Root growth,soil water variation,and grain yield response of winter wheat to supplemental irrigation

Water shortage threatens agricultural sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Thus, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation (SI) on the root growth, soil water variation, and grain yield of winter wheat in this region by measuring the moisture content in different soil layers. Prior to SI, the soil water content (SWC) at given soil depths was monitored to calculate amount of irritation water that can rehydrate the soil to target SWC. The SWC before SI was monitored to depths of 20, 40, and 60 cm in treatments of W20, W40, and W60, respectively. Rainfed treatment with no irrigation as the control (W0). The mean root weight density (RWD), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction activity (TTC reduction activity), soluble protein (SP) concentrations as well as catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in W40 and W60 treatments were significantly higher than those in W20. The RWD in 60–100 cm soil layers and the root activity, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities in 40–60 cm soil layers in W40 treatment were significantly higher than those in W20 and W60. W40 treatment is characterized by higher SWC in the upper soil layers but lower SWC in the 60–100-cm soil layers during grain filling. The soil water consumption (SWU) in the 60–100 cm soil layers from anthesis after SI to maturity was the highest in W40. The grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water productivity were the highest in W40, with corresponding mean values of 9169 kg ha^?1, 20.8 kg ha^?1 mm^?1, and 35.5 kg ha^?1 mm^?1. The RWD, root activities, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities, and SWU were strongly positively correlated with grain yield and WUE. Therefore, the optimum soil layer for SI of winter wheat after jointing is 0–40 cm.     

滴灌量对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质积累分配的影响

为给滴灌冬小麦高产栽培的水分管理提供理论依据,在播前足墒和越冬前灌水750 m33·hm-2的条件下分析了起身后不同滴灌量(2550、3150和3750 m3·hm-2,分别用W1、W2、W3表示)对冬小麦耗水及干物质积累、分配的影响.结果表明,随滴灌量的减少,冬小麦孕穗期至花后20 d的0～100 cm土层含水量明显降低,但土壤含水量沿毛管的横向差异增大,总耗水量减少,土壤贮水的消耗量明显增加;群体的叶面积指数和干物质积累量降低,尤其是远离毛管处下降更明显;开花前营养器官贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量、运转率及对籽粒的贡献率增加,开花后干物质同化量和对籽粒的贡献率显著降低;籽粒产量降低,灌溉水利用效率呈增加趋势.3个处理中,W2的水分利用效率最高,产量与W3差异不显著.在本试验条件下,起身后滴灌冬小麦的适宜灌溉定额为3150～3750 m3·hm2.     

Utilizing rainfall and alternate wetting and drying irrigation for high water productivity in irrigated lowland paddy rice in southern Taiwan

Taiwan’s average annual rainfall is high compared to other countries around the world; however, it is considered a country with great demand for water resources. Rainfall along with alternate wetting and drying irrigation is proposed to minimize water demand and maximize water productivity for lowland paddy rice cultivation in southern Taiwan. A field experiment was conducted to determine the most suitable ponded water depth for enhancing water saving in paddy rice irrigation. Different ponded water depths treatments (T_2 cm, T_3 cm, T_4 cm and T_5 cm) were applied weekly from transplanting to early heading using a complete randomized block design with four replications. The highest rainwater productivity (2.07 kg/m³) was achieved in T_5 cm and the lowest in T_2 cm (1.62 kg/m³). The highest total water productivity, (0.75 kg/m³) and irrigation water productivity (1.40 kg/m³) was achieved in T_2 cm. The total amount of water saved in T_4 cm, T_3 cm and T_2 cm was 20, 40, and 60%, respectively. Weekly application of T_4 cm ponded water depth from transplanting to heading produced the lowest yield reduction (1.57%) and grain production loss (0.06 kg) having no significant impact on yield loss compared to T_5 cm. Thus, we assert that the weekly application of T_4 cm along with rainfall produced the best results for reducing lowland paddy rice irrigation water use and matching the required crop water.     

