Effects of Pb Pollution on Seed Vigor of Three Rice Cultivars

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different Pb concentrations on rice seed germination and seedling growth in three cultivars （Jiayu 293, Jiayu 948 and Xieyou 963）. The method of qualitative traits combining with quantitative traits by orthogonal polynomials was applied to analyze rice seed vigor by regression model. The seeds from different rice cultivars had different sensitivity to Pb poison. In the Pb concentration of 100-700 mg/L, Pb significantly decreased root length and shoot height, and the degree of the restraint would aggravate with the increasing of Pb concentration. However, Pb did not reduce root dry weight and shoot dry weight, which indicated that different physiological characteristics had different sensitive reactions to Pb. The predicting equations of regression were developed, which could be used to predict the effects of different Pb concentrations on rice seed vigor.     

甜玉米种子活力差异近等基因系植株生育后期源库关系初探

为探明甜玉米种子活力差异近等基因系植株生育后期源库关系,进一步阐明甜玉米种子活力形成的生理基础,以2组种子活力差异的近等基因系材料hv1与lv1、hv2与lv2为试材,研究其生育后期叶“源”和籽粒“库”的生理生化特性。结果表明：种子活力高的近等基因系材料(hv1和hv2)籽粒的可溶性糖含量较低,而可溶性蛋白含量较高;吐丝后,种子活力高的近等基因系材料(hv1和hv2)叶片的可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量均较高。研究还表明：籽粒可溶性糖含量与叶片可溶性糖含量、光合生理特性(除叶绿素b含量外)呈一定的负相关关系,而籽粒可溶性蛋白含量与吐丝后30 d叶片可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素a含量和总叶绿素含量均显著正相关。因此,适度较强的叶片光合生理,保证光合产物的高效积累,降低籽粒可溶性糖含量,提高籽粒可溶性蛋白含量,是提高甜玉米种子活力的生理基础。     

孕穗期干旱及复水对水稻叶片生理生化和产量的影响

现有关于水稻干旱胁迫期间各项生理生化指标的变化和对叶片细胞的伤害机理方面的研究已经比较丰富和全面,但是对于干旱胁迫结束复水后的生理变化研究却较少。本文以水稻品种中旱3号和黄华占为材料,在孕穗期进行淹水、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱4个处理,研究了干旱胁迫对水稻叶片生理生化性状（光合作用和抗氧化酶活性等）和产量的影响。结果表明,中度和重度干旱使水稻叶片光合速率下降12.9%~43.9%,这主要与气孔导度变化有关;处理结束复水后,中旱3号的生理生化指标均能恢复到正常水平,而黄华占在重度干旱后,其光合速率、气孔导度以及抗氧化酶活性不能再恢复;干旱处理导致水稻产量降低14.3%~47.9%,主要是由于有效穗数和结实率的降低。     

杂交水稻种子活力的研究

采用５种方法测定杂交水稻特优６３,汕优６３,协优５７,协优６３和特优５５９等新种子活力,结果表明;不同组合间种子活力存在显著差异,发芽的生理测定一加速老化试验的简化活力指数均与种子田间成苗率存在显著正相关,选用发芽的生理测定结合加速老化试验,综合判定种子活力水平是较为准确的。     

烯效唑对稻苗的生理影响

 就烯效唑浸种对稻苗的生理效应进行了研究，烯效唑浸种可提高稳苗光合效率，在浸种浓度1～10 mg/kg范围内，烯效唑浸种提高稻苗呼吸强度，浸种浓度高于10 mg/kg，则减弱稻苗呼吸强度。外源生长素。赤霉素与烯效唑控制稻苗生长的作用有拮抗效应，外源生长素（吲哚乙酸）高浓度（100 mg/kg）抑制稻生长，它与烯效唑控长作用有加合效应，效唑浸种减弱水稻种子发芽势，此与 烯效唑浸种降低种子α－淀粉酶活性有关。烯效唑浸种使稻苗矮壮的生物学基础是使得稻苗的细胞变小，组织的细胞层数增加。     

