不同结皮类型对植被混凝土基材团聚体及有机碳的影响

[目的] 分析土壤团聚体分布和有机碳含量特征,揭示生物结皮对边坡稳定和养分固持的影响,为生物结皮在修复工程中的运用提供参考和指导意见。[方法] 以植被混凝土基材修复边坡为例,运用土壤干筛法、土壤湿筛法分别对结皮覆盖和无结皮覆盖坡面土壤的结皮层(0—2 cm)和结皮下层(2—7 cm)团聚体和有机碳特征进行研究。[结果] ①生物结皮的存在明显影响了土壤团聚体分布、机械稳定性及R_0.25含量。结皮覆盖层较CK(无结皮覆盖坡面)稳定性指标分别增加27.42%~33.51%(MWD),21.66%~28.88%(GMD),大团聚体含量(R_0.25)增加10.68%,且苔藓类结皮影响最为显著。②湿筛法测定的不同结皮类型土壤团聚体均以＞0.25 mm粒径为主,其中结皮覆盖边坡的团聚体水稳性参数MWD,GMD,R_0.25分别介于1.93~5.33 mm,0.85~3.16 mm,70.97%~87.50%,以苔藓覆盖边坡最大,D_d值介于2.48~2.74间,以苔藓类值最小。团聚体水稳定性表现为苔藓覆盖边坡最好,裸坡最差。③结皮的存在促进了土壤有机碳累积,有机碳含量是CK组的两倍以上。其中对表层土壤有机碳水平提升作用明显,对下层土壤作用较低。④土壤有机碳含量与土壤水稳性参数MWD,GMD,R_0.25呈显著正相关性(p＜0.05),有机碳水平和团聚体稳定性联系密切,相互影响,有机碳水平的提高对增加团聚体稳定性具有重要作用。[结论] 生物结皮的存在对修复边坡团聚体稳定和有机碳累积具有促进作用,结皮对生态修复边坡稳定和养分固持有一定的作用,且不同结皮类型作用强度不一,其中苔藓类和混生结皮固土和固碳效果最优。     

生物质炭施用下灌溉农田土壤团聚体稳定性及分型特征

试验研究了不同筛分方法下生物质炭施用对土壤团聚体的影响,为生物质炭农业利用提供理论依据。设置生物质炭用量4个水平(0,10,20,30 t/hm²),氮肥用量2个水平(0,150 kg/hm²),通过2年田间定位试验,测定分析干筛法和湿筛法0—30 cm土层土壤团聚体分布及稳定性。结果表明:2种筛分方式下,不同处理各粒级土壤团聚体分布趋势基本一致,干筛法所得机械土壤团聚体主要以＞5,2~5 0.5~1 mm粒级为主,而湿筛法水稳性团聚体均以0.25~0.5 mm及＜0.25 mm为主;不同处理干筛法土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)均高于湿筛法。湿筛法下各处理,无论施氮与否,MWD、GMD均随生物质炭量增加而增大。其中,B0N0处理MWD、GMD最小,单施生物质炭B3N0处理土壤团聚体直径最大,分别较B0N0显著提高60%(MWD)和52%(GMD);各处理土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)随生物质炭量增加而减小,土壤团聚体稳定率(WASR)则随生物质炭量增加呈上升趋势;干筛法各处理分形维数(D)均低于湿筛法,随生物质炭量增加D值不断降低,B3生物质炭量下分形维数最低,分别为2.63(B3N0)和2.64(B3N1),分别较对照降低3.3%和2.9%;分形维数(D)与＞0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量(R_＞0.25)呈显著负相关关系。试验条件下,生物质炭添加量为30 t/hm²时土壤团聚体稳定性最佳。同时,湿筛法较干筛法能更好地模拟大田环境,真实反映土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性。     

