Variations in structural,biochemical, and physiological traits of photosynthesis and resource use efficiency in Amaranthus species (NAD-ME-type C4)

C₄ plants show higher photosynthetic capacity and productivity than C₃ plants owing to a CO₂-concentrating mechanism in leaves, which reduces photorespiration. However, which traits regulate the photosynthetic capacity of C₄ plants remains unclear. We investigated structural, biochemical, and physiological traits associated with photosynthesis and resource use efficiency in 20 accessions of 12 species of Amaranthus, NAD-malic enzyme-type C₄ dicots. Net photosynthetic rate (P_N) ranged from 19.7 to 40.5 μmol m^?2 s^?1. P_N was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and nitrogen and chlorophyll contents of leaves and was weakly positively correlated with specific leaf weight. P_N was also positively correlated with the activity of the C₃ enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphoshate carboxylase/oxygenase, but not with the activities of the C₄ enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NAD-malic enzyme. Structural traits of leaves (stomatal density, guard cell length, leaf thickness, interveinal distance, sizes of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells and the area ratio between these cells) were not significantly correlated with P_N. These data suggest that some of the biochemical and physiological traits are involved in interspecific P_N variation, whereas structural traits are not directly involved. Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency ranged between 260 and 458 μmol mol^?1 N s^?1. Photosynthetic water use efficiency ranged between 5.6 and 10.4 mmol mol^?1. When these data were compared with previously published data of C₄ grasses, it is suggested that common mechanisms may determine the variations in resource use efficiency in grasses and this dicot group.     

超级杂交稻叶片光合特性、光合氮素利用效率和产量对不同施氮量的响应

为探明超级杂交稻叶片光合特性、光合氮素利用效率和产量对不同施氮量的响应特征,以Q优6号(V1)、宜香优2115(V2)为材料,于2019年在贵州省黄平县进行了不同施氮量的田间试验.结果 表明,随着施氮量的增加,在孕穗期,最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和单位叶面积氮含量(Narea)呈上升趋势,表观光量子效率(AQE)、净...     

氮肥后移对花生氮代谢相关酶活性、氮素利用效率及产量的影响

本研究以农花5号为试材,在施氮肥总量一致的条件下,设3个不同施用时期处理：基施氮肥135 kg·hm^-2(T1)、基施氮肥67.5 kg·hm^-2+苗期追肥67.5 kg·hm^-2(T2)、基施氮肥45 kg·hm^-2+苗期和开花下针期分别追肥45 kg·hm^-2(T3)、以不施氮肥CK为对照,研究氮肥后移对花生叶片氮代谢相关酶活性、氮素积累量与利用效率、产量及其构成因素的影响。试验结果表明,不同施氮时期处理下,氮代谢相关酶活性和氮素积累量的变化趋势大致相同,但活性和含量的高低因施氮时期的不同发生变化。T3处理能显著提高花生生育后期叶片的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶的活性;花生生育后期植株总氮素积累量、根系和荚果氮素积累量以T3处理最高,但各施肥处理间差异不显著;氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力亦以T3处理最高,且差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);T3处理产量最高,为5361.11 kg·hm^-2,比CK、T1和T2处理分别增产20.79%、...     

Nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of various sugarcane varieties under drought stress at early growth stage

ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of the five different sugarcane varieties (including NiF3, Ni9, Ni17, Ni21 and Ni22) under early growth stage from 60 to 120 days after transplanting. The results showed drought stress reduced the photosynthetic rate, growth parameters including plant height, leaf area; partial and total dry weights; and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits including photosynthetic NUE, nitrogen utilization efficiency and biomass NUE of measured sugarcane varieties. The significant differences were found among varieties in growth parameters, dry weights, NUE traits and drought tolerant index (DTI). The significant positive correlations among NUE traits and DTI suggested higher NUEs could support better a tolerant ability to drought stress at the early growth stage. Because of larger contributions, DTIs for aboveground and stalk dry weight could be used as the important DTIs to evaluate drought tolerant ability in sugarcane varieties.     

