分子标记在棕榈科植物遗传育种中的应用

随着分子标记的快速发展和应用,其已成为棕榈科植物遗传改良的重要工具,在缩短育种进程、加快品种的选育和培育起到重要作用.综述了常见的分子标记在棕榈科植物遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析,棕榈科植物重要性状的分子标记,遗传图谱的构建等方面的应用.最后指出分子标记在棕榈科植物育种中的应用前景.     

植物数量性状关联分析研究进展

关联分析是新近开始在植物数量性状研究和植物育种中应用的一种分析方法。它以连锁不平衡为基础鉴定某一群体内性状与遗传标记或候选基因间的关系。本文在介绍连锁不平衡的定义和度量方法的基础上,综述了连锁不平衡和关联分析在植物方面的研究进展,并讨论了交配体系、重组、遗传漂变等对连锁不平衡程度的影响,以及连锁不平衡程度、群体结构对关联分析的影响,最后讨论了关联分析在植物数量性状和分子育种研究中可能的应用。     

性状相关的分子标记在甘蔗分子育种中的应用研究

分子设计育种在农作物品种改良中发挥了重要作用,但由于甘蔗基因组庞大且高度杂合,染色体呈非整倍性,导致其性状相关的分子标记辅助育种进展十分缓慢。为加快甘蔗育种进程,提高其育种效率和准确性,简述了甘蔗分子标记辅助育种现状及其瓶颈,并总结了应用于甘蔗的分子标记种类及其问题,阐明分子标记在甘蔗遗传连锁图谱构建中的作用,进而从甘蔗产量和糖分性状相关QTL的定位、主要抗病基因（抗褐锈病基因、抗黑穗病和抗黄斑病基因）的定位及其在抗病分子育种上的应用,以及关联分析方法在甘蔗重要性状研究中的应用等方面对性状相关的分子标记进行综述。最后对甘蔗重要性状相关分子标记辅助育种的机遇和挑战进行了展望,为甘蔗分子育种的深入研究提供理论依据。     

DNA分子标记在洋葱遗传育种研究中的应用

DNA分子标记技术的出现大大提高了遗传分析的准确性和选育品种的有效性,在植物遗传育种领域越来越受到重视.洋葱属于二年生植物,一个世代需要三年,具有育种年限长的问题.利用分子标记辅助选择是缩短洋葱育种年限,加快育种进程极其有效的途径.本文综述了DNA分子标记技术在洋葱遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、种质鉴定、鉴定洋葱细胞质类型、重要性状的分子标记辅助选择和数量性状的基因定位等方面的应用,讨论了洋葱遗传育种中分子标记技术的现状及存在的问题,并对洋葱分子标记辅助育种的应用前景进行了展望.指出洋葱高密度的遗传图谱还有待于建成,对于数量性状标记的鉴定,还有待于进一步开发、快速和准确定位的QTL,关于洋葱抗病基因的标记需要深入研究.     

分子标记在棕榈植物遗传育种研究中的应用

随着分子标记的快速发展,已成为棕榈植物遗传改良的重要工具,在缩短育种进程、加快品种的选育和培育起到重要作用。本文综述了常见的分子标记在棕榈植物遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析﹑棕榈植物重要性状的分子标记﹑遗传图谱的构建等方面的应用。最后指出分子标记在棕榈植物育种中的应用前景。     

大豆主要营养品质性状相关分子标记的育种应用潜力评价

大豆营养品质性状多为数量性状,受多基因调控。目前,已定位到大量与营养品质性状相关的分子标记,但经过大豆育种群体验证的可用标记却很少。本研究以288份黄淮海地区选育的大豆品种和19份野生/半野生大豆种质为材料组成大豆自然群体,利用近红外光谱法、气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法分析其蛋白质、脂肪、脂肪酸和异黄酮组分含量;选用已报道的与营养品质性状紧密连锁的18个SSR标记,采用毛细管电泳方法进行基因型鉴定。采用关联分析方法验证分子标记的选择效果,共检测出与脂肪含量关联的标记3个,与蛋脂总和关联的标记3个,与棕榈酸关联的标记1个,与硬脂酸关联的标记1个,与油酸关联的标记2个,与亚麻酸关联的标记2个,同时发掘出这些位点的优异等位变异,表明上述验证的分子标记可用于大豆营养品质分子育种中。     

基于SNP标记的关联分析在玉米耐旱研究中的应用

单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymotphisin,SNP)标记的发展促进了关联分析对植物复杂数量性状的遗传研究.研究证明:多数SNP变异与基因功能密切相关,通过关联分析可以发掘这些功能型位点变异并应用于作物遗传育种.因此,本文综述了近些年来在玉米上利用SNP标记进行关联分析的研究进展,展望了其在耐旱分子育种和遗传网络解析方面的应用前景.     