生物有机肥配施化肥对设施土壤养分含量及团聚体分布的影响

本研究以番茄–黄瓜轮作下的设施土壤为研究对象，共设4个处理（1/2化肥氮+1/2生物有机肥氮，COF；全部施用生物有机肥氮，OF；全部施用化肥氮，CF；不施肥处理，CK），探讨生物有机肥配施化肥对设施土壤养分含量及团聚体分布和稳定性的影响。研究结果表明，相较于单施化肥处理，施用生物有机肥均提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾养分含量和土壤pH，分别提高了9.61%~54.28%、7.38%~35.45%、31.86%~98.53%、40.88%~96.40%、3.02%~15.99%、0.96%~18.23%和0.73%~7.03%；单施生物有机肥或与化肥配施均可使土壤大团聚体（>0.25 mm）比例上升，微团聚体（<0.25 mm）比例下降，显著提高了土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和>0.25 mm团聚体含量（R_0.25）（P<0.05），且土壤团聚体稳定性随着施入生物有机肥年限的增加而增加；相关分析表明，MWD、GMD和R_0.25均与>2 mm和0.25~2 mm团聚体质量分数呈显著正相关（P<0.05），与<0.053 mm团聚体组成呈极显著负相关（P<0.01），与0.053~0.25 mm团聚体组成呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。生物有机肥替代化肥更有利于提高土壤养分含量、大团聚体的数量及团聚体的稳定性。     

夏闲期复播绿肥对旱地麦田土壤团聚体碳氮含量的影响

为探究不同绿肥品种翻压条件下晋南旱地麦田土壤团聚体稳定性以及有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)在不同粒径团聚体的分布特征,深入了解不同种类绿肥的增碳保氮机制。已连续3年(2018—2021年)不同绿肥品种(对照休闲、大豆、绿豆、油葵、玉米)翻压还田后冬小麦收获期0-10,10-20,20-30 cm土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法进行土壤粒径分级,并分析粗大团聚体(>2 mm)、细大团聚体(0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)和粉黏粒组分(<0.053 mm)中SOC和TN含量,测算团聚体的构成与稳定性(R_0.25,>0.25 mm团聚体含量;MWD,平均重量直径;GMD,几何平均直径),并测定各粒径团聚体SOC和TN及其对土壤总有机碳和总氮的贡献率。结果表明:不同绿肥处理下旱地麦田土壤团聚体质量占比均以细大团聚体0.25~2 mm为主(占22.77%~39.71%)。复播绿肥显著增加0-30 cm土层>2 mm粒径团聚体质量占比,以大豆绿肥增加最明显,0.25~2,0.053~0.25 mm粒径团聚体质量占比降低,对<0.053 mm粉黏粒的影响不明显;大豆绿肥对各土层R_0.25、MWD和GMD值提高作用明显。大豆和玉米对0-30 cm各土层土壤总有机碳含量具有显著提高作用,分别提高27.83%和25.71%。大豆绿肥进一步提高土壤各粒径团聚体有机碳含量。复播绿肥降低土壤全氮含量,大豆绿肥处理的降低程度最小,且对<0.053 mm粉黏粒全氮含量具有增加作用。0.25~2,>2 mm大团聚体对0-10 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮的贡献率最高;复播绿肥提升土壤碳氮比(平均21.39),较对照休闲(平均13.71)提高7.68,其中玉米提升效果最佳,大豆次之。综合土壤增碳固氮效果,连续3年翻压大豆绿肥可有效提高旱地麦田土壤团聚体稳定性,提升土壤肥力。     

优化施肥方式对黄土高原新增耕地土壤有机质含量和团聚体特性的影响

[目的] 研究优化施肥对黄土高原地区新增耕地土壤质量和作物产量的影响,为新增耕地土壤建立合理的优化施肥处理和区域新造土地的健康可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法] 通过盆栽种植试验,评估有机肥处理（OF）、有机肥配施化肥处理（NP）、常规施肥处理（CF）对新增耕地土壤团聚体数量、结构稳定性、有机质含量和玉米产量的改良效应。[结果] CF处理下新整治耕地土壤有机质含量最低为7.08 g/kg,土壤水稳性大团聚含量低,结构稳定性差。与CF处理相比,优化施肥方式下的OF和NP处理显著提高了新增耕地土壤有机质含量和玉米产量（p<0.05）,>0.25 mm粒级大团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性显著提升,其中OF处理对新整治耕地土壤团聚体数量和稳定性的改善效果最佳。在0—10 cm土层,OF和NP处理下土壤有机质含量分别为12.67,11.79 g/kg,比CF处理分别提高了46.2%和36.1%。OF处理下水稳性团聚体MWD,GMD,R_0.25值分别比CF处理高了62.5%,21.4%和148.3%,分形维数比CF处理降低了1.7%;NP处理下水稳性团聚体MWD,GMD,R_0.25值分别比CF处理高了18.8%,3.6%和40.9%,分形维数比CF处理降低了0.4%。在10—20 cm土层,OF和NP处理下土壤有机质含量、团聚体数量和结构稳定性也得到一定的提升。土壤有机质含量与团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）呈显著正相关关系（p<0.001）。[结论] 优化施肥是有利于提升新整治耕地土壤结构稳定性、保肥特性和土地生产力的有效措施。     