氮水运筹对苏北平原稻茬麦干物质积累、产量和氮肥利用的影响

为明确苏北平原稻茬麦的最优氮水运筹模式,以淮麦30为材料,在大田测土施肥条件下,设置0 kg·hm^-2（N₀）、180 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、270 kg·hm^-2（N₂）3个施氮量和生育期不灌水（W₀）、灌拔节水（W₁）、灌拔节水+孕穗水（W₂）3个灌水处理,研究小麦干物质积累与转运、产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对不同氮水运筹的响应。结果表明,小麦干物质积累量、转运量和转运效率,氮素积累量、转运量和转运效率,花后干物质贡献率及氮素贡献率均随施氮量和灌水次数的增加而增加,各处理均以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥和灌水次数的增加对小麦成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量、氮素收获指数与氮素利用效率均有显著促进作用,以N₂W₂效果最佳。氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力则随施氮量增加而降低,以N₁W₂效果最佳;在相同氮肥水平下,灌水处理的上述三个指标较不灌水处理高。对本试验条件下各测定指标,氮肥在氮水运筹中起主导作用,且氮肥和灌水有显著的互作效应。综上,在苏北平原稻茬麦区,施氮量180 kg·hm^-2结合浇灌拔节水和孕穗水（W₂）的氮水模式可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运与分配、促进增产的同时,提高氮肥利用效率,从而实现节氮增产的目标。     

种植密度和灌溉量对西辽河平原春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

在内蒙古通辽市辽河镇浅埋滴灌水肥一体化条件下,以DK159为研究对象,设置6.0万株/hm²(D1,CK,农民常规种植密度)和9.0万株/hm²(D2)两种种植密度处理和45 mm(I₄₅)、90 mm(I₉₀)、180 mm(I₁₈₀)、270 mm(I₂₇₀)、360 mm(I₃₆₀)、450 mm(I₄₅₀,CK,农民常规灌溉量)6个灌溉量水平,研究种植密度和灌溉量对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,9.0万株/hm²密度下在360 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高的WUE;6.0万株/hm²密度下在270 mm的灌溉量下获得最高产量和较高WUE。与传统生产方式(D1-I₄₅₀处理)相比,D1-I₂₇₀处理的产量无显著降低,灌溉量降低40.0%,蒸散量减少19.7%,WUE提高25.1%;D2-I     

内蒙古河套灌区春小麦高产节水灌溉制度研究

为给河套灌区春小麦高产节水灌溉制度的建立提供理论依据,2006-2007年在内蒙古河套平原浅层地下水灌区,研究了不同灌水处理下春小麦产量形成、耗水组成及水分利用效率的特点.结果表明,随着灌水量的增加,小麦生育期总耗水量明显增加,而水分利用效率显著降低;总耗水的增加主要是由于灌溉水消耗增多所致,地下水补给量则随灌水量增加呈明显减少趋势.小麦生育期总灌水量与产量和水分利用效率均呈抛物线关系,产量达峰值时的灌水量大于水分利用效率达峰值时的灌水量.综合两年试验结果得出,在秋季浇足底墒水的基础上,春浇2水是实现春小麦节水与高产相统一的最佳灌溉模式,即在小麦分蘖至拔节期、抽穗至开花期灌2次水,每次灌水750～1050 m3·hm 2,产量和水分利用效率可分别达到6750 kg·hm-2和1.75 kg·m-3以上.     

Impact of water management on yield and water productivity with system of rice intensification (SRI) and conventional transplanting system in rice

