对渔业实际种群分析（VPA）中调谐方法的初步研究

实际种群分析法(VPA)是渔业资源评估的经典模型之一,也是总允许捕捞配额(TAC)计算的主要模型之一。由于VPA方法本身具有不确定性,单纯的分年龄组产量数据不能计算最末年的捕捞死亡系数(和种群数量),所以它通常需要分年龄组产量数据和附属数据。VPA的调谐方法发源于欧洲,它们简单、易于理解和不需要繁杂的计算,在实际的渔业资源评估中有着广泛的应用。文章研究了最具有典型性的3种VPA调谐方法,JAM(judicious average method)、LS(Laurec and Shepherd method)和Hybrid。应用模拟数据的研究表明,3种方法在捕捞死亡系数稳定时可以较准确地估计补充值。当捕捞死亡系数随时间增加时,LS方法相对于其它2种方法有较优的表现。当捕捞死亡系数随时间减少时,JAM方法有较优的表现。     

分子群体遗传学方法处理鲤形态学数据的适用性

在鱼类形态学性状的数据处理分析中,主要利用数理统计分析软件进行形态学数据的聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析,而随着现代分子生物学技术的发展,一系列分子群体遗传学数据分析方法和处理软件应运而生。为研究分子群体遗传学方法对鱼类形态学数据分析的适用性,实验以兴国红鲤、玻璃红鲤、荷包红鲤完全双列杂交产生的9个群体形态学数据为对象,比较了传统形态学方法与分子群体遗传学方法对鱼类形态学性状的分析效果。结果发现,两类方法的聚类分析结果一致;主成分分析的结果表明,传统形态学分析方法能反映个体间的形态差异,而分子群体遗传学方法则能更好地反映群体间的形态差异;判别分析结果显示,两类方法的综合判别率相当;利用STRUCTURE软件进行的遗传聚类分析结果也发现,两类方法所得的结果一致。研究表明,应用传统形态学方法与分子群体遗传学方法分析鲤形态学性状是一致的,分子群体遗传学方法处理鲤科鱼类形态学数据是可行的。     

The number of pelagic fish in Lake Paasivesi,Finland, monitored by hydroacoustic methods

A Craig and Forbes algorithm-based computer program was used to make an acoustic estimate of the number of fish in the pelagic zone of Lake Paasivesi. The acoustic data were collected at night. More than 95% of the estimated fish were counted as singlefish echoes. The vertical distribution of the fish in May was uniform from 4 m down to the bottom, but in August about 90% of the fish counted were between 4 and 18 m. The total number of fish in the research area was 1.3 × 10⁶ individuals in May and 2.7 × 10⁶ individuals in August. The mean fish density was 260 and 530 fish ha^?1, respectively. The horizontal fish distribution in this lake is unusually uniform and the fish density unusually low in comparison with many other lakes in central Finland.     

An assessment of the Prochilodus platensis Holmberg population in the Pilcomayo River fishery, Bolivia using scale-based and computer-assisted methods

Abstract. The catch from the fishery for the migratory Prochilodus platensis Holmberg on the Rio Pilcomayo shows considerable annual variation. Peaks were apparent in 1981 and 1982, followed by very low returns between 1983 and 1985 and a resurgence in 1986. The catch in 1986 was 1011t with the degree of annual variation probably lying between 500 and 2000t. In the Pilcomayo P. platensis is a rapidly growing short-lived fish with a maximum life expectancy of 6-7 years and an upper size approaching 61.5cm. The fish first migrate and appear in Bolivian' waters when they are 21/2-3 years old, having spent the first 2 years on the nursery grounds, probably on the Argentine/Paraguay section of the river. Although fish of this age were numerous in the 1986 catches, the optimal market size is rather larger, and older fish are taken preferentially. The fishery actually depends upon very few age classes. A comparison of growth and mortality rates obtained from scale reading and from length frequency analysis by ELEFAN programs showed a close agreement. The considerable fluctuations in the fishery are largely due to the highly variable flood regime of the river rather than to fishing pressure, with the flood determining recruitment in 2 years' time. Nevertheless, a combination of a sequence of poor flood years with sustained fishing pressure could seriously damage the fishery.     

应用改进的Leslie法估算东海区小黄鱼资源量

针对Lesile法未考虑自然死亡因素的不足,提出了改进形式的Lesile法,使得该方法也能适用于长渔获周期的资源群体,并结合2009～2010年全国海洋捕捞信息动态采集网络评估的渔业统计结果和东海区渔业资源监测调查资料,估算东海区小黄鱼(Lartmichtlys polyaetis)资源量。结果表明,伏季休渔开捕后可供利用的小黄鱼资源量为16.99×104t,到4月底余存4.65×104t,年平均资源量7.70×104t,最大持续产量8.93×104t,全年开发率达到0.87,处于过度开发状态。     