施用有机肥对咸水灌溉农田耕层土壤有机质及水稳性团聚体的影响

为探索施用有机肥对咸水灌溉农田耕层土壤水稳性团聚体的调控效应,在麦玉两熟制农田咸水灌溉(1,2,4,6 g/L)配施有机肥(OF)和未施有机肥(NOF)长期定位试验的基础上,研究了2018-2019年不同处理对农田耕层0-20 cm土壤盐度(EC_1:5)、土壤有机质(SOM)含量和水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:咸水灌溉有增加耕层土壤盐度,降低SOM含量和水稳性团聚体稳定性的趋势,随灌溉水矿化度的升高,SOM含量、>0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体质量分数(WR_0.25)、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)逐渐减小,土壤EC_1:5和分形维数(D_m)逐渐增大,其中4,6 g/L与1 g/L灌水处理间的差异达显著水平。增施有机肥可降低咸水灌溉农田0-20 cm土壤EC_1:5,当灌溉水矿化度 ≥ 2 g/L时,OF处理的耕层土壤EC_1:5较NOF处理降低4.64%~48.29%;施用有机肥显著提高农田SOM含量、WR_0.25、MWD和GMD,各灌水处理的提高幅度分别为80.75%~127.32%,10.36%~90.44%,12.90%~129.11%和11.88%~81.57%。在该研究条件下, ≥ 4 g/L咸水灌溉会显著增加土壤盐度,降低有机质含量,破坏土壤团粒结构,应谨慎使用;施用有机肥能促进耕层土壤盐分淋洗,降低盐分对土壤环境的负面影响,有助于实现咸水资源安全高效利用。     

施用不同改良材料对黄土区空心村复垦土壤结构和有机质含量的影响

[目的] 解决黄土区空心村废弃宅基地复垦土壤结构不良,肥力低下的严重问题,为空心村复垦土壤的质量提升提供理论依据。[方法] 选取6种不同改良材料处理进行了5 a的田间定位试验,分析了对照(CK)、熟化剂(TM)、粉煤灰(TF)、有机肥(TO)、熟化剂+粉煤灰(TMF)、熟化剂+有机肥(TMO)、粉煤灰+有机肥(TFO)处理对复垦土壤结构稳定性和有机质含量的改善效应。[结果] 与对照处理相比,长期施用不同改良材料后空心村复垦土壤有机质含量明显增加,促使水稳性微团聚体(＜0.25 mm)胶结形成水稳性大团聚体(＞0.25 mm),水稳性大团聚体含量均呈增加趋势。在0—15 cm土层,TM,TF,TO,TMF,TMO,TFO处理下水稳性大团聚体含量分别比CK处理增加了328.2%,130.0%,87.8%,81.1%,36.7%,12.2%。TF,TO,TMF,TMO,TFO处理显著增加了土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)值,降低了不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)、分形维数(D)(p＜0.05)。土壤有机质含量与MWD,GMD,＞2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量呈极显著正相关关系,与E_LT,D,＜0.25粒级水稳性微团聚含量呈极显著负相关。其中,粉煤灰+有机肥处理下空心村复垦土壤的水稳性大团聚体和有机质含量最高,土壤结构稳定性提升效果最好。[结论] 在黄土区空心村废弃宅基地复垦土壤整治中,粉煤灰+有机肥的有机无机结合处理是黄土区空心村复垦土壤结构改善和肥力提升适宜的改良措施。     