Variability of light interception and radiation use efficiency in maize and soybean

Variability of light interception and its derivatives are poorly understood at the field-scale in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glyine max (L.) Merr.]. Quantifying variability can provide reliable estimates of field-scale processes and reliable methodology. A field study was conducted during the 2005 growing season in a 31 ha maize and 23 ha soybean field rotated annually near Ames, IA to measure variability of cumulatively intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (CI-PAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) by deploying eight line quantum sensors in each field. Cumulative mean PAR interception for soybean was 575 MJ m⁻² ending on day of the year (DOY) 249 compared with 687 MJ m⁻² in maize ending on DOY 244. Soybean standard error (s_X) for a single sensor was 4.48% and with six sensors was 1.83% of the final CI-PAR. Maize s_X for a single sensor was 5.29% and with eight sensors was 1.87% of the final CI-PAR. Crop biomass was quantified weekly by collecting four 1 m² samples. Soybean RUE using all sensors was 1.44 ± 0.06 g MJ PAR⁻¹. The highest CI-PAR from a single sensor had RUE of 1.32 and the lowest was 1.55 g MJ PAR⁻¹. Maize RUE using all sensors was 3.35 ± 0.09. The highest CI-PAR from a single sensor had RUE of 2.87 and the lowest was 3.70 g MJ PAR⁻¹. Reliable transmitted PAR and RUE estimates are obtainable at the field-scale in maize and soybean with four and three sensors, respectively, assuming that crop biomass is accurately measured.     

干旱胁迫对不同类型红花品种（系） 苗期生理生化特性的影响

为筛选抗旱品种提供依据,本试验从14份红花品种中筛选出2个抗旱品种（PI401470和PI401477 ）和2个干旱敏感型品种（系）（PI560169和川红1号）,并以此4份品种（系）为材料,研究干旱胁迫对红花幼苗光合、渗透调节物质和抗氧化物保护酶等生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,4个红花品种（系）叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均呈不同程度的下降趋势,且品种间差异显著（P﹤0.05）;抗旱红花品（系）的各光合特性指标降幅均低于敏感型红花品种（系）。干旱胁迫条件下,渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量均上升,保护性酶SOD、POD和CAT活性也均呈升高趋势,且抗旱型红花品种（系）的增长率高于敏感型品种（系）;抗旱型品种（系）MDA含量增长率低于敏感型品种。对11项指标进行主成分分析,提取了2个主成分,以净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度、蒸腾速率、SOD活性和CAT活性为第一主成分,以可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸为第二主成分的抗旱性鉴定指标,累计贡献率达89.50％。     

Photosynthetic response and nitrogen use efficiency of sugarcane under drought stress conditions with different nitrogen application levels

Drought stress which often occurs during early growth stage is one constraint in sugarcane production. In this study, the response of sugarcane to drought and nitrogen application for physiological and agronomical characteristics was investigated. Two water regimes (well-watered and drought stress from 60 to 120 day after transplanting) and four nitrogen levels (0, 4.4, 8.8 and 13.2 g pot^?1 equivalent to 0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha^?1, respectively) were assigned in a Split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that photosynthetic responses to light intensity and intercellular CO₂ concentrations of sugarcane were different between fertilized and non-fertilized treatments. Photosynthetic rates of 180 and 270 N treatments, normally, were significantly higher than that of 90 N, but not significant at drought conditions. Photosynthetic rates of 0 N treatment were the lowest under both conditions. Higher nitrogen application supported higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content because of higher nitrogen concentration accumulated into the leaf. Drought significantly reduced the potential photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, SPAD, leaf area, and biomass production. Higher nitrogen applications with larger root system could support higher photosynthetic activities to accumulate more dry mass. Strong positive coefficient between photosynthetic and biomass nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerance index may suggest that higher nitrogen use efficiency could help plants have higher ability to tolerate drought stress.     

稻田水分管理方式对水稻光合速率和水分利用效率的影响

以超级杂交稻两优培九和中优6号为材料, 设3个不同水分管理措施,在穗分化期、开花期和花后20 d分别测定叶片光合速率和水分利用率。结果表明:不同水分管理方式影响水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。水分好气灌溉管理地上部干物重和水分利用效率明显增加;水分低水位管理蒸腾速率、地上部干物重和叶片水分利用效率下降。淹水灌溉地上部干物重、叶面积指数、叶片光合速率和水分利用率较低。因此,水稻好气灌溉有利于光合物质积累,显著增产和提高水分利用效率。试验还表明这3种水分管理对稻米蛋白质含量的影响不显著。     

不同年代育成大豆叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系

为了解大豆品种遗传改良过程中叶片氮含量的变化及其与净光合速率的关系,对吉林省1923年-2004年间育成的21个大豆品种的叶片氮含量和光合特性进行了研究。结果表明,叶片氮含量与育成年代在R2期和R6期呈极显著或显著正相关,但在R4期呈不显著负相关。在R2期和R6期,大豆品种间叶片单位叶面积氮含量增长率明显大于净光合速率增长率,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈极显著或显著负相关;在R4期,现代品种叶片单位叶面积氮含量低于老品种,而净光合速率仍高于老品种,导致了氮素光合利用效率与育成年代呈显著正相关。叶片氮含量高,叶绿素含量就高,净光合速率也高,但氮素光合利用效率却低;可将R4期氮素光合利用效率作为高产品种选育的一个指标。       