The system of rice intensification (SRI) reportedly enhances yield with less water requirement. This claim was investigated to determine the effects of alternative cultivation methods and water regimes on crop growth and physiological performance. Treatment combinations compared SRI with the conventional transplanting system (CTS) using standard practices, evaluating both along a continuum from continuous flooding to water applications at 1, 3, 5, or 7 days after disappearance of ponded water (DAD), subjecting plants to differing degrees of water stress while reducing total water expenditure. SRI methods gave significant changes in plants’ phenotype in terms of root growth and tillering, with improved xylem exudation and photosynthetic rates during the grain-filling stage compared to CTS. This resulted in significant increases in panicle length, more grains and more filled grains panicle^?1, greater 1,000-grain weight, and higher grain yield under SRI management. Overall, averaged across the five water regimes evaluated, SRI practice produced 49 % higher grain yield with 14 % less water than under CTS; under SRI, water productivity increased by 73 %, from 3.3 to 5.7 kg ha-mm^?1. The highest CTS grain yield and water productivity were with the 1-DAD treatment (4.35 t ha^?1 and 3.73 kg ha-mm^?1); SRI grain yield and water productivity were the greatest at 3-DAD (6.35 t ha^?1 and 6.47 kg ha-mm^?1).     

Performance of drip-irrigated dry-seeded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) in South Asia

Drip irrigation in dry-seeded rice (DSR) is a new water-saving cultivation technology; however, very little is known of its productivity and water-saving capacities. The study was conducted for 2 years (2013 and 2014) in a split-plot design in three replicates with treatment combinations of four irrigation regimes [drip irrigation at 1.5, 2.25, and 3.0× pan evaporation (Epan) and flood irrigation at 3.0× Epan] and three nitrogen (N) levels (120, 150, and 180 kg ha^?1). Drip irrigation in DSR resulted in higher grain yield (7.34–8.01 t ha^?1) than flood irrigation (6.63–7.60 t ha^?1) , with water savings of more than 40 %. Water-use efficiency with drip irrigation was higher (0.81–0.88 kg m^?3) than flood irrigation (0.42–0.52 kg m^?3) , being highest with drip irrigation at 1.5× Epan. Root density at soil depths of 15–30 cm was also higher in drip (0.86–1.05 mg cm^?3) as compared to the flood (0.76–0.80 kg m^?3)-irrigated crop. This study implicated that under water-scarce scenario, drip-irrigated DSR is a profitable, and water- and energy-saving technology. This study also suggested that policy focus in future must be tilted towards the promotion of solar-operated drip irrigation in those regions, where DSR is being promoted in the face of water and energy crisis.     

Effect of Phosphorus and Irrigation Levels on Yield,Water Productivity,Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Income of Lowland Rice in Northwest Pakistan

With decreasing availability of water for agriculture and increasing demand for rice production, an optimum use of irrigation water and phosphorus may guarantee sustainable rice production. Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to investigate the effect of phosphorus and irrigation levels on yield, water productivity (WP), phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and income of low land rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements replicated four times. Main plot consisted of five phosphorus levels, viz. 0 (P0), 50 (P50), 100 (P100), 150 (P150), and 200 (P200) kg/hm2, while subplots contained of irrigation times, i.e. 8 (I8), 10 (I10), 12 (I12), and 14 (I14) irrigation levels, each with a water depth of 7.5 cm. Mean values revealed that P150 in combination with I10 produced the highest paddy yield (9.8 t/hm2) and net benefit (1 231.8 US$/hm2) among all the treatments. Phosphorus enhanced WP when applied in appropriate combination with irrigation level. The highest mean WP [13.3 kg/(hm2?mm)] could be achieved at P150 with I8 and decreased with increase in irrigation level, while the highest mean PUE (20.1 kg/kg) could be achieved at P100 with I10 and diminished with higher P levels. The overall results indicate that P150 along with I10 was the best combination for sustainable rice cultivation in silty clay soil.     