黑龙滩水库消落带植被恢复模式对土壤水稳性团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响

[目的] 为阐明水库消落带不同植被恢复模式对土壤水稳性团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响。[方法] 以川中丘陵区黑龙滩水库消落带人工恢复与自然恢复植被下的土壤为研究对象,利用湿筛法测定分析土壤水稳性团聚体组成特征及其稳定性指标。[结果] 消落带土壤＞0.25 mm水稳性大团聚体含量与未淹水对照相比降低4.21%,其中,自然恢复植被下土壤水稳性大团聚体含量较对照下降12.27%,人工恢复植被下大团聚体含量较对照增加3.84%;不同植被恢复模式下土壤水稳性团聚体组成差异显著(p＜0.05),人工恢复植被下土壤大团聚体含量(69.48%)显著高于自然恢复模式(43.20%);消落带土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性随水位高程增加而升高,团聚体稳定性指标＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(R_0.25)、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)人工恢复模式下均大于自然恢复模式,团聚体分形维数(D)、土壤可蚀性因子(K)与团聚体破坏率(PAD)人工恢复模式小于自然恢复模式,表明人工恢复模式下土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性、土壤抗蚀性高于自然恢复模式。[结论] 黑龙滩水库消落带在淹水后土壤团聚体稳定性下降,但人工恢复模式能有效改善土壤团粒结构,研究结果可为黑龙滩水库消落带土壤结构稳定性评价及植被恢复提供科学依据。     

厨余垃圾沼渣堆肥与化学改良剂对城市搬迁地土壤团聚体形成的影响

为改善城市土壤团粒结构，以上海典型搬迁地土壤为研究对象，通过室外培养试验，研究了不同用量厨余垃圾沼渣堆肥和化学改良剂分别单施以及混施对土壤水稳定性团聚体、团粒结构形成的影响。结果表明：20%、30%沼渣堆肥单施处理可显著增加搬迁地土壤0.5~1.0、1.0~2.0 mm粒径大团聚体以及0.106~0.25 mm粒径微团聚体质量分数（P<0.05），而显著降低<0.106 mm粒径微团聚体质量分数（P<0.05）。化学改良剂β-环糊精单施处理可显著增加土壤微团聚体总量（P<0.05）；3 kg/m³用量硫酸钙、氧化铁单施处理均可显著促进土壤大团聚体的形成（P<0.05）。沼渣堆肥和化学改良剂混施处理较单施处理显著增加土壤>2.0、0.25~0.5 mm粒径大团聚体质量分数（P<0.05），而降低<0.106 mm粒径微团聚体质量分数（P<0.05）。在沼渣堆肥处理中，以20%沼渣堆肥添加量对土壤团粒结构改良效果最佳；在化学改良剂处理中，以3 kg/m³硫酸钙处理对土壤团粒结构改良效果最佳，其次是3 kg/m³氧化铁处理。WG₂₀+SM_mix处理（20%沼渣堆肥+化学改良剂混施）对搬迁地土壤团粒结构改良效果最佳，团粒结构达19.03%，较CK（对照组）、SM_mix（化学改良剂混施）、WG₂₀（20%沼渣堆肥）处理分别提高了94.0%、73.5%和26.0%。     

冰糖橙种植园土壤团聚体特征及其影响因素

[目的] 探究冰糖橙种植园土壤团聚体的特征以及影响因素,为减少土壤侵蚀,增加柑橘园土壤保水保肥能力提供科学参考。 [方法] 采集板页岩风化物、紫色砂岩风化物、砂岩风化物、第四纪红土风化物发育的冰糖橙种植园土壤样本,并同步收集相关的耕作、地理等信息;采用土壤结构稳定性指标R_0.25,GWD,MWD、分形维数(D)与土壤可蚀性K值对团聚体及其有机碳含量等进行方差分析、相关分析。 [结果] ①粒径＞0.25 mm的团聚体占总团聚体的78%～85%。随着团聚体粒径减小,分级土壤含量整体呈逐渐减小趋势。 ②4种母质发育的土壤GWD在0.536～0.797之间;MWD在0.890～1.208之间;分形维数(D)在2.434～2.480之间;土壤可蚀性K值在0.060 8～0.069 7之间。 ③有机碳含量随着粒径增大有先减小后增大趋势,整体上呈V形分布,其中0.250～0.053 mm微团聚体的有机碳含量最低;大团聚体的有机碳相对贡献率在82%～87%。 ④随着种植年限增加,外源有机碳的不断输入,土壤结构稳定性指标R_0.25,GWD与MWD极显著增大,分形维数(D)与土壤可蚀性K值极显著减小;说明土壤结构的稳定性在不断增强。 [结论] 研究区冰糖橙种植园大团聚体含量高,土壤稳定性较强;且各母质的土壤稳定性处于同一水平。成土母质的砂粒含量与人为扰动直接对团聚体稳定性产生作用、外源有机碳、种植年限,纬度与海拔共同作用于有机胶结物质来影响土壤稳定性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.