大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体遗传多样性比较

基于线粒体DNA控制区高变区部分序列和4对微卫星标记,对大泷六线鱼放流群体及自然海域群体的遗传多样性与遗传差异进行了比较分析。线粒体DNA控制区序列分析的结果显示,413尾个体共检测到单倍型117种,其中仅Hap₃、 Hap₇和Hap₁7为共享单倍型,占总单倍型数目的 2.5%;放流、野生群体特有单倍型分别为20种和66种,分别占总单倍型数的17.09%和56.41%,放流群体特有单倍型数明显低于野生群体;放流群体和野生群体核苷酸多样性分别为0.005 1～0.006 7和0.005 8～0.007 5,单倍型多样性分别为0.856 7～0.949 9和0.883 1～0.954 9,遗传多样性均较高。微卫星标记分析结果显示,放流、野生群体平均等位基因数(Na)分别为13～44和13～27,平均多态信息含量为0.885 6和0.874 0,均具较高的遗传多态性;群体遗传结构分析结果表明,放流、野生群体间遗传分化水平较低。研究表明,山东近海大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体均具有较丰富的遗传多样性,且遗传结构未存在显著的群体分化...     

海洋鱼类种群划分的研究方法及其在小黄鱼上的应用进展

综述了标记重捕法、渔获量分析法、寄生虫标记法、形态表型量度特征法、分子生物学法、钙质结构元素指纹法等6种方法在海洋鱼类种群划分上的应用进展,并探讨了这些方法各自的可靠性和局限性。并以我国重要经济鱼类小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)为例,归纳了自20世纪40年代以来应用上述方法开展小黄鱼种群研究的脉络,剖析了我国近海小黄鱼种群(特别是黄海南部种群)划分存在较大分歧的现状。通过比较分析各种方法的研究效果,指出基于钙质组织中元素指纹的方法在鱼类种群判别研究中将具有更大优势。最后,展望了海洋鱼类种群研究方向,以及在今后小黄鱼种群划分研究中上述方法的应用特征。     

曼氏无针乌贼荧光染色标志方法研究

建立一种高效的标志方法,为更加准确地评价曼氏无针乌贼增殖放流的效果提供技术保障.以曼氏无针乌贼为试验对象,利用茜素络合物(ALC)浸泡曼氏无针乌贼幼体,对其内壳进行标志.设置5个浓度梯度组和2个时间段,测量并观察曼氏无针乌贼胴背长、体质量及存活率.将试验组与对照组各50尾饲养于直径2.5m的圆形水泥池内,分别在染色后5、12、19、26 d进行随机取样并对标志曼氏无针乌贼进行高温处理5 min,解剖出内壳观察标志色保留状况.最佳染色剂浓度和浸染时间分别为90 mg/L和24 h;曼氏无针乌贼胴背长和体质量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),试验组与对照组曼氏无针乌贼的生长发育差异不显著(P＞0.05);26 d后内壳标志色依然清晰保留初染时的椭圆形粉红色,高温处理前、后着色部位的范围和颜色均未发生变化.ALC荧光染色标志法兼具体内标志和外部可见的双重效果,标志曼氏无针乌贼的存活率和标志色保持率均为100％.结果表明本方法简单高效,能进行批量标志处理,是一种理想的曼氏无针乌贼标志方法,具有广阔的应用前景.     

程海浮游动物种群特征与数量的周年变化

为深入了解程海湖泊生态系统的状况,2009年10月至2010年7月对程海浮游动物进行了季节性调查。结果表明,程海有浮游动物34科、59属、86种;其中,原生动物13科、18属、28种,轮虫10科、23属、34种,枝角类5科、7属、11种,桡足类2科、7属、9种,其他浮游动物4科、4属、4种。原生动物纤毛虫类(Ciliophora)四季均为优势类群,溞钟虫(Vorticella kahli)春季数量较多,而急游虫(Strombidium sp.)和湖累枝虫(Epistylis lacustris)在秋季数量达到高峰。轮虫优势种为暗小异尾轮虫(Trichocerca pusilla)、奇异巨腕轮虫(Pedalia mira)、裂痕龟纹轮虫(Anuraeopsis flasa)和萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)。枝角类种类少、数量多,主要是棘爪网纹溞(Ceri-odaphnia reticulata)、短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)、透明溞(Daphnia hyaline)、园形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus)和长肢秀体溞(D.leuchtenbergianum);桡足类种类少、数量低,近剑水蚤(Tropocyclops sp.)、锯齿真剑水蚤(Eucyclops macruroides deticulatus)、透明温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops hyalinus)常见并有一定优势。浮游动物数量为3316.9个/L;其中,春季2635.6个/L,夏季3010.7个/L,秋季3998.0个/L,冬季3623.5个/L;水平分布南部明显偏高,东部数量高于西部,湖心明显偏少。相关分析表明,影响浮游动物数量变动的主要因子是温度、食物和鱼类摄食。在水体富营养化和太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)的强大摄食压力下,程海浮游动物小型化趋势明显。     

