2. Four different alkaliphilic microbes were isolated and shown to degrade poultry feathers.
3. Two of the isolates were phylogenetically identified as Lysinibacillus and the others were identified as Nocardiopsis and Micrococcus.
4. The best microbial co-culture for white and black feather degradation was optimised for pH, temperature and relative population of the isolates to achieve almost 96% of degradation compared with a maximum of 31% when applying each isolate individually.
5. The maximum activity of keratinase was estimated to be 1.5 U/ml after 3 d for white feathers and 0.6 U/ml after 4 d for black feathers in a basal medium containing feather as the main carbon source. Additionally, non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed 4 and 3 protease activity bands for white and black feather, respectively.
6. This study provides a robust method to develop potential new mixtures of microorganisms that are able to degrade both white and black feathers by applying a Central Composite Design. 相似文献
2. The difference between the NPU values, 0.66 for yeast and 0.80 for the soyabean meal and fish meal mixture, could largely be attributed to the high nucleic acid content of the yeast.
3. Chicks given the diet containing yeast (190 g/kg) did not grow as rapidly as those given the soyabean meal and fish meal reference diet, and the reduced growth could only partly be explained by a marginal deficiency of methionine.
4. Food conversion efficiency with the yeast diet was improved by maize oil while responses to α‐tocopheryl acetate and sodium selenite were inconsistent.
5. Chicks grew well when yeast replaced fish meal in the mixture of soyabean meal and fish meal, and when fish meal (194 g/kg diet) was the sole protein supplement. 相似文献
CLINCAL FINDINGS: Six cases of dermatomycosis were attributed to Paranannizziopsis australasiensis, five in tuatara and one in a coastal bearded dragon (Pogona barbata). Cases presented typically as raised, yellow to brown encrustations on the skin. Severe cases progressed to necrotising ulcerative dermatitis, and in the bearded dragon to fatal systemic mycosis. Following topical and systemic treatments, lesions resolved in all five tuatara.
LABORATORY FINDINGS: Histopathological examination of skin biopsy samples revealed dermatitis with intralesional septate branching hyphae. Fungal culture yielded isolates morphologically resembling Chrysosporium species, and isolates were submitted for molecular confirmation and sequencing of DNA.
DIAGNOSIS: All six cases were confirmed as dermatitis due to infection with P. australasiensis, on the basis of fungal culture and DNA sequencing of isolates.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These are the first reported cases of dermatomycosis associated with P. australasiensis infection in tuatara, and the first cases in which systemic therapeutic agents have been used in the treatment of such disease. Tuatara at the Auckland Zoo are now routinely examined every 3 months and tissue samples from any lesions sent for histopathology and fungal culture. Further work to elucidate the epidemiology and significance of P. australasiensis infections in reptiles in New Zealand is important for both welfare and conservation purposes. 相似文献
2. Results of crosses involving this male indicate that its plumage colour pattern is the result of the Ml/Ml genotype adding black pigment to the Columbian plumage pattern produced by the e Wh and Co genes.
3. The melanotic gene (Ml) is recessive in the presence of the colum‐bian‐restricted genotype. It has no effect on the chick down colour although it could be a modifier to produce greyish or black back colourations when Co is present in the genotype.
4. It is suggested that the quail plumage colour is due to the same melanotic factor interacting with the primary pattern of a Columbian‐restricted genotype. 相似文献
2. A mating of the chocolate‐coloured female with a black male, F2 and backcross matings demonstrated that the chocolate phenotype is caused by a recessive sex‐linked gene to which I assign the symbol ?CHOC.
3. A mating of ‘chocolates’ inter se yielded all chocolate offspring. 相似文献
2. The mean initial microbial counts (log10 count/cm2) were 4·67, 4·14, 2·21, 2·78 and 2·96 for total aerobes, psychrotrophs, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts and moulds, respectively; these counts suggest a moderate level of contamination during processing.
3. Yeasts and moulds were present in relatively large numbers and constituted a considerable portion of the spoilage flora.
4. The mean shelf life of chicken broilers was 9·6, 6 and 4·4 d at 4, 7 and 10°C, respectively. Storage at 4°C resulted in better keeping than storage at 7°C or 10°C, while there was no significant difference between 7° and 10°C.
5. The initial totals of aerobes, psychrotrophs and yeasts and moulds were found to negatively correlate with shelf life. 相似文献
Received May 6, 2014; accepted October 24, 2014 相似文献
2. Squilla meal contained less lysine (3.45 vs 6.74 g/16g nitrogen) and methionine (1.02 vs 1.86/16 g nitrogen) dian fish meal, had a lower protein digestibility coefficient (0.66 vs 0.72) and a lower gross protein value (68% vs 74%).
3. By gradually replacing the fish meal with squilla meal in isocaloric, isonitrogenous broiler diets it was shown that there was a linear decrease in broiler weight gain; efficiencies of food utilisation were also lower at all squilla meal substitution rates. Inclusion of squilla meal in the diets increased intestinal lengths.
4. Addition of a proteolytic enzyme to the diets containing squilla meal restored broiler weight gain and efficiency of food utilisation to that of birds fed on the control diet.
5. Diets containing autoclaved squilla meal resulted in reduced weight gain although efficiency of food utilisation was not affected. 相似文献
Received June 9, 2014; accepted September 19, 2014 相似文献
Objective: The aim is to identify the genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant or -susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MRSP and MSSP, respectively) from healthy dogs.