水稻基质育秧不同播种量对秧苗素质和产量的影响

为探索有机基质料培育标准化壮秧技术,以武运粳23号和＂科杰＂牌基质为材料,采用田间试验方法,研究了5种不同播种量水平对水稻秧苗地上部与地下部性状、大田茎蘖动态及产量的影响。结果表明,随着播种量增加,秧苗地上部和地下部性状差异较大,在播种量为120-210 g/盘范围内,叶绿素含量、盘结力和根系活力则随着播种量增加而增加,在播种量为150-180 g/盘时基质料育出的秧苗更有利于培育健壮的机插秧苗,具体表现为增穗、增粒作用,可以在大面积范围内推广应用。     

Varietal Difference in Early Vegetative Growth during Seedling Stage in Soybean

Abstract

Rapid development after emergence is important for seedling establishment and early vegetative growth, especially at a low planting density or inferior environmental conditions. This study was conducted to understand the varietal difference in the growth parameters during the seedling stage in soybean. Twenty-seven soybean varieties originating from six countries were examined in 2009 and 2010. The pots were arranged in a completely random block design with 5 replications (10 pots per variety), and the seedlings were sampled at 14 and 28 days after sowing (DAS). The shoot dry weight at 14 and 28 DAS was highly correlated with seed size, cotyledon digestion, and leaf area. However, no positive correlation was found between shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate at 28 DAS. Chamame, a Japanese cultivar, with the largest seed size grew rapidly, and showed the heaviest shoot dry weight, greatest cotyledon digestion, fast leaf expansion and high photosynthetic rate. However, Moyashimame, a medium-seed-size cultivar, also grew rapidly with a high photosynthetic rate. Some varieties such as Tachinagaha (Japan), Hefeng (China), Parana and Pérola (Brazil), had a large or medium seed size, and high photosynthetic rate but showed a relatively small leaf area and light shoot dry weight. These results suggested that big seeds with rapid cotyledon digestion developed a wider leaf area and therefore large dry matter production, indicating that the conversion of stored energy was more important than the leaf photosynthetic activity for early growth.     

Effects of the Combined Application of Ethephon and Gibberellin on Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

Abstract

Improvement of early seedling growth, such as seedling emergence and vigor is one of the most important agronomic traits in direct seeding rice cultivation. The effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), gibberellic acid (GA₃) and ethephon (ET), on seedling growth under flooded soil conditions at different temperatures and water depths were investigated. The PGRs were applied during the seed soaking process. A single treatment with GA₃ or ET increased seedling growth. However, combined application of GA₃ and ET was more effective than that of GA₃ or ET alone in many cases at both growing temperatures (15 and 20ºC). The growth of different organs in the rice seedlings, such as the coleoptiles, first leaves, and second leaves was also increased by PGR treatment. The nitrogen concentration of the shoot and the ratio of shoot dry weight to shoot length did not differ significantly among the treatments. The results of our study show that rice seedling growth in direct seeding cultivation may be improved by treatment with GA₃ and ET in combination.     

水稻幼苗期耐冷性选择对主要农艺性状的影响

利用籼粳稻杂交后代（密阳23/通88-7、密阳23/TR22183、密阳23/高产102）探讨了水稻幼苗期耐冷性选择对主要农艺性状的影响。从籼粳稻杂交后代F2和F3中选择的耐冷个体群或系统群与随机个体群或敏冷系统群间进行主要农艺性状的比较结果表明,在F2和F3水稻幼苗期耐冷性选择对秆长、穗长和穗数并不产生显著的影响,但选择获得的幼苗期耐冷性强的F2个体群的孕穗期耐冷性(结实率)、F3系统群的分蘖期耐冷性(赤枯度)和孕穗期耐冷性(结实率)均显著强于随机个体群和敏冷系统群;在冷水处理下F3幼苗期耐冷性强的耐冷系统群的产量显著高于敏冷系统群。提出在水稻幼苗期以叶赤枯度来选择幼苗期耐冷性强的个体是获得高产耐冷后代材料的有效途径。     