水氮运筹对强筋小麦干物质转运与籽粒产量的影响

为探讨冀东麦区水氮运筹对强筋小麦干物质转运与籽粒产量的影响,以强筋小麦品种津农7号为材料,采用裂区试验设计,以追氮春灌时间为主区［返青期追氮灌水（T₁）、起身期追氮灌水（T₂）和拔节期追氮灌水（T₃）］,氮肥运筹为副区［基施N 120 kg·hm^-2+追施N 120 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、基施N 90 kg·hm^-2+追施N 120 kg·hm^-2（N₂）和基施N 120 kg·hm^-2+追施N 90 kg·hm^-2（N₃）］,比较分析不同处理下津农7号籽粒产量、干物质转运和氮肥偏生产力的差异。结果表明,水氮运筹对津农7号的籽粒产量和穗粒数影响显著,不同处理下小麦籽粒产量为8 734.82～9 763.22 kg·hm^-2,其中T₂N₁和T₂N₂处理的籽粒产量显著高于其他处理;T₂的平均氮肥偏生产力较T₁和T₃分别高4.84%和1.88%,且T₂N₂处理最高。各处理花后干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率为57.35%～89.74%,说明小麦籽粒产量多源于花后干物质积累。T₂条件下成熟期小麦营养器官氮素积累量和籽粒氮素积累量均显著高于T₁和T₃,且N₃下花前氮素转运效率较N₂无显著变化,说明追氮灌水前移至起身期可促进强筋小麦氮素转运及籽粒氮素积累。在本试验条件下,基施N 90 kg·hm^-2,起身期灌水并追施N 120 kg·hm^-2可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运和分配的同时稳定产量,提高氮肥利用率,从而实现强筋小麦节氮稳产。     

Effects of alternate wetting and drying irrigation on percolation and nitrogen leaching in paddy fields

The widely adopted alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation for rice production is increasingly needed to quantify the different water outflows and nitrogen leaching losses. We investigated the effects of AWD on percolation, water productivity, nitrogen leaching losses, and nitrogen productivity through in situ experiments. Results show that AWD reduced irrigation water without a significant impact on grain yields and increased the mean water productivity by 16.9 % compared with continuously flood irrigation (CFI). The mean nitrogen productivity of 135 kg ha^?1 N level was 22.2 % higher than that of 180 kg ha^?1 N level, although grain yields substantially increased because of nitrogen fertilization application. The percolation was also reduced by 15.3 % in 2007 and 8.3 % in 2008 compared to CFI. However, the cumulative percolation of the first 5 days after irrigation in AWD plots is significantly larger than that in CFI plots. The NH₄ ⁺–N and TN leaching losses of AWD and CFI had no significant variations while the NO₃ ^?–N leaching losses were increased caused by AWD. The total NH₄ ⁺–N, NO₃ ^?–N, and TN leaching losses of AWD in the first 3 days after irrigation were higher than that of contemporaneous CFI. The results indicate that the bypass or preferential flow and strengthened nitrification–denitrification nitrogen transformation processes because of alternate wetting and drying potentially decrease the water saving effectiveness and increase the NO₃ ^?–N loading to the groundwater.     

Potential of the indigenous desert grasses of the Arabian Peninsula for forage production in a water‐scarce region

Indigenous perennial grasses are widely distributed in the Arabian Peninsula. Their survival under limited rainfall and grazing suggests a potential role as grassland species and for rehabilitation of degraded rangelands. Forage productivity, seed production and water‐use efficiency (WUE) was determined over 2 years for four indigenous grasses: buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.), dakhna (Coelachyrum piercei Benth.), da’ay (Lasiurus scindicus Henr.) and tuman (Panicum turgidum Forssk.) together with one exotic species, rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) in the central region of the United Arab Emirates. Three irrigation treatments were used: R1 (1858–6758 m³ ha^?1 year^?1), R2 (929–3379 m³ ha^?1 year^?1) and R3 (464–1689 m³ ha^?1 year^?1). Buffel grass had the highest dry‐matter (DM) yield under all irrigation treatments. The average DM yield of buffel grass was 14·6 and 15·1 t ha^?1 in the 2 years which was significantly higher than that for the other grasses with dakhna having the lowest DM yields. The WUE of 0·7 and 0·8 kg DM m^?3 in the 2 years for buffel grass was significantly greater than for the other grasses. Buffel grass showed the highest increase in WUE in both years when the irrigation was reduced from treatment R1 to R3. The results suggest that the desert grasses of the Arabian Peninsula, such as buffel grass, could be useful grass species in reducing the use of scarce irrigation water provided that seed production can be increased.     