Growth,leaf photosynthesis and canopy light use efficiency under differing irradiance and soil N supplies in the forage grass Brachiaria decumbens Stapf

Irradiance and soil nitrogen effects on growth, net photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of Brachiaria decumbens were investigated in fertilized and non‐fertilized stands. Three levels of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF: S0 = 100%, S1 = 50% and S2 = 30%) and two N supplies, with (N+) and without (N?), were used. Forage biomass and nutrient accumulation, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area index (LAI), fractional intercepted photosynthetic photon flux (fPPF), leaf photosynthetic response to light and efficiency of radiation use at leaf (A/Q) and canopy (RUE) levels were measured. Shade effects were mostly independent of soil N. Final yield was decreased by 34% (S1) and 57% (S2). Shade increased SLA (25–46%), so maximum LAI (2·4–3·3) was similar among light regimes. In N? stands, reductions in leaf biomass (14%), SLA (17%) and LAI (27%) were recorded, although forage yield was similar between soil N conditions. Under shade, peaks of A were comparable to those at full light, so A/Q was higher around midday. Derived parameters of the A‐PPF curves were similar between S0 and S2. A maximum fPPF = 0·8 (S0N+, S1N+) was recorded at LAI = 3–4. Under limited sunlight, relatively high RUE (1·6–2·8 g MJ^?1) were observed over both soil N conditions. We concluded that B. decumbens had a high plasticity to shade, thus explaining its success under silvopastoral systems.     

强化栽培下水稻穗分化期叶片光合速率与水分利用率的研究

 用超级杂交稻两优培九、Ⅱ优7954和国稻1号作为研究材料，比较SRI水稻穗分化期不同移栽密度叶片光合速率和水分利用率。结果表明，SRI水稻稀植后能保持一定的叶面积指数，随着移栽密度从1.95×105丛/hm2下降到0.75×105丛/hm2，群体透光率增加，各叶位(第9叶至第13叶)叶片的光合速率和水分利用率明显提高，蒸腾速率降低，抽穗整齐度下降，第9叶和第10叶的光合速率和水分利用率提高的幅度较大。在试验条件下，水稻强化栽培的产量在移栽密度为165×105丛/hm2 时最高。     

水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

Genetic dissection of grain nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield and their relationship in rice

Breeding for improved grain yield (GY) and grain nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important objective of many rice breeding programs. A better understanding of the genetics of these two complex traits and their genetic relationship is required for more efficient breeding. This study reports the results of a linkage mapping study conducted for these two traits using 127 rice recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Zhanshan 97/Minghui 63. Phenotypic data were collected under two nitrogen conditions in 2006 and 2007. For NUE, four and six QTLs were identified in 2006 and 2007, respectively. These QTLs were on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 7 and 11. For GY, nine and five QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 7 and 11 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between NUE and GY are positive and highly significant. Four genomic regions, including C86-C2340 on chromosome 1, RZ599-R1738 on chromosome 2, RZ471-C1023 on chromosome 7 and R3203-RM20a on chromosome 11, were found to contain QTLs for both NUE and GY. The effects of the co-located QTLs were in the same direction for NUE and GY, providing a genetic basis for the observed positive genetic correlation between the two traits. These genomic regions might be explored for the simultaneous improvement of NUE and GY in breeding.     

An application of digital imagery analysis to understand the effect of N application on light interception,radiation use efficiency,and grain yield of maize under various agro-environments in Northern Mozambique

Light-based analysis is a fundamental approach to quantify the effects of factors determining crop growth in a given environment. The objectives of this study are to confirm the applicability of a digital imagery technique to extract green leaf areas for estimating light interception (LI) of maize canopy and to understand the effect of fertilizer application on the LI and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of maize under various agro-environments in Northern Mozambique. A locally recommended variety, Matuba, was grown in a single season with three different N application rates (0, 30, and 80 kgN ha^?1) at one hot/dry low-elevation site, two hot/humid mid-elevation sites, and one cool/humid high-elevation site. Repeated measurements with quantum sensors revealed that the digital imagery is applicable to estimate the LI of maize except for leaf-senescing period close to maturity. The N application demonstrated profitable yield increases with agronomic nitrogen use efficiencies (kg grain yield per kg N input) of 20.6–35.3 kg kg^?1 except for the low-elevation site with severe drought stress. In the mid-elevation sites, the yield increases were mostly explained by the improvement of RUE while the effect on LI was small because the vegetative growth was naturally vigorous under high temperatures irrespective of N inputs. At the high-elevation site, the N application improved its stagnant initial canopy development and increased both RUE and LI. The simple and inexpensive imagery technique should be useful to identify physiological basis of maize responses to fertilizer application and its interaction with regional environment even under poorly equipped regions in the tropics.     