分子标记辅助选择及其在水稻育种中的应用

植物育种中分子标记最直接的用途是对性状进行辅助选择(MAS),也就是利用目标性状基因与分子标记之间的紧密连锁关系进行间接选择.MAS不受其它基因效应和环境因素的影响,是对目标性状在分子水平上的一种选择,因此选择结果十分可靠,同时又可避免等位基因间显隐性关系的干扰.MAS一般可在育种早代时期完成,从而大大缩短育种周期,已引起育种学家的广泛关注.该文主要就MAS在不同育种程序中和不同类型目标性状(质量性状和数量性状)进行选择时应用的基本原理进行了阐述,并简要综述了水稻MAS育种所得的一些具体成果.     

梨5个农艺性状的遗传关联分析

梨(Pyrus spp.)属于高度杂合的多年生木本植物,在传统育种中存在周期长、占地面积大、花费高等问题。通过基因型进行选择育种可有效解决以上问题,而开发与优良性状紧密连锁的分子标记是基因型选择育种的基础。本研究以85份梨品种为材料,利用SLAF-seq技术,开发了223 282个高质量的SNP标记。通过这些SNP标记结合85份品种的叶片长度、叶片宽度、节间长度、果皮颜色和果实发育期性状,运用TASSEL软件一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)分析,最后得到叶片长度、叶片宽度和果皮颜色的关联SNP标记11个,筛选候选基因16个。本研究获得全基因范围内的分子标记,并通过分子标记进行群体遗传和关联分析研究,为梨分子育种技术应用提供理论指导。     

大白菜抽薹性状相关SSR分子标记的筛选

耐抽薹大白菜(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)新品种选育一直是大白菜育种的一个重要课题。本研究采用耐抽薹性状差异较大的大白菜亲本早抽薹材料‘26’和晚抽薹材料‘502’配制杂交组合,选取62对简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats,SSR)引物,根据集团分离分析法(bulked segregant analysis,BSA),进行大白菜晚抽薹性状基因相连锁的分子标记研究。结果得到了2个在早抽薹基因池中扩增出特征带的SSR标记Na12-E02和BRMS-026,经F2单株验证发现仅BRMS-026与大白菜早抽薹基因紧密连锁,根据Kosambi函数估算其连锁距离为7.2 cM,表明可利用分子标记BRMS-026辅助选育大白菜耐抽薹品种。本研究结果可为最终形成可供育种实践应用的分子标记辅助育种体系和大白菜晚抽薹品种的选育提供理论依据。     

Genome-enabled prediction models for black tea (Camellia sinensis) quality and drought tolerance traits

Genomic selection in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) breeding has the potential to accelerate efficiency of choosing parents with desirable traits at the seedling stage. The study evaluated different genome-enabled prediction models for black tea quality and drought tolerance traits in discovery and validation populations. The discovery population comprised of two segregating tea populations (TRFK St. 504 and TRFK St. 524) with 255 F₁ progeny and 56 individual tea cultivars in validation population genotyped using 1,421 DArTseq markers. Twofold cross-validation was used for training the prediction models in the discovery population on eight different phenotypic traits. The best prediction models in the discovery population were consequently fitted to the validation population. Of all the four model-based prediction approaches, putative QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) + annotated proteins + KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway-based prediction approach showed more robustness. The findings have for the first time opened up a new avenue for future application of genomic selection in tea breeding.     

植物性状-标记关联分析研究进展

要对植物改良和复杂性状进行解析,首先需要对种质多样性及其性状遗传基础进行了解.随着基因组学的发展和生物统计软件的完善,特别是分子标记技术在植物遗传育种领域的广泛应用,以连锁不平衡(LD)为基础的关联分析方法的出现为植物数量性状遗传的研究提供了新途径,也为植物的分子设计育种提供了新的思路.本文在介绍关联分析方法的基础上,综述了关联分析在植物方面的研究进展,并讨论了关联分析在植物中应用的前景.     

pCB-zeolin-GFP表达载体的构建及瞬时表达

为利用荧光蛋白基因GFP检测外源基因在转基因植株中的表达和定位,构建含有GFP基因的植物表达载体pCB-zeolin-GFP。在目的基因的开放阅读框（ORF）两端设计引物,并引入酶切位点和保护碱基,用PCR方法从pDHA扩增得到zeolin基因的全长,克隆到中间载体pMD18-T,分别用NcoⅠ和BglⅡ2种限制性内切酶酶切重组质粒和经过改良的pCAMBIAI1302植物表达载体,经回收、连接、转化、鉴定后,利用基因枪转化法将重组载体转入洋葱表皮细胞,通过共聚焦显微镜检测绿色荧光蛋白在洋葱表皮细胞中的瞬时表达。构建了zeolin基因与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）融合的植物表达载体pCB-zeolin-GFP,并在洋葱中得到了表达。构建的融合植物表达载体pCB-zeolin-GFP正确,该载体的成功构建为今后进行基因转移、基因功能研究及培育新品种奠定了基础。     