Phenological variations,yield differences and free proline accumulation in rice under alternate inundation and suspension of irrigation in Central Thailand

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the phenological and physiological adjustments, yield performance and water productivity of rice under variable periods of suspension of irrigation. Four different water management schedules [viz. conventional water management (CWM), 2-week inundation followed by 2-week suspension of irrigation (I₂ S₂), 1-week inundation followed by 3-week suspension of irrigation (I₁ S₃), and 1-week inundation followed by 4-week suspension of irrigation (I₁ S₄)] were evaluated in greenhouse pots with transplanted rice. Only CWM, I₂ S₂, and I₁ S₃ were tested under field conditions. In the greenhouse pot experiment, the commencement of flowering and physiological maturity of rice occurred in the shortest period with CWM, and delayed with increasing the period of suspension of irrigation during vegetative phase. Some of shoot and root growth parameters of rice had significant differences among different water management practices. Free proline accumulated in leaves was lowest in CWM, increased with increasing the period of suspension of irrigation. The I₁ S₃ water management reported highest water productivity. Field experiment conducted, confirmed the results observed in the greenhouse experiment showing similar pattern of shoot and root growth characteristics and free proline accumulation in rice plants. The water productivity and grain yield was significantly higher in I₂ S₂ over CWM and I₁ S₃. Overall results suggest that the 2-week inundation followed by 2-week suspension of irrigation water management is a better option for water saving with higher yield in transplanted rice for 120 days old Suphan Buri 1 hybrid in Central Thailand.     

Is Partial Root-Zone Drying More Appropriate than Drip Irrigation to Save Water in China? A Preliminary Comparative Analysis for Potato Cultivation

China is the largest worldwide potato producer where around half of the crops is planted in the semi-arid region frequently affected by water restriction. While innovative methods are needed for water-saving irrigation methods, the use of low-cost and environmental-friendly technology must be prioritised. In this study, potato production under drip irrigation (DI, commonly adopted to save water) was compared with partial root-zone drying furrow irrigation (PRD) using the same water volume per irrigation, in both methods. Two initiation timings (early and late) were tested under shelter and field conditions, the water supplied during every irrigation being 50% of the crop water demand calculated for furrow full irrigation (FI, as control). The comparison of both methods was done through the assessment of tuber fresh-yield and estimated economic and environmental (carbon footprint and irrigation water use efficiency, WUE_i) benefits. Late PRD and DI produced the highest WUE_i without significant yield reduction. PRD produced 3.1% higher net benefit than DI with an estimated CO₂ emission of 3659 kg ha^?1 CO₂ (14% lower than DI). The input-output ratio (total input costs/yield output) for PRD was 0.4, which was 10% lower than DI. The study’s results suggested that PRD, with no less than 50% of the water applied in FI per application, not only maintained yield but could also increase revenues while saving water and reducing CO₂ emissions, compared to DI. Such results might help reduce the pressure on the water reserves in semi-arid potato-producing areas in China. Notwithstanding, a scaling-up of PRD technology must be tested in those regions to substantiate the findings of this preliminary study.     

Growth,water use,and kernel abortion of maize subjected to drought at silking

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is particularly sensitive to water deficits that coincide with the tasseling-silking period, causing marked reductions in grain number. More knowledge about crop responses to water supply is required, however, to explain the causes of kernel number reductions under the mild stresses characteristic of humid regions. The objectives of this study were to: (i) quantify crop evapotranspiration, E_c, and its relationship with shoot biomass production, grain yield, and kernel number; and (ii) determine the impact on final kernel number of supplying fresh pollen to silks whose appearance is delayed by water deficits at silking. Field experiments were conducted at Balcarce (37°45′S, 130 m) during 1988/89 and 1989/90 with two sowing dates (6 weeks apart) to provide differences in evaporative demand. Plastic covers were placed on the ground of water-deficit plots to generate a 40-day period of lowered water supply bracketing silking. Control plots received rain plus additional furrow irrigation in order to keep the ratio between crop (_c) and potential (E_p) Penman evapotranspiration greater than 0.9. Plant water status indicators revealed differences between treatments, but failed to reflect soil water status. Water deficit reduced plant height, maximum leaf area index, and shoot biomass. Shoot biomass accumulation was correlated with E_c, but higher water-use efficiencies (WUE) were found for the water-stress treatments. Grain yield was correlated to kernels m⁻² (r = 0.88; 6 d.f.), and both grain yield and kernels m⁻² were related to E_c during the treatment period, resulting in reductions of 4.7 grains m⁻² and 17.7 kg ha⁻¹ for each mm reduction in E_c. The number of kernels per ear did not improve when fresh pollen was applied to late appearing silks, suggesting that ovaries which failed to expose their silks synchronously with pollen shedding were deleteriously affected by water stress.     

