辽东半岛主要人工林土壤物理性质及其持水特性分析

以辽东半岛地区的红松、落叶松、红松针阔混交林和灌草4种主要林地为研究对象,利用方差分析、Pearson相关性等方法进行计算与分析。结果显示：（1）土层深度与土壤容重呈正相关,与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度呈负相关;容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度范围分别在0.50～1.30 g/cm3、40%～88%、30%～80%。（2）林分土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量,随着土层深度增加逐渐降低,波动幅度先逐渐降低最后有所增加。不同林分持水能力不同,有林地>灌草地;落叶松林>红松林和红松针阔混交林>灌草地。（3）林分土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量,与土壤厚度和土壤容重呈极显著负相关,与毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度呈极显著正相关,与非毛管孔隙度差异性不显著。林分主要土壤物理性及其持水性受到林分类型和土壤深度的影响,表现出浅层和中层土壤保水持水能力强;落叶松林土壤结构质地更优,保水持水性更强。     

岷江上游3种亚高山森林土壤蓄水和渗透能力比较

分析比较了岷江上游川滇高山栎林、岷江冷杉林和灌竹林3种森林植被类型土壤水文特征.结果表明不同林地在土壤容重、持水能力和渗透性方面都存在差异.不同林地的最大持水力受土壤的厚度、总孔隙度大小的影响,最大持水力范围变化在445.50～657.30 mm之间,稳渗速率在10.97～13.79 mm/min之间.整个土壤剖面的容重平均值排列为:高山栎林(1.10 g/cm3) ＞岷江冷杉林(1.03 g/cm3)＞灌竹林(0.71 g/cm3).土壤总孔隙度的平均值从大到小排序为:灌竹林(65.73%)＞岷江冷杉林(60.44%)＞高山栎林(51.76%).主成分分析结果显示,高山栎林土壤的涵养水源功能最强,研究结果以期为岷江上游生态屏障建设参考.     

冀北山地不同坡位油松林土壤水文效应

对冀北山地不同坡位油松林土壤层水文效应进行初步研究,结果表明:(1)0~40cm土层内,土壤容重的变动范围在0.97~1.19g/cm3,土壤总孔隙度的变动范围在45.43%~54.50%,土壤容重随土层深度的增加而增大,总孔隙度随土层深度的增加而减小;(2)坡上样地Ⅱ和样地Ⅰ每10cm饱和持水量最大,分别为713.67t/hm2和708.56t/hm2,坡中样地Ⅲ饱和持水量最小,仅为583.00t/hm2,坡中样地Ⅲ和坡下样地Ⅳ每10cm土壤的有效持水量最大,分别为196.33t/hm2和185.00t/hm2,坡上样地Ⅱ有效持水量最小,仅为74.67t/hm2;(3)林下土壤初渗速率在76.09~20.81mm/min,稳渗速率在1.95~4.06mm/min,入渗速率与入渗时间存在明显幂函数关系。     

竹林林下植物多样性与土壤水分入渗关系的研究

研究分别以浙江安吉县的4种林分类型(毛竹纯林(A)、毛竹+乔木(B)、毛竹+灌草(C)、乔木+灌草(D))以及湖南炎陵县3种林分类型(毛竹+乔木、毛竹+灌草、乔木+灌草)为对象,探讨了不同类型竹林林下植物多样性与其下不同深度土壤根系重量之间的关系,以及土壤渗透速率与不同土层根系重量和土壤含水量的相关性.结果表明:(1)上述4种植被类型0 ～40 cm根系生物量约为40～80cm的3倍,各类型林下植物多样性与其不同土层的根系重量相关性不显著;(2)浙江安吉4种植被类型中,0～40 cm与40～80 cm土层的渗透性指标以毛竹+乔木较好,初渗率、稳渗率和平均渗透率平均分别为:15.38、5.26和8.8 mm·min-1;毛竹纯林上述3项指标较低,平均分别为:5.83、3.03和4.45mm·min-1;湖南0～40 cm土层毛竹+乔木渗透性最好,上述三项指标分别为:16.72、12.23和9.13mm/min,40～ 80 cm各植被类型渗透性相差不大;(3)浙江毛竹+乔木、乔木+灌草土壤含水量均随土壤深度增加而降低,毛竹纯林与毛竹+灌草土壤含水量随土壤深度增加而先降低到18％后逐渐升高最终稳定在19％;(4)土壤入渗速率与不同深度土层根系重量显著相关,但根系重量不是决定土壤渗透性能的主要因素;(5)0 ～40cm土层的累计入渗量和土壤初始含水量呈典型的负相关,而40～80 cm土层的累计入渗量和土壤初始含水量没有明显的相关关系.     

