南海北部近海蓝圆鲹渔业生物学特征研究

为加深对南海北部蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)种群的结构特征认识,根据2014—2017年南海北部底拖网调查中蓝圆鲹的生物学数据,对该区域内蓝圆鲹群体的体长与体质量、性腺成熟度、摄食等级等生物学特征的组成与季节变化进行初步研究.结果显示,南海北部蓝圆鲹体长范围78～248 mm,平均体长146 mm,...     

南海西北部蓝圆鲹时空分布及其与环境因子的关系

蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)是中国东南近海重要的经济鱼类之一。本研究根据2012—2018年南海西北部捕捞产量数据和海洋环境遥感数据,分析了该海域蓝圆鲹季节平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort, CPUE)的时空分布特征,并运用广义可加模型(generalized additive model, GAM)探究了CPUE与环境因子的关系。结果显示,蓝圆鲹的CPUE具有明显的季节性：夏季最高,CPUE达0.848 kg/(kW?d);冬季最低,CPUE为0.087 kg/(kW?d)。2016年CPUE的异常增加可能是受到2015—2016年超强厄尔尼诺事件的影响。GAM分析显示,该海域蓝圆鲹CPUE与经度、海表温度(sea surface temperature, SST)、叶绿素a (chlorophyll a, Chl-a) 浓度、海水深度、海表盐度(sea surface salinity, SSS)、涌浪波向、风浪波向及其周期显著相关。相对较高CPUE海域范围为110.5°~114°E,SST为26~30℃,Chl-a为0.2~1.0 mg/m3,海水深度<120 m,SSS为33.4~33.8,涌浪波向为75°~120°、150°~175°,风浪波向为50°~75°、120°~135°、175°~190°,风浪周期为3.0~4.5 s;其中,风浪波向对CPUE贡献最高,涌浪波向其次,然后是SST。南海西北部蓝圆鲹的资源丰度变化和其洄游特性与季风变化等引起的环境因子的变动有关。     

南海东沙群岛海域圆鲹属鱼类矢耳石的形态特征分析

该研究对采集于中国南海东沙群岛105尾圆鲹属鱼类[长体圆鲹(Decapterus macrosoma)、泰勃圆鲹(D. tabl)、无斑圆鲹(D. kurroides)]的矢耳石形态进行了观察与测定。圆鲹属鱼类矢耳石呈长椭圆形,基叶发达,种间差异明显。长体圆鲹基叶前端略微向下弯曲;泰勃圆鲹耳石背部脊突发育明显,呈锯齿状,基叶前端略宽厚;无斑圆鲹耳石整体轮廓较光滑,翼叶发育不明显。根据形态指标(耳石长、耳石宽、基叶长、基叶宽、耳石质量、耳石面积等)对不同种圆鲹属鱼类(长体圆鲹、泰勃圆鲹、无斑圆鲹)的判别成功率分别为100%、100%、91.7%。研究结果表明矢耳石可作为鉴别圆鲹属鱼类的一种材料。     

东海南部鲐鱼生物学特性的初步研究

本文对东海南部的鲐鲹鱼类的叉长、体重及性腺成熟度等进行了初步分析,认为1999年5月份东海南部鲐鱼优势叉长组为26～28cm,优势体重组为200～300g;7、8月份优势叉长组为24～26cm,优势体重组为100～200g。蓝圆鲹优势叉长组为20～21cm。2000年7、8月份鲐鱼优势叉长组为24～26cm。1999年鲐鱼叉长组成基本呈正态分布,2000年鲐鱼叉长组成明显存在两个峰值。2000年相同叉长的鲐鱼体重要略低于1999年,认为跟1999年、2000年海洋环境因子变化有关。从相关系数来看,2000年的曲线更贴近实际情况。并认为5月份北上参加产卵洄游的鲐鱼群体、其性腺已开始发育成熟,并沿途产卵。     

Age, growth and reproductive characteristics of round scad Decapterus maruadsi in the waters off west Kyushu, the east China Sea

ABSTRACT:   The purpose of this study was to determine the growth and reproductive characteristics of round scad Decapterus maruadsi in the East China Sea. The characteristics regarding growth and reproduction of round scad based on otolith reading and gonad histology, respectively, were estimated. The von Bertalanffy's growth model for round scad was estimated as follows:
FL _t  = 342[1 − exp{−0.55( t  + 0.58)}], (1 <  t  < 7)
where FL _t is fork length (mm) at age in years t . The maturation stage of the ovary was observed by histological techniques. June was the main spawning period; the maturation and migratory nucleus stage of the oocyte was observed when the gonad somatic index value was approximately greater than 4.     