Analysis of yield attributes and crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu,a hybrid rice recently bred in China

Crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu, a “super” hybrid rice variety recently bred in China, were compared with those of Takanari and Nipponbare in 2003 and 2004 in Kyoto, Japan. Liangyoupeijiu showed a significantly higher grain yield than Nipponbare in both years, and achieved a grain yield of 11.8 t ha⁻¹ in 2004, which is the highest yield observed under environmental conditions in Kyoto. Liangyoupeijiu had longer growth duration and larger leaf area duration (LAD) before heading, causing larger biomass accumulation before heading than the other two varieties. Liangyoupeijiu had a large number of grains and translocated a large amount of carbohydrates from the vegetative organ to the panicle during the grain filling period. The three yield components measured were panicle weight at heading (P₀), the amount of carbohydrates translocated from the leaf and stem to the panicle during the grain filling period (ΔT), and the newly assimilated carbohydrates during grain filling (ΔW). It was found that the sum of P₀ and ΔT were strongly correlated with grain yield when all the data (n = 8) were combined (r = 0.876**). However, there was no significant difference in the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of the whole growth period between Liangyoupeijiu and Nipponbare for both years. Even though the growth duration was shorter, Takanari, an indica/japonica cross-bred variety, showed a similar yield to Liangyoupeijiu in both years. The mean RUE of the whole growth period was significantly higher in Takanari, 1.60 and 1.64 g MJ⁻¹ in 2003 and 2004, respectively, than in Liangyoupeijiu, which had a RUE of 1.46 and 1.52 g MJ⁻¹ in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The high grain yield of Takanari was mainly due to its high RUE compared with Liangyoupeijiu and its large P₀ and ΔT. Our result showed that the high grain yield of Liangyoupeijiu was due to its large biomass accumulation before heading, which resulted from its large LAD rather than its RUE.     

不同氮肥种类对稻虾共作水稻生长和田面水水质的影响

稻虾共作模式具有较高的综合效益,近年在全国发展迅速。为稻虾共作选择适宜氮肥种类,既能保证田面水水质,又能保证水稻氮素供应而促进水稻生长,对稻虾共生系统的清洁生产至关重要。设置3种施肥处理（CF,基施复混肥并追施尿素;CRF,缓释复混肥作基肥一次性施用;OF,基施有机无机复混肥并追施尿素）,并以不施氮肥为对照（CK）,研究不同施肥处理对水稻分蘖期之前田面水水质及全生育期水稻生长的影响。结果表明,与CF和OF处理相比,CRF处理降低稻虾田田面水氨氮及亚硝态氮的效果最好,有利于小龙虾回田生长;施肥处理提高了土壤无机氮含量,促进了水稻干物质累积;CRF处理水稻的有效穗数、产量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产效率显著高于其他处理,与CF和OF处理相比,产量分别提高14.26%和12.84%,氮肥农学效率分别提高64.86%和54.65%,氮肥偏生产效率分别提高15.00%和13.60%。此外,CRF处理还节约了追肥所需的劳动力。综上,从田面水水质、水稻生长及氮肥利用效率等因素考虑,在稻虾共作中采用缓释复混肥一次性基施的施肥方式是较佳选择,有利于该模式的可持续发展。     

