Growth of Calcium Carbonate Crystal in Gels

Three polymorphs of calcium carbonate(calcite,aragonite and vaterite) were grown by gel method in the present paper.The effects of reactant concentration and inorganic impurity(Na~+) on calcium carbonate crystals were studied.The results show that the different polymorphs can be obtained by altering growth conditions(such as reactant and reactant concentration).Meanwhile,it is found that the crystal growth operates by the advance of step bouches(macrosteps) and the stacking faults are observed by using the Atomic Force Microscope.     

外源钙对刺芹侧耳菌种及子实体生长发育的影响

刺芹侧耳菌丝体对外源的钙有较好的富集能力,可以将无机态的钙转变为更易被人体吸收的有机钙,为研制一种更高效、低廉、安全的补钙食品有重要的现实意义。研究通过添加五种不同的外源钙(氯化钙,硝酸钙,碳酸钙,乳酸钙,氨基酸螯合钙)对刺芹侧耳菌丝生长和子实体发育的影响,筛选出最适合刺芹侧耳菌株“L2702”的外源钙为乳酸钙,并确定刺芹侧耳菌丝体对其耐受钙的浓度范围为0~0.6 mg/mL。通过在不同浓度的乳酸钙的培养料培养下,刺芹侧耳子实体中可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白随着浓度的升高呈现正态分布,确定浓度为0.6 mg/mL处理组为最适合的浓度,显著高于无外源钙组(p<0.05);不同浓度乳酸钙对刺芹侧耳子实体脂肪和游离氨基酸的影响不明显,无显著差异;最适浓度的乳酸钙提高了刺芹侧耳子实体的产量,缩短了其生长周期;在栽培料中添加乳酸钙,钙含量随着乳酸钙浓度的增加而增加,但子实体中钙含量呈现正态分布,最适合的浓度为0.6 mg/mL。结果表明,刺芹侧耳对外源钙具有很强的生物富集能力,可能是菌丝体的特定成分如总糖、蛋白等协同抗氧化酶系增强了菌体对外源钙的耐受性及富集特性。     

乳酸钙处理对鲜切花椰菜生理生化及保鲜效果影响的研究

研究了不同浓度的乳酸钙处理对鲜切花椰菜生理生化及保鲜效果的影响.结果表明:0.6%和1.4%(W/V)两种浓度的乳酸钙处理均可有效降低鲜切花椰菜的呼吸强度,抑制腐烂的发生,保持总酚含量,提高切块硬度.其中以1.4%乳酸钙处理的效果较好,能更有效地提高鲜切花椰菜POD和PAL活性,保持VC含量并降低呼吸代谢速率.     

Effect of Deep Placement of N Fertilizers and Different Inoculation Methods of Bradyrhizobia on Growth,N2 Fixation Activity and N Absorption Rate of Field‐grown Soybean Plants

The effects of deep placement (supplied at 20 cm depth from soil surface below plants) of 100 kg N ha^?1 of N fertilizers, urea, coated urea or calcium cyanamide (lime nitrogen) on the growth, nitrogen fixation activity, nitrogen absorption rate and seed yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants were examined by comparing them with control plots without deep placement of N fertilizer in sandy dune field. In addition, three different inoculation methods of bradyrhizobia were used for each N treatment: (1) transplantation of 10‐day‐old seedling in a paper pot with vermiculite inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110, (2) direct transplantation of inoculated 10‐day‐old seedlings, and (3) transplantation of 10‐day‐old seedlings in a non‐inoculated paper pot. The deep placement of N fertilizers, especially calcium cyanamide and coated urea, markedly increased the growth and total N accumulation in shoot, roots and nodules, which resulted in an increase in seed yield. Daily N₂ fixation activity and N absorption rate were estimated by relative abundance of ureide‐N analysed from the concentration of N constituents (ureide‐N, amide‐N and nitrate‐N) in root bleeding xylem sap and increase in total N accumulation in whole plants at R1, R3, R5 and R7 stages. The total amount of N₂ fixation was about 50 % higher in the plants with calcium cyanamide and coated urea deep placements compared with control plants. Deep placement of slow release fertilizers kept nodule dry weight higher in the maturing stage of seed, possibly through abundant supply of photoassimilate to the nodules by supporting leaf area and activity until late reproductive stages. The results indicate that deep placement of calcium cyanamide or coated urea enhances N₂ fixation activity, which ultimately increases the seed yield. The promotive effect was observed with the seedlings transplanted in paper pot with inoculum of bradyrhizobia within any treatments, although nodulation by indigenous rhizobia was observed in the plants transplanted with non‐inoculated paper pot.     