东海北部鲐鲹中心渔场形成机制的统计学

鲐、蓝圆鲹是东海北部主要中上层鱼类,其渔场的形成、时空变化受海洋环境因子变化的制约.研究其中心渔场的形成机制,探究两者之间的关系对于掌握鲐鲹鱼洄游、分布规律、合理利用及资源保护具有重要意义.根据1987-1990年在29～32°N、124.5°E以西海域的海洋环境调查资料和鲐鲹渔场资料,在GIS平台上,运用稳健统计方法分析海洋环境若干因子和中心渔场的相互关系及其时空变化,确定形成渔场的制约因素,并研究中心渔场的形成机制,构建基于模糊聚类的数学模型,通过数值试验确定以75%的隶属度作为判断依据,将得出的结果用1987-1990年及1997年的资料进行验证,发现用于指导生产能取得良好效果.研究表明,中心渔场的特征参数为,底层温度介于19.0～21.0℃,中心为20.0℃,盐度为33.0～34.5,中心为33.75,饵料生物量介于137～409mg@m-3之间.而且中心渔场的位置和水文要素的时空变化之间存在一定的相关性,尤其是底温和底盐,其相关系数平方最大分别可达0.9935和0.9988.构建数学模型用于东海北部鲐鲹中心渔场形成机制的研究,实现对中心渔场时空预报,在一定程度上弥补了定性分析方法的不足.     

南海北部海域多齿蛇鲻的种群分析

对南海北部海域5个多齿蛇鲻地理群体(北海、湛江、茂名、东莞、汕尾)共78个个体的线粒体控制区基因序列进行了扩增测序。在78个个体的568bp序列中共检测到48个单倍型,39个变异位点。经分子变异等级分析(AMOVA)得出5个地理群体内遗传变异度为98.82%,群体间遗传变异度仅为1.18%,各群体间成对遗传变异固定指数FST值在0.00024～0.03008;78个个体间的遗传距离在0～0.025。通过对基于序列片段构建的NJ树和基于序列单倍型利用中介网络法构建的群体间关系网的分析发现,5个群体间有明显的基因交流,遗传分化差异不大;再结合种群、种及属的界定标准,判定5个多齿蛇鲻群体归属于同一种群;而且,在经历快速增长、变异和瓶颈期之后,多齿蛇鲻种群就以小群体模式继续快速增长,形成地理群体。     

Population dynamics and stock assessment of Colossoma macropomum caught in the Manacapuru Lake system (Amazon Basin,Brazil)

Colossoma macropomum is the second largest scaled fish in the Amazon basin. Reduced harvests in recent decades suggest that populations of this species are already overexploited in some areas. In this study, the population dynamics of C. macropomum was investigated using length and weight data for fish caught in the Manacapuru Lake system, a large ria lake located along the lower reach of the Solimões River. A total of 1270 individuals of C. macropomum with standard lengths varying from 17 to 62 cm and mean length of 31.0 ± 6.7 cm were sampled. Weights varied from 165 to 8195 g, and mean weight was 1148.3 ± 883.8 g. Maximum sustainable yield was estimated at 285.8 g recruit⁻¹, corresponding to a fishing mortality of 0.51 year⁻¹. A scenario analysis based on changes in fishing mortality and age at first capture, two parameters potentially addressed by fishing management strategies, suggested that any improvement in fishing yield depends on increases in age at first capture.     

南海大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的群体遗传结构

测定了南海西沙和南沙群岛附近海区(11～12°N,15°N;110～112°E)黄鳍金枪鱼61尾(17尾成鱼、44尾幼鱼)和大眼金枪鱼26尾(22尾成鱼、4尾幼鱼)的线粒体基因组控制区部分序列(D-loop),结合GenBank数据库中印度洋、太平洋和大西洋群体的同源数据,分析结果:(1)黄鳍金枪鱼与大眼金枪鱼均具极高的单倍型多样性(Hd>99%),聚类树及群体间分化指数(FST和Snn)表明大眼金枪鱼群体分化程度明显高于黄鳍金枪鱼群体;(2)大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的南海群体与印度洋群体之间基因流最强(Nm=51.638和261.280 10),其次为太平洋群体(Nm=10.868 8和-50.801 81);(3)黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼都基本服从群口扩张模型,而mismatch分布分别呈单、双峰,其中大眼金枪鱼的南海群体扩张较晚(Tau=7.902)且最为明显(θ1/θ0=99 999/14.752)。     

