbon (C),and when applied to soil,it alters the accumulation and distribution of organic C.However,the mechanistic pathways by which newly added C is stored and stabilized in soil remain a subject of interest and debate among scholars.In this study,we investigated the chemistry of organic matter in different density fractions of Haplic Cambisol (sandy clay loam) in a field experiment with corn straw at8 900 kg ha^-1year^-1under no tillag...     

不同耕作方式与有机物料配施后对土壤主要特性的影响

为了揭示东北黑土区不同耕作措施对玉米农田土壤主要特性的早期影响,在2016-2017年设免耕(No tillage (NT))、浅翻(Shallow tillage (ST))、深翻(Deep tillage (DT))3种耕作措施,分别施用不同有机物料(单施化肥处理(CK)、施用有机肥(Manure (M))和秸秆还田(Straw (S)),调查玉米出苗率、土壤温度,分析了玉米拔节期土壤有关特性。结果显示:从3种耕作措施来看,玉米苗期土壤温度随着土层深度的加深而降低,ST处理显著提高了10 cm土层的土壤温度,而DT将20 cm深度的土壤温度提高了16%,在25 cm层次无明显差异。NT处理的出苗率仅为40%,ST和DT达到了70%左右。玉米拔节期,无论0~20 cm还是20~40 cm土层,施用有机肥和秸秆均能明显提高DT处理土壤有效磷含量,DTM和DTS分别提高了30.3%~40.9%,58.9%~86.1%,碱解氮和速效钾含量变化不明显。耕作措施对于短期内提高土壤有机碳的效果不明显,施入有机肥和秸秆还田均显著提高了土壤中0~20 cm、20~40 cm土层游离态轻组有机碳的含量。3种耕作措施对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响较小,但是施入秸秆和有机肥影响微生物量碳和氮的含量,影响程度分别介于-3.9%~288.6%和-30.3%~124.4%,其中20~40 cm土层提升效果优于0~20cm土层。不同处理显著提高了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层有效磷、土壤有机碳和游离体态轻组的含量,同时秸秆还田对于提升土壤游离态轻组、微生物量碳和氮的效果显著,这些敏感指标受到有机物料与耕作方式的交互作用影响明显。     

Soil organic carbon as affected by direct drilling and mulching in sugar beet – wheat rotations

The effect of conventional ploughing, mulching, and direct drilling on the soil organic C (soil C_org) contents through the soil profile and on total soil C_org stocks (0–45 cm) was investigated at five different German sites. All sites showed similar results: after 10–13 years, soil C_org contents in the surface soil (0–10 cm) were 15–71% and 33–42% higher under direct drilling and mulching, respectively, than under ploughing (8–18 g kg^?1). Under ploughing, the soil C_org contents were distributed homogenously through the soil profile. Either mulching or direct drilling resulted in 3–28% higher soil C_org stocks than ploughing (49–116 t ha^?1). However, the tillage management was no significant factor since the sites showed the effects to different extents but were the mathematical replications. Five to six years later, trends and values were similar. We concluded that the main effect of mulching or direct drilling was the stratification with higher soil C_org contents in the surface soil. Since this is a positive means for soil protection, we suggested that the use of mulching or direct drilling can contribute to a sustainable soil management in crop rotations with sugar beet which are characterized by a strong physical impact on the soil during harvest.     

Methods to Estimate Aggregate Protected Soil Organic Carbon, 2: Does the Grinding of the Plant Residues Affect the Estimations of the Aggregate Protected Soil Organic Carbon?

A method to estimate the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) physically protected within macroaggregates (>200 μm) consists of crushing soil samples and measuring the following SOC mineralization increase. This study investigated the effect of grinding the plant residues during soil crushing on the calculated amount of the protected SOC on two tropical soils (Arenosol and Ferralsol). Incubations of crushed and uncrushed soil samples amended with ground or unground plant residues were conducted. Our results showed that soil crushing increased SOC mineralization and that the presence of plant residues enhanced soil respiration also. The plant residues of the two soils had different decomposition rates, but grinding plant residues did not increase the amounts of cumulative carbon (C) mineralized after the 28 days of the experiment. We propose that the extra C mineralized after soil crushing is due to the breakdown of the soil structure and not to the grinding of plant residues.     