几种磷矿粉中磷和钙溶出动力学特性

采用间歇实验方法,研究4种磷矿粉在1M NH4OAC（pH4.8）酸性溶液中磷和钙溶出动力学规律,结果表明：磷矿粉中磷的溶出分为2个阶段,0~30min为快反应过程,30min后为慢反应过程,它能较好地符合Elvoich方程,磷的溶出速率（b）与枸溶性磷含量有较好的相关性,主要受磷矿粉中SiO2和碳酸钙含量的影响,枸溶性磷含量愈高,磷的溶出速率愈大,溶出磷的浓度也愈高。磷矿粉中钙的溶出也符合Elvoich方程,且与游离的碳酸钙含量有关,与其他磷矿粉不同,在PR1中钙的溶出浓度较高,很可能来自于碳酸钙的溶解。因而,磷矿粉不仅可以提供磷素营养,还提供植物生长所需的钙素营养。     

调节草炭pH值对其有效养分和番茄、辣椒幼苗生长的影响

为了解不同调节剂对酸性草炭pH值调节作用,同时对草炭养分有效性的影响,评价调节后草炭的育苗特性,以碳酸钾、氧化钙为调节剂,设计不同的添加水平,分析不同投入量条件下草炭pH值、养分有效性变化规律及投入量与有效养分相关性,比较调节后草炭对番茄、辣椒幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,草炭pH值、速效磷、速效钾随着碳酸钾投入量增加而不断增加,草炭交换性钙、镁、锰和有效铁随着碳酸钾投入量的增加而不断减少;草炭pH值、交换性钙随着氧化钙投入量增加而不断增加,草炭交换性镁随着氧化钙投入增加先增加后减少,草炭交换性锰和有效铁随着氧化钙投入急剧减少。草炭添加不同水平的碳酸钾和氧化钙后,对番茄、辣椒幼苗生长发育皆表现为先改善后抑制的影响规律;同等条件下,碳酸钾对番茄、辣椒幼苗生长的改善效果强于氧化钙;每千克草炭添加碳酸钾2、4、6 g和氧化钙0.8、1.6 g改善效果显著,其对应的草炭pH 5.05、5.93、6.28、5.29、6.08;利用pH值与CI指标建立了碳酸钾-番茄模型、氧化钙-番茄模型、碳酸钾-辣椒模型和氧化钙-辣椒模型,其对应的最优pH 5.64、5.84、5.61、5.76。     

北方水稻生育后期剑叶可溶性物质含量及植株生产力对CO_2浓度增高的响应

以高产优质粳稻松粳9号和稻花香2号为试材,利用中国北方FACE(free air CO2enrichment)实验平台研究北方水稻生理代谢对CO2浓度增高的响应规律。在水稻抽穗期开始测定剑叶可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量和总叶绿素含量,收获后实测小区产量及产量构成因素,比较处理间和品种间差异。结果表明,CO2浓度增高显著提高水稻抽穗期、乳熟期和完熟期剑叶可溶性糖含量,松粳9号和稻花香2号最高增幅分别达11.7%和47.5%。CO2浓度增高显著降低抽穗期和完熟期剑叶可溶性蛋白含量,松粳9号和稻花香2号最大降幅分别为16.2%和10.5%。CO2浓度增高使抽穗期和乳熟期剑叶总叶绿素含量显著增加,松粳9号和稻花香2号最大增幅达18.9%和22.5%,之后便逐渐降低。CO2浓度增高使松粳9号单株籽粒产量、生物学产量、经济系数分别提高6.82%、1.50%和12.64%,稻花香2号平均升高2.56%、2.13%和26.05%。研究表明,CO2浓度增高最终提高了水稻植株生产力,对可溶性物质含量的影响在不同生育期存在差异。这可能由于CO2浓度增高促进水稻生长发育,导致水稻提早成熟,叶片衰老促进了可溶性糖分解,也加快了功能叶可溶性蛋白向籽粒运输速率。     