Animals and methods: From 119 healthy dogs, 29 isolates consisting of 20 MRSP and 9 MSSP were collected from June 2013 to February 2014. Phenotypic features, antibiogram, multilocus sequence type (MLST), Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type and spa gene type were analyzed.
Results: MLST showed 24 sequence types (STs), including 20 new STs that were genetically distinct from the previous STs in other geographic areas. SCCmec typing revealed that all isolates had SCCmec type V, a predominant type in North America. spa gene typing was successful in only 13 isolates (10 MRSP and 3 MSSP) and revealed two known types (t02 and t06), as well as one novel type (t73).
Conclusion: Our cumulative data indicate the presence of various populations of S. pseudintermedius in clinically normal dogs in Seoul metropolitan area. 相似文献
2. Substituting triticale for maize, weight for weight, but not on a iso‐nitrogenous basis, in a groundnut oil cake (GNC) starter diet improved weight gain (P < 0.05) when the substitution exceeded 75% without affecting the protein efficiency ratio (PER).
3. A similar substitution in a soybean oil meal diet, improved weight gain (P < 0.05) at 50% or more but PER declined (P < 0.05).
4. The net protein utilisation and protein retention efficiency values of the diets in which maize protein was replaced by triticale protein were significantly reduced.
5. The maize‐GNC diet was equally limiting in methionine and lysine while the triticale‐GNC diet was not.
6. The growth and food efficiency obtained with a triticale‐GNC diet was higher (P < 0.01) than with the maize‐GNC diet but not with a maize‐GNC supplemented with fish meal and methionine.
7. It is concluded that triticale could quantitatively substitute maize in the starter diets. 相似文献
2. Lesions typical of gizzard erosion could be produced by the addition of histamine to the diet.
3. The amount of histamine occurring naturally in fish meal depends on the species of fish and the extent and nature of bacterial spoilage.
4. These variables may explain why histamine has not been implicated previously and also why there have not been consistent associations between the condition and geographical source or common factors in bulk consignments of the meal. 相似文献
2. IGF1 mRNA expression in breast muscle in Taihu geese was significantly higher than that in Wanxi geese and the MSTN mRNA level in leg muscle in Taihu geese was significantly higher than that in Wanxi geese.
3. There was no significant difference in breast muscle MSTN or leg muscle IGF1 mRNA expression between the two breeds.
4. Within the same breed, the IGF1 mRNA expression in leg muscle of male geese was significantly higher than that in female geese, and MSTN mRNA expression in leg muscle was significantly higher than that in breast muscle.
5. There was no difference in the IGF1 mRNA expression between tissues.
6. There was a positive correlation between IGF1 mRNA and MSTN mRNA and a negative correlation between IGF1 mRNA expression of breast muscle and leg muscle ratio.
7. In Wanxi geese, MSTN mRNA expression in leg muscle was negatively associated with body weight and leg muscle weight. 相似文献
2. In fresh fish processed to whole fish meal the biological availability of selenium was estimated as 77%, in fresh fish processed to pressed‐cake fish meal it was 59% and in partly‐decomposed fish processed to whole fish meal it was 51%.
3. When the phosphorus content of the test diet was 2–51 g/kg the biological availability was 88% and unaffected by the condition of the fish and the method of processing. 相似文献
Received November 18, 2014; accepted April 9, 2015 相似文献
2. The egg‐shells were colonised by yeasts also, but the growth of these organisms appeared to be dependent upon the pseudomonads for the release of nutrients from the cuticle.
3. The pseudomonads would not grow on cuticle in situ unless the relative humidity was about 100%. 相似文献
2. Breeder hens fed ad libitum and subjected to either conventional or intermittent lighting ingested respectively, 25 g and 14 to 17 g more than hens restricted to 115 g/d.
3. Body weight was greater in hens fed ad libitum irrespective of the lighting pattern and of the amount of food intake.
4. Persistency of egg production was impaired by intermittent lighting.
5. Ad libitum feeding reduced egg fertility. The decrease was larger in breeder hens on intermittent lighting.
6. Hatchability was increased in hens submitted to the symmetrical lighting pattern (0.5L:3.5d).
7. Egg and chick weights were higher in hens fed ad libitum.
8. Shell index and shell breaking strength increased in restricted hens on the intermittent lighting pattern (0.5L:3.5d) × 6.
9. The best performance was obtained in restricted hens on the conventional lighting pattern. 相似文献
2. A total of 160 Hy-Line Brown layers (45 weeks old) were randomly assigned into 4 treatments on the basis of laying performance. Each treatment had 4 replicates with 10 birds each.
3. Dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/kg diet G. procumbens during 56-d feeding period.
4. Serum (d 21, 42 and 56) and egg yolk (d 28, 42 and 56) cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were linearly reduced with increasing dietary concentrations of G. procumbens.
5. Increasing dietary concentrations of G. procumbens linearly reduced the excreta total anaerobic bacteria (d 28), Clostridium sp. and Escherichia coli (d 28 and 56) populations.
6. Overall egg production and egg mass were linearly increased, and overall feed efficiency was linearly improved with increase in dietary G. procumbens.
7. Dietary increasing concentrations of G. procumbens linearly improved egg yolk colour (d 28 and 56) and breaking strength of eggs (d 56).
8. The results obtained in the present experiment indicate that dietary supplementation with G. procumbens could reduce the egg yolk cholesterol, suppresses harmful excreta microflora and improves layers performance. 相似文献