耕作方式对农田土壤水分变化特征及水分利用效率的影响

探讨耕作方式对土壤含水量及水分利用效率的影响,对于高效利用自然降水,提高自然降水利用效率,增加作物产量具有重要的理论与实践意义。因此,采用铝盒称重法测定不同年份、季节、土壤剖面及冻融前后土壤含水量,研究不同耕作方式对土壤含水量及作物水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:在特定时期内土壤含水量随土层深度的增加而减少,特别是土层40cm以下尤为明显,而且随季节呈波动性变化且受降雨影响较大;季节冻融作用明显降低土壤含水量,但深松较其他处理土壤含水量增幅为0.93%~2.23%;土壤贮水量随季节呈先增后降的趋势变化,且生育前期明显高于生育后期;不同耕作方式对田间耗水量和耗水系数无显著影响,但深松耕作显著提高作物水分利用效率,并且水分利用效率与产量的相关性达到极显著水平(r=0.76**)。综合分析认为,保护性耕作结合深松是有效改善耕层结构,增加土壤含水量,提高自然降水利用效率的有效耕作方法。因此,该研究可为东北雨养农业区留茬深松保护性耕作技术的推广提供理论依据。     

长期施肥对黑土活性有机质的影响

通过测定长期定位施肥处理条件下,不同土层土壤各活性有机质的含量,探讨不同施肥处理对活性有机质的影响.主要有4个处理:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机肥-化肥配施(MNPK).土壤活性有机质用KMnO4氧化法测定,采用3种浓度KMnO4(33,167,333 mmol/L)将土壤活性有机质分为高活性有机质(HAOM)、中活性有机质(MAOM)和活性有机质(AOM).试验结果表明,长期施用有机肥或化肥均能提高土壤活性有机质的含量,尤其有机肥-化肥配施和单施有机肥对土壤活性有机质积累的作用大于单施化肥和无肥处理.施肥所增加的土壤活性有机质,主要是在0-20 cm土层,尤其在单施有机肥和有机肥-化肥配施处理上表现明显.施肥与否、施肥种类和不同土层对土壤中的总有机质和活性有机质均有明显影响.3种活性有机质含量之间都显著或极显著相关,高活性有机质与中活性有机质、高活性有机质与活性有机质、中活性有机质与活性有机质的相关系数分别为0.819*,0.812*和1.000**.可见,三种活性有机质之间,以活性有机质和中活性有机质的关系最为密切.     

长期不同施肥条件下黑土的有机质含量变化特征

以吉林公主岭黑土有机肥化肥配施30年长期定位试验结果为材料,分析了长期不同施肥下黑土有机质的变化特征。结果表明,长期不施肥或单施化肥(M0区)土壤有机质含量呈下降趋势,30年下降幅度为2.1%～7.9%;施用常量有机肥(M2区)和高量有机肥(M4区)的土壤有机质含量呈增加趋势,30年M2区和M4区有机质累积增加幅度分别为42.2%～50.0%和81.5%～94.7%。M2区和M4区有机质增加幅度因施用有机肥中有机质含量的变化可分为两个阶段,1980～1992年增加幅度分别平均为2.4%和9.3%,12年后随着有机肥中有机质含量增加,后18年M2区和M4区有机质累积增加幅度分别平均为41.4%和71.5%。施用相同化肥条件下配施不同水平有机肥,各处理间土壤有机质含量差异达到显著水平;而在施用相同有机肥条件下配施不同化肥时,各处理间有机质含量差异不显著。由此可以得出,有机肥的数量和有机质含量是影响土壤有机质含量变化的主要因素,因此,选择合适的有机肥数量和有机质含量是提升土壤有机质的主要措施,在东北黑土上施用优质高量有机肥可迅速提高土壤有机质含量。     

Conservation Tillage,Rotations, and Cover Crop Affecting Soil Quality in the Tennessee Valley: Particulate Organic Matter,Organic Matter,and Microbial Biomass

Abstract

The impact of conservation tillage, crop rotation, and cover cropping on soil‐quality indicators was evaluated in a long‐term experiment for cotton. Compared to conventional‐tillage cotton, other treatments had 3.4 to 7.7 Mg ha^?1 more carbon (C) over all soil depths. The particulate organic matter C (POMc) accounts for 29 to 48 and 16 to 22% of soil organic C (SOC) for the 0‐ to 3‐and 3‐ to 6‐cm depths, respectively. Tillage had a strongth influence on POMc within the 0‐ to 3‐cm depth, but cropping intensity and cover crop did not affect POMc. A large stratification for microbial biomass was observed varing from 221 to 434 and 63 to 110 mg kg^?1 within depth of 0–3 and 12–24 cm respectively. The microbial biomass is a more sensitive indicator (compared to SOC) of management impacts, showing clear effect of tillage, rotation, and cropping intensity. The no‐tillage cotton double‐cropped wheat/soybean system that combined high cropping intensity and crop rotation provided the best soil quality.     

