贵州省猫跳河流域土壤侵蚀量计算及其背景空间分析

以贵州省猫跳河流域为研究区，在GIS 技术支撑下，应用修正的通用土壤流失方程计算研究区的土壤侵蚀量，分析土壤侵蚀的空间分布格局，对土壤侵蚀与其环境背景因子包括海拔高程、坡度、坡向和土地利用类型等进行叠加和空间统计分析，揭示土壤侵蚀与其环境背景等因子的空间关系，为土壤侵蚀的有效防治和治理提供科学依据。结果表明：研究区平均土壤侵蚀模数为28.6 t/(hm²·a)，1200～1400 m的海拔高程带、6°～25°坡度带和南坡是发生土壤侵蚀的主要区域，也是水土流失防治及治理的重点区域。在各种土地利用类型中，旱地发生土壤侵蚀面积和侵蚀量最大，其次是灌草地，水田最小。在县域中，清镇市土壤侵蚀面积和土壤侵蚀量最大，其次是平坝县和修文县，息烽县土壤侵蚀面积和土壤侵蚀量最小。     

2007—2020年白沙河流域土壤水力侵蚀时空变化

[目的] 研究四川省都江堰市白沙河流域地震前后土壤水力侵蚀时空变化规律,为地震灾区水源地保护和土壤侵蚀防治工作提供科学参考。[方法] 利用中国土壤流失方程CSLE (chinese soil loss equation)定量分析了2007—2020年白沙河流域土壤水力侵蚀面积、强度、空间分布特征。[结果] ①地震后流域水力侵蚀强度等级整体呈现先升高再降低的趋势,2007,2008,2013,2018,2020年土壤侵蚀模数分别为817.51,3 000.11,5 828.89,1 549.76,1 558.37 t/(km²·a),2020年土壤侵蚀强度下降到以轻度侵蚀为主,平均土壤侵蚀模数相比2008年降低了48.1%。②坡度35°以上和海拔2 000 m以上区域贡献的土壤侵蚀量分别占2020年总量的85.44%,68.20%,平均土壤侵蚀模数超过5 000 t/(km²·a)的强烈及以上强度侵蚀主要发生在海拔4 000 m以上的地区。③震后10 a来,虽然白沙河流域平均植被覆盖度在60%～74%之间,但中度及以上强度侵蚀面积相较于地震前仍呈现较高比例,2020年中度及以上强度侵蚀面积比例是地震前2007年的4.13倍。[结论] 随着自然恢复年限的增加,2013—2020年白沙河流域土壤水力侵蚀状况得到有效改善,但流域中上游局部地区仍存在强烈及以上强度侵蚀,地形条件和降雨侵蚀力对其变化影响作用明显。     

青海三江源区土壤侵蚀现状及其分布

通过对青海长江、黄河和澜沧江三江源区2005年时像的土壤侵蚀遥感调查,从宏观上查清了该区土壤侵蚀类型、面积和分布:三江源区土壤侵蚀面积11.48万km2,其中水力侵蚀1.84万km2,风力侵蚀1.16万km2,冻融侵蚀8.48万km2。土壤侵蚀主要分布在果洛州6县、玉树州6县、海南州2县、黄南州2县和格尔木市1乡,共涉及16县1乡。三江源区水力侵蚀主要发生在5—9月份,风力侵蚀主要发生在冬春季节,冻融侵蚀主要发生在4—5月份。该项研究为三江源区生态环境保护和建设的决策、规划及研究提供了基础数据。     