Influence of Calcium Silicate on Growth, Physiological Parameters and Mineral Nutrition in Two Legume Species Under Salt Stress

Cowpea and kidney bean plants were grown in a hydroponic system, and the effect of calcium silicate supplied to the nutrient solution under salt stress was investigated. The plants were subjected to four different treatments: (1) nutrient solution alone (C), (2) nutrient solution + 40 mmol l⁻¹ NaCl (NaCl), (3) nutrient solution + 40 mmol l⁻¹ NaCl + 0.5 mmol l⁻¹ CaSiO₃ (NaCl + Si₁) and (4) nutrient solution + 40 mmol l⁻¹ NaCl+1 mmol l⁻¹ CaSiO₃ (NaCl + Si₂). The results showed that, in both species, salinity reduced all growth variables but silicate supplementation however partly overcame this growth reduction. Addition of silicate in NaCl‐stressed plants maintained membrane permeability. Net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and transpiration were higher in plants under control treatment, and the inclusion of silicate in the nutrient solution resulted in a slight increase in these plant parameters. Intercellular CO₂ was slightly higher in plants under silicate treatment than in plants under control or NaCl treatment. Calcium concentration in shoots and roots in both species was slightly higher in the treatments where silicate was added. Potassium concentration for salt treatment was reduced in shoot and root of both species in the absence of silicate. Sodium and chloride concentration in shoots and roots in both species were slightly higher in the presence of NaCl and were slightly reduced in the plants under silicate treatments. The results suggest that, in hydroponically grown plants, the inclusion of silicate in the nutrient solution is beneficial because it improves growth, physiological parameters and may contribute to a more balanced nutrition by enhancing nutrient uptake under NaCl‐stressed conditions. Added calcium silicate may ameliorate the parameters affected by high salinity, may reduce sodium and chloride, and can slightly increase calcium and potassium concentrations in shoots and roots of salt‐stressed cowpea and kidney bean.     

Mechanisms of Reproductive Thermotolerance in Gossypium hirsutum: The Effect of Genotype and Exogenous Calcium Application

Although photosynthetic thermotolerance has been investigated extensively in cotton leaves, reports on the biochemical influence of the pistil in promoting fertilization thermostability are limited. To evaluate the effect of temperature, genotype, and exogenous calcium application on fertilization and pistil biochemistry in cotton, thermosensitive (cv. ST4554 B2RF) and thermotolerant (cv. VH260) plants were grown under control (30/20 °C) or high‐temperature (38/20 °C) conditions during flowering, and exogenous CaCl₂ was applied to flowers 1 day prior to anthesis. Measured pistil parameters included fertilization efficiency; protein concentration; glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and NADPH oxidase activities; and ATP and calcium levels. Exogenous calcium had no effect on reproductive thermostability due to poor calcium uptake under high temperature. High temperature resulted in a 19.2 % decline in fertilization efficiency for ST4554 but no change in fertilization efficiency for VH260 relative to optimal temperature conditions. Pre‐stress glutathione reductase and SOD activities were higher in VH260 than ST4554 pistils, and calcium and ATP content were higher in VH260 than ST4554 pistils. It was concluded that pre‐stress antioxidant enzyme activity, ATP and calcium content of the pistil may be associated with reproductive thermotolerance in cotton. These findings should be confirmed in future experiments with a larger number of cultivars.     

造粒反应器处理高硬度水试验研究

为降低水的硬度,以一定粒径的细砂为填料,构建新型造粒反应器软化高硬度水。反应器在中温(20 ℃)条件下运行,通过改变pH值、填料粒径、水力条件、反应时间检测填料中碳酸钙的含量,考察反应器性能。试验结果表明,控制原水的pH值大于12、砂石填料粒径为0.2~0.5 mm、原水进水流量为10~35 mL/s,反应器的运行效果达到最佳。随着反应器运行时间的延长,细砂填料表面附着的碳酸钙晶体逐渐增多,运行15 d左右填料表面所附着的碳酸钙晶体达到饱和,将沉下的填料取出,更换成新的填料。反应器对原水硬度的去除率为58%~67%,出水水质良好。     