Entwicklung der organischen bodensubstanz (obs) auf löss in abhängigkeit von unterschiedlicher düngung am beispiel des bodenbildungsversuches in Halle/Saale: Development of soil organic matter (som) on loess in dependence of different fertilization e.g. of the soil formation trial at Halle/Saale

In 1948, a model trial to study soil formation was arranged at Halle/Saale by K. Schmalfuß. Loess with very low content of soil organic matter was used as substrate. The aim was to investigate the soil formation processes influenced by the P and N mineral fertilization. After 30 years, crop yields reached a characteristic, approximately constant level corresponding to the different fertilization treatments and cultivated plants. Recent comparisons of the highest N with the no-N fertilizer treatment show that the mean shoot dry weight per year has a 2.5-fold higher but the C_org content in the topsoil only a 1.2-fold higher value. An accumulation of alkaline-soluble organic soil substances and a decrease of hot water soluble carbon compounds were observed in the highest fertilizer treatment as well as in the treatments without N or P fertilization. Carbon compounds were apparently enriched in the inert carbon pool of the topsoil. During soil formation, the cation exchange capacity and the content of easily soluble P compounds increased, lime content decreased and the C/N ratio became narrower. The results suggest that these parameters are continuing to change and the steady state of the level of organic soil substances and of the transformation processes between C pools in the topsoil has not yet been reached.     

水肥管理对半干旱丘陵区土壤有机质含量的影响

采用二次通用旋转组合设计,在辽西低山丘陵半干旱褐土区进行了8年的田间试验,研究了灌水、施用氮肥、磷肥和秸秆对土壤耕层有机质含量的影响。结果表明:灌水和施用磷肥促进了土壤中的有机质转化和作物吸收,使得土壤有机质含量降低;施用氮肥能够提高土壤中的有机质含量,但是过量施用氮肥则会使土壤中的有机质含量降低;秸秆还田能够显著提高土壤有机质含量。另外,灌水和施肥诸因素对于土壤有机质含量的影响不是孤立的,而是存在着复杂的交互作用,为了提高作物产量和保持土壤肥力,各种因素的合理配合是非常重要的。     

Long-term effects of straw and farmyard manure on crop yields and soil properties

The effect of cereal straw with added mineral N fertilization on crop yields, N uptake, total organic C content and hot water soluble C content in topsoil and on the relationships between organic C content in topsoil and organic matter balance was evaluated in a long-term field experiment established in 1966. The effect of straw plus mineral N fertilization was similar to the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) in the dry matter yields and also in the N uptake by plants. The effect of straw and mineral N fertilization on the organic C accumulation in soil was inferior to the effect of farmyard manure. Relationships between organic matter balance and total organic C content in the topsoil was positive and statistically significant. A favourable effect of mineral NPK fertilization on the C sequestration to soil was related to the effect of FYM fertilization.     

黑河流域保护性耕作对农田土壤微生物量碳、氮和有机质的调控

为了探讨黑河流域保护性耕作对土壤生产力的影响,设计20cm留茬(NS20),20cm留茬压倒(NPS20),40cm留茬(NS40),40cm留茬压倒(NPS40)和传统耕作(CT)5个处理,研究了黑河流域保护性耕作对农田土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C、土壤微生物量N以及作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作农田0—20cm土层土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C和N的含量均高于传统耕作,且其在剖面中的变化趋势基本一致,即随土层深度增加下降;土壤微生物量N有明显的\"表聚现象\";相关分析表明土壤有机质和土壤微生物量C之间显著正相关(r=0.85,p0.05),与土壤微生物量N之间无明显的相关关系(r=0.47,p0.05);保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量,NPS20和NPS40增产效果最好,较CT分别增产53.08%和46.59%,与CT之间差异达到极显著水平;保护性耕作提高了春小麦的水分利用效率(WUE),NPS20,NS40,NPS40,NS20分别较CT的WUE提高了58.02%,43.40%,47.27%,23.78%。     

菜地土壤有机碳分级以及总量变化的动态特征研究

Fertilisers significantly affect crop production and crop biomass inputs to soil organic carbon（SOC）. However, the long-term effects of fertilisers on C associated with aggregates are not yet fully understood. Based on soil aggregate and SOC fractionation analysis, this study investigated the long-term effects of organic manure and inorganic fertilisers on the accumulation and change in SOC and its fractions, including the C concentrations of free light fraction, intra-aggregate particulate organic matter（POM） and intra-aggregate mineral-associated organic matter（MOM）. Long-term manure applications improved SOC and increased the concentrations of some C fractions. Manure also accelerated the decomposition of coarse POM（cPOM） into fine POM（fPOM） and facilitated the transformation of fPOM encrustation into intra-microaggregate POM within macroaggregates. However, the application of inorganic fertilisers was detrimental to the formation of fPOM and to the subsequent encrustation of fPOM with clay particles, thus inhibiting the formation of stable microaggregates within macroaggregates. No significant differences were observed among the inorganic fertiliser treatments in terms of C concentrations of MOM, intra-microaggregate MOM within macroaggregate（imMMOM） and intra-microaggregate MOM（imMOM）. However, the long-term application of manure resulted in large increases in C concentrations of MOM（36.35%）, imMMOM（456.31%） and imMOM（19.33%） compared with control treatment.