覆膜与钾肥互作对油葵产量和钾肥利用效率的影响

为了获得半干旱区油葵高产高效的最佳栽培措施,2015-2017年以油用向日葵（陇葵杂3号）为材料,研究3个覆膜栽培条件及4个钾肥水平条件下的油葵产量和钾肥利用效率。3个栽培模式分别为露地、全膜双垄沟播、全膜双垄沟播+补灌。4个钾肥水平分别为0、48、84和120kg/hm2。调查籽粒产量和干物质积累,计算钾肥吸收利用,结果表明：覆膜与钾肥互作显著影响籽粒产量、干物质积累和钾肥利用效率,且两者互作效应显著;栽培方式对上述三者的影响均表现为全膜双垄沟播+补灌＞全膜双垄沟播＞露地,且差异显著;与露地相比,全膜双垄沟播+补灌和全膜双垄沟播处理油葵籽粒产量、钾肥利用效率分别显著提高了170.1%和103.9%、184.3%和143.7%。各施钾处理籽粒产量和器官干物质积累量均显著高于不施钾,表现为K120＞K84＞K48＞K0,施钾处理间除120与K84外,籽粒产量和干物质积累量差异显著。钾肥偏生产力随施钾量的增加而下降,钾肥农学效率和钾肥利用效率则先升高后降低,以84kg/hm2时钾肥农学效率和钾肥利用效率最大。油葵产量与钾肥农学效率和利用效率协同提高。综上认为,在本试验条件下,全膜双垄沟播栽培和施钾量为84kg/hm2是半干旱区油葵适宜种植模式,且补灌效果明显。      

Water use and yield of wheat/maize intercropping under alternate irrigation in the oasis field of northwest China

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of alternate irrigation (AI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping system in an oasis region of northwest China in 2006-2008. Three planting patterns, i.e., sole wheat, sole maize and wheat/maize intercropping. Three irrigation levels were applied for each treatment during 3 years. Results showed that land use efficiency of wheat and maize was significantly enhanced by intercropping system; land equivalent ratio (LER) of wheat/maize intercropping system in different treatments was all greater than 1.0. Moreover, significant difference in grain yield was observed between intercropping treatment and sole cropping treatment, in which the yield of intercropped wheat was 55.37-74.88% of sole wheat, and intercropped maize was 66.63-78.87% of sole maize. Wheat/maize intercropping treatments increased water use by 1.8-16.4% than half of the total water use of sole-cropping wheat and maize. Compared to sole cropping wheat treatments, wheat/maize intercropping with alternate irrigation significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) by 30.5-57.7%, 55.5-71.4% and 12.0-19.8%, and increased by 32.7-37.8%, 9.5-15.8% and 4.0-20.8% than sole cropping maize treatments in 2006-2008, respectively. Our results suggest that AI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method on wheat/maize intercropping in arid oasis field where intercropping planting is decreased because of limited water resource.     

不同氮素吸收利用效率类型油菜的农艺性状、干物质及氮素积累特征

为合理调整不同氮素吸收利用效率油菜品种的氮肥用量,提高氮素利用效率,大田试验条件下,根据长江流域冬油菜主产区广泛种植的34个甘蓝型油菜品种的氮素吸收和利用效率的差异,以氮素吸收和利用效率的平均值为界线将供试品种分为4类,即A-高效吸收高效利用型、B-低效吸收高效利用型、C-高效吸收低效利用型和D-低效吸收低效利用型,研究4类油菜的生长性状、干物质及氮素积累和分配的特点。结果显示,A类品种在主序长、主序角果数、一次分枝数和一次分枝角果数等农艺性状上表现很强的生长优势,B、C两类居中,D类品种最低。氮素吸收效率高的品种,其干物质量、氮素积累量相对越多,不同类型油菜的地上部生物量及氮素积累量顺序为C、A>D、B;氮素利用效率高的品种,干物质量和氮素积累在籽粒中的分配相对较多,而在果壳中分配相对较少,籽粒产量以及籽粒氮素积累量顺序则为A>B、C>D。     

优化栽培模式对水稻根-冠生长特性、水氮利用效率和产量的影响

【目的】探明优化栽培模式对水稻根冠发育以及产量与肥水利用效率的影响。【方法】以甬优1540(三系籼/粳杂交稻)为材料,设置3个处理：0N(空白)栽培模式、当地农户习惯栽培模式(对照)以及优化栽培模式。【结果】优化栽培处理两年的平均产量为11.5 t/hm²,与对照差异不显著;但其氮肥偏生产力、产谷利用率以及水分利用率较对照显著提高。与对照相比,优化栽培处理改善了水稻根系形态与生理特征,降低了根系生物量与根-冠比,提高了深根比与比根长,增加了齐穗期与灌浆中期根系活跃吸收表面积,提高了灌浆中后期根系氧化力与根系伤流液中玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)的浓度。此外,与对照相比,优化栽培处理显著提高了灌浆中后期剑叶净光合速率、叶片中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性。【结论】优化与集成现有栽培技术,可以改善水稻根系形态与生理特征,提高地上部生理活性,进而实现肥水利用效率的提高。