干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦种子萌发及幼苗根芽生物量分配的影响

为探讨冬小麦种子萌发期抗旱性与幼苗生物量分配的关系,以小麦抗旱型品种长旱58和干旱敏感型品种漯麦18为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫的方法,测定和分析了干旱胁迫后小麦种子发芽率、幼苗根冠比、叶绿素含量等16个指标的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫后,长旱58种子发芽率无明显变化,漯麦18种子发芽率显著下降。干旱胁迫下长旱58种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和干物质转移量显著大于漯麦18,平均发芽时间显著小于漯麦18,长旱58幼苗根、芽的长度和干重及总干重均显著高于漯麦18。干旱胁迫显著增加漯麦18幼苗根冠比,对长旱58萌发第五和第七天的幼苗根冠比无显著影响。干旱胁迫显著降低漯麦18幼苗叶绿素含量,对长旱58无显著影响。由于小麦萌发期幼苗干物质累积取决于种子中营养物质的转移和呼吸消耗,因此推测种子营养物质的快速转移和低呼吸消耗有助于提高小麦萌发期的抗旱能力,促进干旱胁迫下种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

Leaf Construction Cost and Related Ecophysiological Parameters of Rice Crop and Its Important Weeds

To understand the reason for the success of weeds,we investigated the energetic cost of leaf construction,and certain ecophysiological traits of rice and its dominant weeds.On physiological basis among all weeds,Caesulia axillaris Roxburgh was found to be the most serious,followed by Echinochloa cruss-galli L.Beauv and Echinochloa colonum L.Link,while Fimbristylis miliaceae L.Vahl and Cyperus iria L.were moderate weeds of the rice fields.C.axillaris had the lowest leaf construction cost (LCC) both on a mass basis (1.15 g/g) and on a unit area basis (22.93 g/m2).Comparatively higher specific leaf area,photosynthetic rate,photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency,leaf area ratio and leaf area index provided C.axillaris with further competitive advantage.Low LCC suggests that weeds utilize carbon resource more efficiently than the crop and potentially spend the saved energy on other competitive strategies viz.seed production,biomass production and high relative growth rate,which results in low crop yield and increase in weed seed bank.     

Genotypic Differences in Growth and Physiological Responses to Transplanting and Direct Seeding Cultivation in Rice

The field experiments were conducted to investigate the growth and physiological responses of six super hybrid rice combinations to two planting methods,transplanting(TP) and direct seeding(DS) during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The 1000-grain weight and number of tillers per plant at the early growth stage,the maximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) and transpiration rate(Tr) were higher in DS plants than in TP ones,whereas the grain yield,number of panicles per square meter,seed setting rate,net photosynthetic ...     

种子成熟度对黑花生出苗及生育后期光合特性的影响

为明确种子成熟度对黑花生生长的影响,本研究以黑花生品种黔花生七号为试验材料,设4个种子成熟度,采用室内与大田相结合的方式,研究不同成熟度黑花生种子发芽、出苗、生育后期光合特性以及产量的变化。结果表明：不成熟（T1）的花生籽仁作种子,植株长势弱,光合速率低;较成熟（T2）和成熟（T3）的花生籽仁作为种子,其光合同化能力强,光合速率高。随种子成熟度的增加,花生发芽势、发芽率和出苗率均呈先增加后降低趋势,且在T3处理下各指标值最大, T2、T3、T4（过成熟）处理发芽势、发芽率和出苗率均显著高于T1;除结果枝数外,花生产量及农艺性状均随种子成熟度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在处理T3下荚果产量显著高于其他处理。因此,选用成熟的黑花生作为种子,其出苗好,光同化能力强,净光合速率高,荚果产量高。     

木霉T2-16发酵产物对杂交水稻种子活力和秧苗素质的影响

应用木霉T2-16菌株在改良后的GPF培养基中发酵培养的产物,对5个杂交水稻组合进行浸种处理.结果表明:该发酵产物能提高种子活力,表现为促进种子的提早萌发、提高种子的活力指数和降低种子的相对电导率.两优培九盆栽试验显示,经木霉T2-16发酵产物浸种处理后,秧苗根系及地上部生物量增加,根系活力增强,幼苗叶片中叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量提高,与抗病性有关的酶活性增强.显示木霉发酵产物在提高杂交水稻种子活力和培育壮苗、提高秧苗抗病性方面具有促进作用.     