基于RUSLE的黑土区典型县域土壤侵蚀时空变化特征研究

[目的] 明确土壤侵蚀时空变化特征,为土壤侵蚀防治与水土保持效益评估提供参考依据。[方法] 基于RUSLE土壤侵蚀方程,在RS和GIS技术支持下,分析2000—2020年典型黑土区黑龙江省宾县土壤侵蚀时空演变特征,并探究地形因子及土地利用对土壤侵蚀的影响。[结果] ①2000,2010,2020年宾县平均土壤侵蚀模数分别为893.02,499.84,1 561.02 t/(km²·a),土壤侵蚀强度整体以微度和轻度为主。②低强度侵蚀全区域均有分布,高强度侵蚀主要分布在南部山区; ③100～200 m是侵蚀分布的主要高程带;土壤侵蚀面积与坡度成反比,0°～5°是主要侵蚀坡度带;偏北坡方向的土壤侵蚀面积大于偏南坡方向; ④研究区坡耕地土壤侵蚀模数和侵蚀面积较大,是宾县土壤侵蚀治理的重点区域。[结论] 2000—2020年宾县平均土壤侵蚀模数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,具有显著的时空分异特征,地形因子和土地利用变化对该区土壤侵蚀驱动作用明显。可以作为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治和水土保持效益评估的参考依据。     

东南丘陵地区土壤侵蚀时空变化及其驱动因素——以湖南省张家界市为例

[目的] 探究东南丘陵地区土壤侵蚀状况和其空间分布,为当地的水土流失和水土保持提供理论依据。[方法] 基于修正版通用流失方程(RUSLE)和地理探测器,选取中国东南丘陵地区的湖南省张家界市为研究区域,探究其土壤侵蚀的时空特征变化,并对土壤侵蚀的驱动力因子进行分析。[结果] ①张家界市2000,2010,2020年平均土壤侵蚀量为1.03×10⁷,2.05×10⁷,6.74×10⁶ t/a,20 a平均土壤侵蚀量呈先增加后减少趋势。②土壤侵蚀以林地侵蚀为主,其他地物类型呈不同程度的侵蚀,其中侵蚀主要集中于8°~35°坡度区域,侵蚀强度随坡度增加而增加。③研究区内土壤侵蚀由植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤属性和高程等共同作用,特别是植被覆盖度的驱动作用最明显,各因子产生交互关系时,以坡度和植被覆盖度交互时影响力最强。[结论] 张家界土壤侵蚀分布具有明显的时空差异,后续需要在保障生态安全的前提下,合理开展水土保持工作。     

基于RUSLE模型的秦岭—大巴山地土壤侵蚀时空特征分析

[目的]秦岭—大巴山地(秦巴山地)是我国重要的南北地理—生态过渡带主体,对秦巴山地的土壤侵蚀研究将有助于该区域的生态保护和水土资源管理。[方法]基于RUSLE模型计算秦巴山地的土壤侵蚀模数,并量化分析了该区域的土壤侵蚀的时空分布格局。[结果](1)2000—2020年秦巴山地的微度侵蚀面积呈上升趋势,轻度侵蚀及其以上等级的土壤侵蚀面积均呈下降趋势;从空间来看,秦巴山地东北和西南部的土壤侵蚀等级较高,中间较低;(2)秦巴山地的土壤侵蚀相对集中在500～1 500 m、坡度15°～25°区域内;(3)秦巴山地发生土壤侵蚀最主要的土地利用类型为林地,耕地、林地的微度侵蚀以及草地的微度、剧烈侵蚀面积呈上升趋势;(4)秦巴山地土壤侵蚀主要分布在陕西、四川和甘肃,且甘肃和四川的剧烈侵蚀呈上升趋势。[结论] 2000—2020年秦巴山地的侵蚀面积和强度呈“双下降”的态势,其整体侵蚀状况好转,但侵蚀分布存在明显空间差异。     

基于RS和GIS三江并流区土地利用/覆被现状格局研究

通过对2000TM影像进行解译,采用GIS技术,将DEM生成坡度与坡向图,对三江源并流区土地利用/覆被分布现状格局进行了研究。结果表明:本区草地占主导地位,其次是林地,耕地与建设用地面积只占很少比例;耕地主要分布在海拔2 900~3 400 m的平地;林地主要分布在海拔3 400~4 200 m、大于25°的阴坡,草地主要在海拔3 800~4 500 m范围内均匀分布;建设用地主要分布在海拔3 400~4 200 m的平地;未利用地主要分布在海拔3 400 m以上、大于25°的区域。     