Pattern of methane emission and water productivity under different methods of rice crop establishment

Methane (CH₄) emission and water productivity were estimated in an experiment conducted during wet (rainy) season of 2010 at the research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. Treatments comprising three methods of crop establishment viz., conventional transplanting (CT), system of rice intensification (SRI) and double transplanting (DT) were laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Scented rice (Oryza sativa L) variety ‘Pusa Basmati 1401’ was transplanted in puddle field. In CT and SRI 21 and 12-day-old seedlings, respectively, were transplanted while in DT overall 45-day-old seedlings were transplanted. In CT and DT flooded conditions while in SRI saturated conditions were maintained. Results indicated that among the methods of crop establishment, CT had maximum cumulative CH₄ emission (32.33 kg ha^?1) followed by DT (29.30 kg ha^?1) and SRI (19.93 kg ha^?1). Temporal CH₄ flux fluctuated between 79.7 and 482.0 mg m^?2 day^?1 under CT; 46.0 and 315.0 mg m^?2 day^?1 in SRI and 86.7 and 467.3 mg m^?2 day^?1 in DT. Considerable temporal variations in the individual CH₄ fluxes were observed. Flux of CH₄ was generally higher in early stage of crop and peaked about 21 days after transplanting coinciding with tillering stage of crop. CH₄ flux declined gradually from 75 days after transplanting and stabilized at the harvest stage of rice in all the three methods of transplanting. Global warming potential was highest in CT (807.4 kg CO₂ ha^?1) and lowest in SRI (498.25 kg CO₂ ha^?1). However, a reverse trend was observed with carbon efficiency ratio. The water savings to the extent of six irrigations was recorded in SRI over CT. A saving of 27.4 % irrigation water and 18.5 % total water was recorded in SRI over CT while the corresponding values of DT over CT were 14.5 and 9.8 %. Water productivity of SRI (3.56 kg/ha mm) was significantly higher as compared to DT (2.87 kg/ha mm) and CT (2.61 kg/ha mm).     

Growth behavior,productivity, leaf rolling,and soil cracks on transplanted rice in response to enforce surface drainage

Intermittent and prolonged dry spell during growth of transplanted rice is an important abiotic problem in north eastern region (NER). However, the productivity of rice in the region is very low, and this is mainly associated with reduced plant population, growth, and yield attributes with lower relative water content and leaf rolling with formation of soil cracks by erratic and aberrant rainfall. Keeping this in view, a field experiment on transplanted rice was conducted during two consecutive years 2011 and 2012 at NER of India, to evaluate the imposition of forced surface drainage (SD) at various growth stages (continuous drainage, SD at tillering, SD at panicle initiation, SD at booting, SD at flowering, SD at milking, and 15 days intermittent SD) and was compared with continuous flooding on growth and yield attributes, yield, relative water content, leaf rolling, and formation of soil cracks. Results revealed that continuous flooding has significant (p < 0.05) improved the plant population, growth and yield parameters, rice grain yield (3,406.7 kg ha^?1) and straw yield (4,683.3 kg ha^?1), relative water content maintained >90 %, no leaf roll, and soil crack. However, imposition of SD at tillering has lower tillers hill^?1, but yield was compensated by improvement in yield attributes. As per the availability of water, growers of the region can utilize the water for scheduling of water and most critical stages can be avoided by moisture stress to obtain higher productivity.     