Genomics-assisted breeding: The next-generation wheat breeding era

Common wheat provides approximately 20% of the total dietary calorie intake of human beings. Recent technological advances in whole-genome sequencing and their application in wheat and its progenitor species provide new opportunities to uncover the genetic variation of wheat traits and to accelerate the traditional breeding (TB) strategies in the context of genomics-assisted breeding (GAB). Integration of TB, marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) with high-density SNP markers is expected to accelerate the breeding process and to further enhance genetic gain. With the assistance of the next- or third-generation sequencing technologies and high-throughput phenotyping platforms, GAB can now realistically be considered in the following area: (i) genome sequencing and high-quality assembly to uncover new variations, (ii) whole-genome sequence-based association studies, (iii) gene function (or functional gene) identification and (iv) integration of whole genomic breeding information, utilizing multi-omics data and different breeding strategies. We argue that GAB is becoming the preferred strategy in pursuit of new wheat cultivars with superior traits on high yielding, high nutritional quality, climate-resilience and so on.     

分子标记辅助选择的修饰回交聚合育种方法及其在棉花上的应用

修饰回交育种法是将杂种品系间杂交和回交方法结合起来,用于棉花多个优良性状聚合的育种改良方法。随着分子标记技术日益完善地用于育种的选择中,我们提出了分子标记辅助选择的修饰回交聚合育种方法。它以生产上推广或即将推广的品种为轮回亲本,将修饰回交育种法和分子标记辅助选择育种相结合,同时对轮回亲本的遗传背景和     

Genetic improvement and breeding of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in China: from individual selection to hybridization and molecular breeding

Tea is an important revenue source for the tea producing countries in the world, including China. China is the place of origin of tea plants, it has the broadest genetic variations in the world. It also has bred more than 200 improved cultivars. The improved cultivars have made important contribution in the tea industry. In this paper the achievements of tea genetic improvement and breeding, the current situation of collection, conservation, appraisal and evaluation of tea germplasms, the establishment and development of tea breeding system were reviewed. The main research emphases for the genetics and breeding of tea plant in the near future in China are proposed.     

Association mapping of yield-related traits and SSR markers in wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.)

Wild soybean, the progenitor of cultivated soybean, is an important gene pool for ongoing soybean breeding efforts. To identify yield-enhancing quantitative trait locus (QTL) or gene from wild soybean, 113 wild soybeans accessions were phenotyped for five yield-related traits and genotyped with 85 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to conduct association mapping. A total of 892 alleles were detected for the 85 SSR markers, with an average 10.49 alleles; the corresponding PIC values ranged from 0.07 to 0.92, with an average 0.73. The genetic diversity of each SSR marker ranged from 0.07 to 0.93, with an average 0.75. A total of 18 SSR markers were identified for the five traits. Two SSR markers, sct_010 and satt316, which are associated with the yield per plant were stably expressed over two years at two experimental locations. Our results suggested that association mapping can be an effective approach for identifying QTL from wild soybean.     

转Cry1Ab基因水稻种质杂交后代的标记辅助选择及抗虫性评价

以转Cry1Mb基因的水稻株系TS．9(后命名为克螟稻)为种质,与优良亲本杂交,在分离世代,通过与目标基因紧密连锁的潮霉素抗性作为筛选标记,结合田间农艺性状选择,获得目标基因位点纯合的新品系。Cry1Mb蛋白含量检测结果表明大多数新品系携带的靶基因在经杂交重组、自交纯合后保留了原亲本高效表达的特性。抗虫鉴定结果表明,对二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)、稻纵卷叶螟等(Cnapha locrocis medinalis)鳞翅目害虫表现高抗性能,同时,在株高、生育期、产量构成因子等重要农艺性状上也有显著改良。从而,对转基因水稻种质的育种利用途径和选择方法作了有益探索。     

A heuristic method of searching for interesting markers in terms of quantitative traits

Selection of parental lines is important in plant breeding programmes. Marker-assisted selection is an alternative to classical selection methods, which are expensive and time consuming. Marker-assisted selection aims to find molecular markers that are linked to genes that determine quantitative traits of interest. Classical statistical methods require particular assumptions to be fulfilled, which is difficult to check if the analyses are performed automatically. In this article, we present a heuristic method to find interesting markers for quantitative traits. This method includes various strategies that depend on what makes a genotype interesting to a plant breeder. This approach was applied to eighteen parental lines of winter oilseed rape F₁ CMS ogura hybrids with observation of 597 markers. The traits of interest were seed yield and alkenyl glucosinolate content. Fifty-seven markers were selected for further study. The most prominent marker was OPY 02~1830. Marker-assisted selection is the first step of analysis, which can then be followed up by a more formal statistical analysis for a smaller set of interesting markers.