北部湾剑尖枪乌贼生物学特征及资源状况变化的初步研究

根据2007年北部湾4个季度的调查资料,进一步对北部湾渔场剑尖枪乌贼（Loligo edulis）的生物学特征及资源状况进行分析。结果表明,调查期间剑尖枪乌贼的最大平均胴长、体质量和优势胴长组、体质量组出现在秋季。雌性个体数量明显高于雄性,性成熟度以Ⅱ期为主。雌、雄性开始分化的最小胴长为56 mm,性成熟最小胴长为67 mm。全年摄食强度不高,以1级为主。幼体终年存在。与1997～1999年和2000～2002年的调查相比较,渔获率的季节间变化显著。该调查中剑尖枪乌贼的出现率和平均渔获率较1997～1999年有所上升,较2000～2002年均有下降,显示该海域剑尖枪乌贼的资源量波动较大,因此,对剑尖枪乌贼资源应加以合理利用和保护。     

南海北部眼镜鱼资源利用状况研究

根据2008-2019年南海北部渔港渔业生产抽样调查数据,统计得出南海北部的眼镜鱼(Mene maculata)产量主要来自于灯光围网,占其总产量的93.38%。利用剩余产量模型对围网作业功率在300 kW以上、功率在200~300 kW和功率在100~200 kW的CPUE数据进行了分析。模型计算出南海北部眼镜鱼的最大可持续产量在151128.99~163139.34 t,平均为155298.09 t。依据处于优势地位的围网作业功率在200~300 kW的CPUE数据的模型评估认为,2019年发生了过度捕捞。该鱼种的总可捕量宜下调为3.6×10⁴t。     

东海南部光掌蟳数量分布及其群体组成

本文根据1998年5月、8月、11月和1999年2月在东海南部26°00′~28°00′N,120°00′~125°30′E的蟹类调查资料,研究分析了该海域光掌蟳(Charybdis riversandersoni)数量分布及其群体组成。结果表明:光掌蟳生物量的变化具有明显的季节性,以夏季(8月)最高,春季(5月)其次,秋季(11月)和冬季(2月)均很低,平均资源密度指数分别为0.54kg/h、0.92kg/h、0.14kg/h和0.15kg/h;主要分布于水深80m以外海域,尤以调查海区东北部27°00′~28°00′N,124°00′~125°30′E一带海域数量为多;渔获群体甲宽范围为25~120mm,优势甲宽组为55~80mm,占59.7%,雌雄性个体差异十分悬殊,雄蟹平均体重为74.2g,雌蟹平均体重为51.1g,雌性性腺成熟度以V期为主,占45.2%,不同季节和性别摄食强度没有明显变化。     

放大网囊网目尺寸对南海多齿蛇鲻的影响

根据南海北部多齿蛇鲻生物学参数和20世纪80年代南海区底拖网选择性试验数据,运用Beverton Holt模型,分析在不同捕捞死亡系数F时,网囊网目尺寸从目前的平均27mm放大到39mm后多齿蛇鲻的单位补充量渔获量YW/R、单位补充量渔获尾数YN/R、渔获平均体长 LY、渔获平均体重 WY和渔获平均年龄 TY的变化情况。结果表明:网目尺寸放大后,在捕捞强度不变的情况下,YW/R、 LY、 WY、 TY的值均有不同程度的提高,且当前的捕捞死亡系数F越大,增幅越明显;YN/R,而的值却有所降低,降幅基本不受F的影响。F在0.4～3.0范围时,网目放大后多齿蛇鲻在年渔获尾数下降15%的情况下,产量反可增加11%～69%;同时 LY提高16%～30%、 WY提高31%～99%、 TY提高22%～50%。就39mm网目而言,F值为0.6时,多齿蛇鲻可获得最大产量。     

Feeding level-scaled retention efficiency, growth and energy partitioning of a marine detritivorous fish, redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila T. & S.)