水氮互作对膜下滴灌玉米产量及水氮利用的影响

通过田间裂区试验,研究不同灌水量和施氮量对膜下滴灌玉米生理生长、产量及其构成因素和水、氮利用的影响。结果表明,水氮互作对玉米产量影响差异显著(P0.05)。玉米单株叶面积随着施氮量与灌水量的增加而增大。随着灌水量的增加,玉米耗水量呈上升趋势,玉米水分利用效率呈下降趋势。氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的增加而减小。当灌水量大于2 700 m~3/hm~2、施氮量大于200 kg/hm~2时,玉米干物质积累和产量不在增加,产量呈下降趋势。在本试验条件下,推荐最佳灌水量为2700 m~3/hm~2,施氮量为200 kg/hm~2。     

The effect of water stress in regulated deficit irrigation on soybean yield (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of water stress in regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the yield of soybean growing on Ultisol soil. This research was conducted under plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung Polytechnique from August to November 2004. The water stress treatments in regulated deficit irrigation were ET₁ (1.0 × ET_c), ET₂ (0.8 × ET_c), ET₃ (0.6 × ET_c), ET₄ (0.4 × ET_c) and ET₅ (0.2 × ET_c), arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. ET_c means crop evapotranspiration under standard condition, which was well watered. For example, the ET₂ (0.8 × ET_c) treatment means that the amount of supplied water per a day is the same as the crop adjustment evapotranspiration (ET_cadj) with the value 0.8 of water stress coefficient (K _s). The RDI treatments were carried out just at vegetative phase and its treatments were stopped at the beginning of flowering phase, and afterwards the treatments were watered at 1.0 × ET_c. The results showed that since week II, the soybean experienced stress throughout the growth period except ET₂ treatment. ET₂ treatment started to be stressed at week V and continued to be stressed until the harvest time. At the ET₃ treatment, the critical water content (θ_c) of soybean was reached at week II, and the θ_c was 0.24 m³/m³ on the average. The RDI at vegetative period significantly affected the yield. The highest yield was ET₁ (35.2 g/plant), followed by ET₂ (31.0 g/plant), ET₃ (18.1 g/plant), ET₄ (7.6 g/plant), and ET₅ (3.3 g/plant). The optimal water management of soybean with the highest yield efficiency was regulated deficit irrigation with water stress coefficient (K _s) of 0.80 for vegetative phase.     

Applicability of APSIM to capture the effectiveness of irrigation management decisions in rice-based cropping sequence in the Upper-Gangetic Plains of India

Rice–wheat (RW) production system, which covers over 13.5 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of south Asia, is vital for food and nutritional security and livelihood of millions of poor people in this part of the region. Availability of irrigation water under projected climate change scenarios is a great concern, and demonstration of the impact of different irrigation regimes on rice, wheat, and system yields is essential to adopt suitable water saving technologies to minimize risk. This study tested the ability of the agricultural production systems simulator (APSIM) model to simulate the effects of different irrigation regimes on yield, irrigation water requirement, and irrigation water productivity (WP_i) of rice, wheat, and RW system in upper-gangetic plains of India. The long-term simulated rice yield showed a steadily declining trend at an average rate of 120 kg ha^?1 yr^?1 (R ² = 0.94, p < 0.05), while long-term simulated wheat yields showed a lower declining trend at an average rate of 48 kg ha^?1 yr^?1 (R ² = 0.48, p < 0.05). The highest WP_i of 8.31 kg ha^?1 mm^?1 was observed under RW system with the rice irrigation (IR) regime of 8 days alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and five irrigations for wheat with a yield penalty of 25.5 %. The next highest WP_i was observed in the treatment with a 5-day AWD regime in rice and five irrigations for wheat, with a yield penalty of 20.1 %. Thus, we can suggest that a 5-day AWD irrigation regime for rice combined with five irrigations during wheat could be the best option under water limiting situations.