不同水平供钙量对木本观赏植物生长发育的影响

为了探讨城市园林绿化实际栽培和应用过程中通过调整钙肥施用量控制木本观赏植物营养生长和生殖生长的可能性。本研究以木本观赏植物‘桐棉’为研究对象,在Hoagland营养液配方的基础上设置7个不同水平钙浓度处理,调查‘桐棉’植株外部形态生长指标和各器官的生长量数据。结果表明：100%钙浓度条件下‘桐棉’植株的株高、根长和茎粗达到最大值,分别为：(126.67±4.81) cm,(105.00±4.04) cm 和(24.07±0.84) mm;1%钙浓度条件下‘桐棉’植株的株高、根长和茎粗均是7个不同水平钙浓度处理中的最小值,分别为：(10.67±1.20) cm,(19.33±2.96) cm和(2.20±0.12) mm。100%钙浓度条件下‘桐棉’植株的总生物量、叶干重、茎干重、根干重等指标均达到最大值,分别为：(348.02±12.01) g,(119.85±5.68) g,(157.29±6.39) g和(50.89±0.94) g;1%钙浓度条件下‘桐棉’植株的总生物量、叶干重、茎干重、根干重等指标均是7个不同水平钙浓度处理中的最小值,分别为：(10.24±0.81) g,(3.92±0.39) g,(3.05±0.39) g和(3.28±0.13) g。钙浓度为100%和150%的2个试验处理中,‘桐棉’植株在65天左右出现花蕾;钙浓度为1%、10%和300%的3个试验处理中‘桐棉’植株均未出现花蕾。本研究充分证明Hoagland营养液配方中的钙矿质营养元素浓度比较适合木本观赏植物‘桐棉’的生长发育,钙浓度过低或过高都不利于‘桐棉’植株的前期营养器官生长和后期向生殖生长阶段的转化。     

多浓度营养盐处理对微生物胶结砂土均匀性与强度的影响

采用二次注入菌液方式,制备不同浓度营养盐处理的MICP （微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀）胶结砂样。选用巴氏芽孢杆菌作为固化细菌,采用单一浓度（0.5、1.0 mol/L）和多浓度相结合（前期采用0.5 mol/L,后期采用1.0 mol/L）的处理方式注射营养盐（尿素/氯化钙混合液）,研究多浓度营养盐结合处理方式对微生物固化砂土强度及均匀性的影响。基于试验测试分析了固化砂土试样不同区间段的强度、弹性模量以及碳酸钙含量。试验结果表明,多浓度营养盐处理方式对固化砂土试样的强度及碳酸钙含量有明显影响;多浓度营养盐结合处理方式能够保证试样有较好的均匀性条件下获得较高强度及弹性模量。基于多浓度营养盐处理方式,探讨分析了影响试样强度和均匀性的基本因素。     

Effect of antioxidants in controlling enzymatic browning of minimally processed persimmon ‘Rojo Brillante’

‘Rojo Brillante’ is an important variety of persimmon that after removal of the astringency with high levels of CO₂, maintains firmness and sweetness, making possible its commercialization as a fresh-cut commodity. However, the commercial success of the product is limited mainly by enzymatic browning. This work presents the effect of a wide range of antioxidants on enzymatic browning of ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon combining in vitro (extracts and precipitates) and in vivo (cut tissue) studies. Preliminary screening of the antioxidants, determined by absorbance and color measurements of persimmon extracts and pellets, showed that 4-hexylresorcinol (Hexyl), citric acid (CA) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) were effective at controlling browning at 10 mM; whereas, ascorbic acid (AA) required a higher concentration (25 mM). Peracetic acid, cyclodextrin, cysteine, and hexametaphosphate were not effective at controlling browning, even at a concentration of 50 mM. In in vivo studies, AA (1.12%) and CA (0.21%) were the most effective treatments to control enzymatic browning of fresh-cut material, reaching the limit of marketability in 5–7 days, whereas, Hexyl and CaCl₂ did not reach 1 day of storage. The results showed that optimum concentrations in cut tissue did not always correlate with the in vitro studies, indicating that antioxidants have an effect not only in browning reactions, but also in metabolic activity and cell wall changes during wound-induced reactions. The results provide relevant information for further development of minimally processed ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon during storage at 5 °C.     