The effects of feeding level on growth, retention efficiency, faeces production and energy partitioning of redlip mullet were studied. A practical diet was used and fed at six levels from starvation, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% of body weight (BW) to satiation for 3 weeks. The temperature was kept at 24±1°C. Reducing the feeding amount resulted in significantly lower weight gain, and retention efficiency was significantly affected by feeding levels and attained the maximum at maximum feeding intake. Feeding 2% BW was the minimum required for fish to maintain growth. Fish carcass composition under different feeding levels could be divided into three groups: (1) starvation and FL1; (2) FL2 and FL3 and (3) FL4 and satiation, with significant differences among the groups but no differences in the groups except that ash content remained at constant value. Body composition of fish of group 2 was close to initial fish. The thermal‐unit coefficient was 0.0381 at satiation, and significantly increased with increasing feeding levels. In order to accurately estimate basal metabolism (HeE), another trial on the relationship between HeE (kJ) and BW (g) was carried out. An exponential curve as HeE=0.1255BW^0.8386 explained this relationship. Intake energy (IE) increased from 11.30 to 63.08 kJ per fish, matching with different feeding levels. Energy allocated to growth of IE decreased with reducing feeding amount. There was a linear relationship between metabolism energy and retention energy in percentage.     

华南沿海贝类体镉的调查与膳食暴露评估

根据2009年对广东、广西沿海主要贝类养殖区太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）、翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）、文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）和菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philiparum）等贝类体镉（Cd）的调查结果,采用随机模拟的概率评估方法,对贝类体Cd的膳食暴露量进行了评估,对评估的不确定性和变异性进行了定量分析和讨论。结果表明,调查海域贝类w（Cd）存在显著性差异,所有样品中w（Cd）均低于无公害水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准值。将评估结果与WHO/FAO的食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的Cd的暂定每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）相比,贝类体Cd的膳食暴露量低于PTWI值,但在P95的高百分位水平下,贝类Cd的膳食暴露量占PTWI的比例较高（29.1%-57.4%）。建议采取相应措施,降低贝类体Cd的膳食暴露量。     

Induced breeding of the South American catfish, Rhamdia sapo (C. & V.)

Pituitary suspensions from the characin, Prochilodus platensis, were injected intraperitoneally into male and female Rhamdia sapo at doses between 0.37 and 6 mg dry weight per kg of body weight. Doses from 0.75 to 6.0 mg/kg effectively induced ovulation. The latent period between injection and ovulation for females held at different temperatures (17 to 27°C) decreased with increasing temperature.Stripping of gametes from both sexes, and dry method fertilization were successful and produced viable eggs. The period between ovulation and stripping for the highest hatching rates decreased from about 9 h at 20°C, to 5 h at 24°C. No viable eggs remained in samples obtained after 15 h at 20°C, or 8 h at 24°C. Hatching percentage and the fraction of deformed fry were negatively correlated (r = ?0.75; P < 0.001).     

实际种群分析法在绿鳍马面鲀资源评估中的应用和改进

从８０年代初年起,应用实际种群分析法和计算机编程每年对东海绿鳍马面Ｔｕｎ资源量及产量作估算和预报,在１０多年的工作中,利用计算机运算速度不断提高的优势,对评估方法逐步作了改进,根据捕捞方程采用迭代法直接求算捕捞死亡系数Ｆ值,利用反复迭代取消了初始值的估算,使得估算精度和计算便利性都有所提高。实践表明,评估预报结果对渔业生产和管理部门有一定的参考价值。     

Population and maturation dynamics of the swordtip squid (Photololigo edulis) in the southern East China Sea

Reproductive biology and seasonal distribution of the swordtip squid (Photololigo edulis) in the northeastern waters of Taiwan were studied, based on the samples and fishery data collected from the torch-light fishery between 2003 and 2005. The swordtip squid only occurred in the Kuroshio Current and reached the coastal waters of Taiwan in January and February. From March to June, its distributional range extended to 27°N and 124°E as the front (the Kuroshio Current met the Mainland China Coastal Current) moved northward. The squid moved southwestward as the front retreated to 25°N and 123°E from July to September. After October, it was mainly distributed in the front area which shifted southwestward at this time.

Both percentage of mature individuals and gonado-somatic index (GSI) of the swordtip squid were high in spring and autumn and low in summer, indicating two spawning seasons per year. Comparison of mantle length (ML), body weight (BW) and gonad weight (GW) of mature specimens in spring and autumn indicated that individuals of autumn spawning group were larger and heavier than those of the spring spawning group. The GSI between the two spawning groups was not different in females but different in males. High GSI and high percentage of mature (stage IV) individuals in the area suggest that the inshore water off northern Taiwan between 25.5°N and 26.5°N, 121.5°E and 122.5°E could be a spawning ground for the swordtip squid.