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Seed Amylase Activities in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Two rice varieties, Xiushui 110 with high cadmium (Cd) tolerance and Xiushui 11 with low Cd tolerance were used to study the effects of Cd stress on seed germination, seedling growth and amylase activities. The low cadmium concentration had little effect on seed germination rate. However, cadmium stress could significantly inhibit plumule and radicle growth, especially for radicle growth. Germination index, vigour index, radicle length and amylase activities of Xiushui 11 decreased more significantly with the increasing cadmium level compared with Xiushui 110. The cadmium content in seedlings of Xiushui 11 was higher than that in Xiushui 110 when the cadmium concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L, which caused lower mitotic index in root tips and amylase activities, and more serious cadmium toxicity in Xiushui 11.     

EM包衣对玉米苗期防治丝黑穗病效果研究

采用砂培试验研究了有效微生物菌群(EM)包衣处理对玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响及对不同温湿度处理的EM包衣和未包衣的玉米种子在大田生产环境下的发病率进行比较。结果表明：EM包衣能明显提高玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数,减少了玉米种子在土壤中的感病率。在有病菌存在的条件下,包衣处理的玉米幼苗的苗高、根长、叶面积、苗干重均明显高于未包衣的玉米幼苗,促进了幼苗根系生长和地上部分的生长。在病菌环境下,经EM包衣处理的玉米种子,其抗坏血酸含量、可溶性总糖含量及丙二醛含量均低于未包衣的玉米种子;而超氧化物歧化酶活性明显高于未包衣的玉米种子。说明EM包衣处理可增强玉米种子的抗病性,提高对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果。     

三角形强化栽培技术对水稻光合生理特性及产量形成的影响

以杂交水稻冈优527为材料,研究了水稻在三角形强化栽培、正方形强化栽培、抛秧栽培和常规高产栽培等不同栽培方式下的生理指标、灌浆特性及产量。结果表明,在三角形强化栽培技术体系下适宜密度的水稻群体具有独特的优势:在关键生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)较大,齐穗后剑叶衰老减缓,光合速率较高,能够充分发挥个体生长优势,贮存积累并向穗部转运较多的光合同化产物,不仅保证了强势粒的灌浆,而且弱势粒灌浆也较为顺畅,产量构成因素得到优化配置,从而获得高产。     

Leaf Traits and Antioxidant Defense for Drought Tolerance During Early Growth Stage in Some Popular Traditional Rice Landraces from Koraput,India

Three popular traditional rice landraces, namely Kalajeera, Machakanta and Haladichudi, from Koraput, India were used to analyse the leaf traits and antioxidant defence for drought tolerance. When rice plants were exposed to different levels of drought stress by varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000, seed germination and growth parameters were significantly declined in all the rice landraces compared to the control. Drought stress also altered the leaf phenotypic traits based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll index, with more significant differences in susceptible variety IR64 than in traditional landraces. Furthermore, activities of antioxidative enzymes and proline and protein contents overtly increased under drought stress. The traditional rice landraces showed higher relative ratios for different parameters compared to the susceptible variety IR64. Taken together,the traditional landraces had superior leaf physiological efficiency compared to the susceptible and tolerant check varieties under drought stress.     

盐胁迫对野生稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以3个野生稻品种(系)和常规稻品种吉粳301(CK)为试验材料,研究了不同NaCl浓度对野生稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫对野生稻和常规粳稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响不同,NaCl浓度≤0.3%时,盐胁迫对3个野生稻种子发芽及幼苗生长没有影响,但促进吉粳301种子发芽及幼苗生长;NaCl浓度≥0.5%时,随着NaCl浓度的增大,3个野生稻种子发芽率逐渐降低,幼苗的根长、苗长、根冠比逐渐变小;NaCl浓度与3个野生稻种子发芽率有一定的负相关性;NaCl对野生稻幼苗根的抑制作用强于对苗的作用;不同野生稻品种对NaCl溶液的耐受能力不同,从大到小依次为MY-3、延引红、HY-1。     

多巴胺引发对盐胁迫下水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]探讨多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)引发对盐胁迫下水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.[方法]以新疆自育水稻品种新稻17号为研究对象,分别用0(纯水)、0.1、0.5、1、1.5 mg/L的DA溶液(分别用S0、S0.1、S0.5、S1、S1.5表示)引发种子,采用浓度为100 mmol/L的NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫,...