西藏色季拉山不同海拔梯度急尖长苞冷杉林土壤水源涵养功能研究

对西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林3 700~4 200m海拔梯度上土壤物理性质、持水性能及土壤渗透性能进行测定,研究其土壤水分物理性质和水源涵养功能特征。结果表明:西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤容重在垂直剖面上表现为随着土层的加深而增大,随着海拔梯度的上升而减小。而土壤总孔隙度的变化特征与土壤容重正好相反,其中海拔4 200m处0~10cm土层的土壤容重最小,为0.561g/cm~3;海拔3 800m处、20~40cm土层的土壤容重最大,为1.1g/cm3。土壤最大持水量、最大滞留水量、饱和贮水量均随着海拔的上升而增加,土壤入渗性能指标(初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透速率、渗透总量)在同一海拔梯度不同土壤层次上均表现为随着土层深度的加深而逐渐减小的趋势。从不同海拔梯度看,4个入渗指标在海拔3 700m处呈现最大值,而在海拔4 200m处呈现最小值。通过主成分分析综合评价,海拔4 100m处急尖长苞冷杉林土壤涵养水源功能最强,而海拔4 200m和海拔3 900m处最弱。总的来说,林线植被生境的脆弱和人为干扰是影响色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤水源涵养功能的重要因素。     

春季火烧对落叶阔叶林土壤物理性质影响的空间差异研究

春季对我国南方落叶阔叶林采取不同强度地表人为火烧,以探讨火烧对不同深度土壤物理性质影响的空间差异。结果表明:火烧后短时间内使土壤容重增加,同一土层火烧强度越大容重越大,土层越深容重越大;火烧后土壤毛管孔隙度降低,非毛管孔隙度增加,土壤总孔隙度随深度增加而降低;火烧降低了土壤持水性能,最大持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量随土壤深度增加而降低,同一土层火烧强度越大持水性越低。不同强度火烧对土壤容重、通气性和持水性能等土壤性质的影响在垂直空间上存在一定差异,与对照相比,轻度火烧可影响0~10 cm土壤层,中度火烧可影响0~20 cm土壤层,而重度火烧能够影响0~30 cm土壤层,3种不同强度火烧对30~40 cm土壤层影响均不显著,相同土壤层在影响程度上重度火烧中度火烧轻度火烧。火烧对土壤的短时扰动程度直接影响后期土壤生态功能恢复和植被重建。     

太行山主要植被类型根系分布及对土壤结构的影响

对太行山五种主要植被类型根系系分布及其改善土壤孔隙状况的效果进行了调查，结果表明乔，灌，草７０％以上的根系分布在０ｃｍ－２０ｃｍ深的土层中，因而该土层土壤容重比荒坡降低１５．０４％－３６．１５％，且在土壤总孔隙度提高的基础上，土壤的毛管孔隙度占总孔隙度比例与荒坡相比平均提高４．５０％－６．３７％，     

福建柏与杉木混交林林分生长研究

调查福建柏杉木混交林、杉木纯林、福建柏纯林的林分生长状况,以及林下土壤的养分状况,结果表明建柏与杉木混交后,两树种生长良好。建柏的胸径、树高、单株平均材积分别为纯林的113.6%、123.2%、144.1%;杉木的胸径、树高、单株平均材积分别为纯林的137.5%、128.6%、221.1%。与杉木纯林相比,混交林中0~20 cm土层大于0.25㎜水稳性团聚体高出9.01%;结构体破坏率低13.82%;有机质和水解性N含量分别提高0.452%和18.1 mg/kg;毛管孔隙、非毛管孔隙、总孔隙高1.09%、1.11%、1.13%;土壤容重低0.067 g/cm^3;最大持水量、最小持水量、毛管持水量高3.00%、3.50%、2.04%。混交林40 cm土层含水量也比纯林大155 t/hm^2,大大提高了林地生产力。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤物理性质对比分析

为了了解土壤物理性质与杉木人工林林龄之间的关系,以我国杉木中心产区福建省将乐县为研究区域,对不同龄组杉木人工林土壤容重、土壤孔隙度和土壤持水量进行了对比分析,结果表明:从幼龄林到近熟林,土壤物理结构及持水性能逐渐变差(土壤容重由0.99g/cm3增加至1.22g/cm3,毛管孔隙度由46.07%降至41.59%,田间持水量由41.81%降至32.63%),在近熟林时达到最低,而后又呈现出逐渐上升的趋势(土壤容重降为1.14g/cm3,毛管孔隙度恢复至43.88%,田间持水量恢复至34.98%),当森林成熟后,其物理性质得以恢复至近幼龄林水平;分析认为,抚育间伐措施可能是导致从幼龄林到近熟林土壤物理性质下降的原因,而从近熟林到成熟林,林分结构改善,特别是阔叶树种的增多,使得土壤物理性质得以改善。     

樟树人工林土壤水文-物理性质特征分析

对樟树人工林林地不同坡向阳坡和阴坡的土壤水文-物理性质进行为期两年的观测和对比分析.结果表明:随土层深度的增加,土壤容重、最大持水量、最小持水量、总孔隙度逐渐减小,通气度减弱.土壤含水量呈现下降趋势、土壤水分年动态变化主要决定于降雨量和降雨的分布状况,与降水的年动态变化一致,6月份达到最高.依此确定出土壤水分消耗期、相对稳定期、积累期3个时期.阴坡0～20 cm、20～40 cm层的渗透性能均好于阳坡同层土壤,0～20 cm层达到稳渗所需时间阴坡比阳坡短,分别为56 mim和64 min;20～40 cm层达到稳渗所需时间阴坡比阳坡长,分别为48 mim和32 min,阴坡、阳坡0～20 cm层的初渗速度和稳渗速度均大于20～40 cm层.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.