岷江上游山区聚落生态位与土壤侵蚀的空间分布关系研究

利用RS和GIS技术,提取岷江上游山区聚落生态位面积、海拔、坡度等空间信息,通过与该区域土壤侵蚀研究成果对比,揭示山区聚落生态位与土壤侵蚀的空间分布关系,结果表明:(1)聚落生态位总数为1 667个,总面积为982.12km2,仅占研究区总面积的4.38%,山区适宜聚落生态位面积较小,整个区域以中度及以下等级侵蚀为主,中度及以下侵蚀面积占国土面积的比例超过79%;(2)聚落生态位海拔主要集中在1 300~2 800 m,3 000 m以下以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,强烈及以上等级侵蚀多集中在海拔3 000 m以上,聚落生态位分布区域与强烈侵蚀区不重叠;(3)聚落生态位集中分布于15°~35°的缓斜坡及斜坡山地上,与中度侵蚀集中分布坡度基本一致。土壤侵蚀过程是该区一个重要的生态变化过程,自然本底的脆弱性是土壤侵蚀的重要原因,已成为限制区域农业综合生产潜力的主导因素之一,针对两者空间关系,结合少数民族山区的贫困现状和特殊的生态环境,提出了山区生计方式转变的策略建议。     

黄河中游典型支流无定河流域水土流失动态监测

[目的] 探索黄河中游典型的粗泥沙支流无定河的水土流失分布和动态变化特征,为新时期水土保持工作、生态环境建设和流域高质量发展提供科学依据。[方法] 以无定河流域为例,基于1985,1999,2011年3次普查和2019年全国水土流失动态监测成果,提取年度水土流失强度、面积,分析其时空分布及动态变化特征,并采用Mann-kendall检验,基于水文数据,分析1980—2018年流域水沙变化特征。[结果] 2019年无定河流域水土流失面积1.20×10⁴ km²,以水力侵蚀为主,风力侵蚀主要集中分布在流域北部的风沙区。下游干流（白家川—绥德+丁家沟段）、小黑河绥德以上的输沙模数超过流域平均水平的3倍,是主要的泥沙策源地;水土流失面积较1985年减少1.40×10⁴ km²,减幅为53.87%,输沙量和径流量均呈现出减小的趋势,拐点分别出现在2007年和1996年。空间上,风力侵蚀由1985年的集中连片分布转为零星分布,水力侵蚀空间位置分布与1985年相比基本无变化,但干流赵石窑至流域出口段左岸侵蚀强度有所降低。[结论] 无定河流域水土保持工作成效显著,有效遏制了土壤侵蚀,生态环境整体向好。但流域水土流失依旧严重,未来工作中,应结合历史水土保持工作经验,突出工作重点,进一步加强无定河流域水土流失综合治理。     

不同土地利用背景下土壤侵蚀空间分布规律研究

在 RS与 GIS技术的支持下 ,对不同土地利用背景下的土壤侵蚀空间分布规律进行了定量研究。具体表现为通过空间分析 ,对不同土壤侵蚀下的土地利用类型、不同地貌特征下的土壤侵蚀状况、不同土地利用结构下的土壤侵蚀进行了动态分析。研究结果表明 :我国的土壤侵蚀以水力侵蚀为主 ,其次为风力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀。我国的水力侵蚀以微度水力侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积在逐渐减少 ;我国的风力侵蚀以剧烈风力侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积逐渐增加 ;在冻融侵蚀区以微度冻融侵蚀为主 ,随着侵蚀强度的增加 ,侵蚀面积逐渐减小。对我国威胁最大的是风力侵蚀 ,因此 ,研究如何防治风力侵蚀 ,阻止土壤沙漠化 ,在目前是一项十分紧迫的任务。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.