The production and use of nitrate and phosphate in agriculture and their consequences on regional groundwater quality

The one-dimensional quantitative model MANRUU has been developed for the purpose of physical planning on a national level to calculate the overproduction of nitrogen and phosphorus in animal manure per municipality. MANRUU calculates total manure production per municipality from input data on animal-specific manure production (kg N, P₂O₅ per year), fertilizer use and the number of animals of various categories. Data on crop-specific fertilizer demand and on acreage of all crops grown are used to calculate the maximum amount of manure per municipality applicable from an environmental point of view.The two-dimensional model WATRUU calculates mean concentrations of nitrate and ortho-phosphate in shallow groundwater for catchment areas. It uses the output of the model MANRUU and realistic assumptions on conversion processes of nitrate and phosphate. By using watersheds, an indication can be given of the flow direction and spatial effects of the polluted shallow groundwater. The results of the calculations are displayed as maps, based on input data for 1983. Computed mean nitrate concentrations are up to 16 times in excess of the EC-standards for drinking water. Phosphate saturation down to the groundwater level is expected to occur in the soil of 145,000 ha of farming land within 25 years when no preventative measures are taken.The model results were compared with data from a detailed study of the quality of the top groundwater layer in the entire Province of Utrecht. The comparison was found to be reliable at a confidence level of 95%.     

Effect of Deep Placement of Slow-release Fertilizer (Lime Nitrogen) Applied at Different Rates on Growth, N2 Fixation and Yield of Soya Bean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

A new fertilization method with deep placement of slow‐release N fertilizers, such as coated urea and lime nitrogen (LN) (calcium cyanamide) at 20 cm depth was found to promote soy bean seed yield. In the present study, the effect of deep placement of LN was investigated on different parameters such as growth, N accumulation, N₂ fixation activity and yield of soy bean by applying LN at different rates in the rotated paddy field of Niigata, Japan. In addition to the basal fertilizer, ammonium sulphate (16 kg N ha^?1), deep placement of LN was conducted by applying various amounts such as 50 kg N ha^?1 (A50), 100 kg N ha^?1 (A100) and 200 kg N ha^?1 (A200) at 20 cm depth in separate plots. A ¹⁵N‐labelled LN fertilizer was also employed for each of the above treatments to calculate N utilization from LN in separate plots. Soya bean plant growth and N₂ fixation activity were periodically analysed. Both plant growth and N accumulation were found to increase with LN treatment compared with control plants. An increase in N₂ fixation activity was found in the A100 plots. The total seed yield was the highest in the deep placement of LN with A100 (73 g per plant) compared with other treatments. The visual quality of harvested seeds also showed that A100 enhanced the quality of seeds compared with other treatments. Thus, it is suggested that N fertilization management with particular reference to optimum amount of fertilizers is important for maximum growth, N₂ fixation and enhancement of seed yield of soy bean.     

Physiological effects of repeated foliar application of magnetite nanoparticles on maize plants

Iron is an essential micronutrient which is highly unavailable for plants in calcareous soils. Although the application of nanoparticles (NPs) to plants has been recently implemented, their long‐term effects have not been studied yet. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the treatment of maize plants with 100 ppm iron nanoparticles (Fe‐NPs) through their life cycle would affect the development of the second generation. The plants were treated with or without 100 ppm of Fe‐NPs and 100 ppm of Fe‐Ch, and their seeds were planted to obtain the second generation. The latter were again treated with or without Fe‐NPs and Fe‐Ch, and the results of two generations were compared. In the first generation, Fe‐NPs treatments improved maize photosynthesis and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging capacity and lowered the rate of membrane lipid peroxidation, compared to the control and Fe‐Ch‐treated plants. The improvement of calcium, Fe²⁺, total iron and ferritin contents was more pronounced in Fe‐NPs treatments. However, the second progeny of Fe‐NPs‐treated plants showed less biomass, lower contents of chlorophyll, protein and calcium, and lower H₂O₂ scavenging capacity but higher amount of total iron content, compared with the control group and the first generation. In comparison, no adverse effects on growth parameters were observed in the plants which were treated with Fe‐Ch for two subsequent generations, while their total iron and ferritin contents were remarkable. Due to the adverse effects of Fe‐NPs in the second generation, more caution in its application for consecutive years is recommended.     

Combined effect of ultrasound,mild heat shock and citric acid to retain greenness,nutritional and microbiological quality of minimally processed broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.): An optimization study

Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design were used to study the combined hurdle effect of mild heat time (1–5 min) at 50 °C, ultrasonic processing time (0–10 min) and citric acid concentration (0–2%) on the quality of refrigerated broccoli after 10 d of storage at 5 °C. Treatment effects were evaluated on weight loss, superficial colour (hue angle (H°) and total colour difference (ΔE)), headspace gas composition (O₂ and CO₂), overall browning potential, chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content, mesophilic counts and overall visual quality (OVQ) and optimize the process by means of the desirability function. Predicted models were found to be significant with high regression coefficients (91–97%). High regression coefficients indicated that second-order polynomial models could be used to predict and optimize the quality retention in minimally processed broccoli during storage. The mesophilic counts, ascorbic acid content and the overall visual quality were significantly influenced by the three independent variables either independently or interactively. Both thermal and ultrasonic treatments were found to be critical factors influencing changes in chlorophyll content, O₂ concentration inside the package, hue angle and ΔE. On the other hand, thermal treatment and citric acid concentration were found to be significant on overall browning potential. By using the desirability function approach and considering superficial colour parameters, O₂ concentration, mesophilic counts, browning potential, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content, the optimum processing conditions were 7.5 min of ultrasonic treatment, 3 min of a heat shock treatment and a citric acid concentration of 1.5%. These results were in good agreement with the maximum found from the canonical analysis performed from the response surface when only considering sensorial analysis. Under these optimal processing conditions it is possible to employ citric acid treatment in combination with ultrasonic and thermal treatments as hurdles for retention of green colour, nutritional quality, microbial control and for extending shelf life of refrigerated minimally processed broccoli.     

钙离子胁迫对3种牧草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以白车轴草、紫云英、紫花苜蓿种子为材料,通过测定发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、恢复萌发率等指标,研究钙离子浓度对3种牧草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以期为喀斯特地区牧草栽培提供科学参考。研究结果表明:1)低浓度钙离子胁迫(0～0.09 mol·L^-1)对3种牧草种子发芽影响有限,而高浓度钙离子胁迫(0.12～0.15 mol·L^-1)能够明显抑制3种牧草种子萌发,且低浓度钙离子(0.03 mol·L^-1)胁迫可以促进紫花苜蓿种子萌发; 2)白车轴草、紫云英和紫花苜蓿种子发芽指数均随钙离子浓度增加逐渐减小; 3) 3种牧草种子的恢复萌发率表现为紫花苜蓿>紫云英>白车轴草; 4)钙离子浓度明显抑制3种牧草幼苗的生长,低浓度钙离子(0.03 mol·L^-1)有利于紫花苜蓿幼苗生长。可见,紫花苜蓿对高钙环境的适应能力要好于白车轴草和紫云英,是喀斯特地区较为适宜的栽培牧草品种。     

响应面法优化绿色木霉产孢子固体发酵培养基

为探讨绿色木霉固体发酵产孢子的最佳发酵培养基。运用响应面法设计试验,筛选出主要影响因子碳酸钙、硫酸铵及氯化锰,以孢子量为响应值建立二次回归方程,并借助Design Expert 8.0.6软件进行分析数据并确定优化条件。结果表明,在温度28℃,接种量15%,料水比1:0.70的培养条件下发酵7天,孢子量为8.505×10⁹CFU/g。通过优化,最终确定最佳发酵配方为：麸皮（过40目筛）50%,稻壳粉（过20目筛）30%,玉米粉（过80目筛）20%,硫酸铵1.08%,黄豆饼粉2.00%,玉米浆干粉2.00%,碳酸钙0.55%,氯化锰0.37%,pH 6.0~7.0。该配方所用原料廉价易得,发酵水平高,为大规模工业化生产提供保障。