凡纳滨对虾选育群体与近交群体、引进群体生长和存活性能比较

为研究凡纳滨对虾选育群体与近交群体、引进群体的生长和存活性能差异,本实验利用家系标准化构建方法构建了选育群体、引进群体和近交群体家系,开展共同养殖环境下的生长和存活性能测试实验,分析了三个群体的体质量、存活率和近交衰退情况.结果表明,选育群体收获体质量与引进群体、全同胞近交一代群体体质量均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),第60天收获时,选育群体比引进群体的体质量提高7.11％,比近交群体的体质量提高20.01％;选育群体和引进群体内不同家系生长速度存在较大差异,选育群体中增重最快的家系为6012家系,绝对增重率为0.29 g/d,比所有家系绝对增重率均值高31.82％,比增重最慢的家系高61.11％,引进群体中绝对增重率和特定生长率均最高的家系为6008家系,分别为0.33 g/d和3.17％/d,比所有家系均值分别高65％和33.19％,比增重最慢的家系分别高230％和128.06％;存活率方面,选育群体与引进群体差异不显著(P＞0.05),但与近交群体存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),存活率提高12.74％.近交衰退结果显示,与选育群体及引进群体相比较,近交群体收获体质量生长性状的实际衰退百分比分别为16.68％和10.76％,近交系数每增加10％所引起的近交衰退系数分别为-6.60％和-4.30％,且选育群体与近交群体在收获体质量上差异显著(P＜0.05);存活率性状也出现了一定程度的近交衰退,实际衰退百分比分别为11.30％和10.54％.本研究结果可为凡纳滨对虾的后期选择育种工作提供数据参考.     

Comparison of euphausiid population size estimates obtained using replicated acoustic surveys of coastal inlets and block average vs. geostatistical spatial interpolation methods

Because of their intense patchiness, euphausiid spatial distributions and stock sizes are often assessed using echosounder surveys. However, statistical error bars appropriate for individual survey results are not well known. We quantified these by examining the statistical repeatability of acoustic estimates of total euphausiid biomass within two enclosed fjords adjoining the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Within each inlet, paired and replicated `mirror image' zig-zag survey tracks provided sets of closely spaced backscatter profiles along the survey lines. Local stock density (biomass per unit area) was calculated by vertical integration across the euphausiid scattering layer. Total inlet population size was then estimated by horizontal interpolation and integration of the local measurements, both by block averaging and by geostatistical interpolation (kriging). By assuming no change in true population biomass over the short time interval separating replicate surveys, we could then estimate statistical precision by analysis-of-variance comparison among replicate survey grids. For the partial surveys (one or the other half of the mirror-image paired grid) multiplicative error bars were about a factor of 1.5 for Jervis Inlet and 1.7 for Saanich Inlet. Use of the full surveys (both parts of the mirror-image pair, roughly doubling the number of measurements in each estimate) reduced the error to about factor of 1.35 for Jervis but only to about 1.65 for Saanich. Statistical precision was similar for the block average vs. kriging interpolation and integration methods, however, kriging provided additional useful information about spatial pattern within the inlets.     

长江口中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹放流群体与自然群体能量代谢比较

对长江口不同性腺发育时期中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雌性亲蟹的性腺与肝胰腺进行取样,对比研究放流群体和自然群体之间能量代谢的差异。结果表明,在亲蟹性腺发育的不同时期,放流群体和自然群体的性腺指数均在V期显著升高,而肝胰腺指数无显著变化;性腺总脂含量放流群体在第VI1期显著下降,自然群体在第VI2期显著升高,其它时期变化均不显著;放流群体和自然群体的肝胰腺总脂含量随着性腺的发育逐渐减小,第VI2期显著低于第IV期。在亲蟹性腺发育的同一时期,放流群体性腺和肝胰腺的蛋白水平显著小于自然群体,两个群体的性腺指数、肝胰腺指数、水分含量、总脂含量等指标无显著性差异。因此,可以在放流前对亲蟹进行营养强化,提高其机体蛋白含量,这有助于提升增殖放流效果。     

Straying and population genetic structure

The differentiation process in a set of idealized populations is simulated by computer programs. Absolute and relative effects of genetic drift, gene flow (through straying) and natural selection on the genetic population structure are explored. The effect of increased gene flow in an equilibrium situation is studied for both neutral and selected traits.     

Modelling the population size and dynamics of the British grey seal

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广东深圳大鹏半岛海域秋季渔业资源群落结构分析

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应用体重结构的实际种群分析模型估算捕捞死亡系数和资源量的初步研究

实际种群分析(VPA)是渔业评估的经典方法之一,被广泛应用于分析渔业的历史数据、估算渔业种群的资源量及捕捞死亡系数.文章提出了体重结构的VPA(WVPA),蒙特卡罗模拟分析的结果表明,即使在较高的白色噪音水平下(30%),WVPA仍然可以较准确的估算捕捞死亡系数[相对估算误差REE=3.81%(长寿命种群),和2.75%(短寿命种群)].文章应用WVPA与年龄结构的VPA一起评估大西洋赤鲷渔业,结果表明,采用WVPA得到的结论与采用VPA的结果近似一致,但考虑到体重结构产量数据更易获得,该方法更具有优越性.     

De novo synthesis of fatty acids in the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis

The fatty acid composition of rotifer phospholipids is largely dependent on that of their food, indicating that the ingested lipids are hydrolysed in the gut, resorbed, metabolized and incorporated into body phospholipids. It is stable and does not change considerably after 1 or 2 days of starvation.Considerable differences were found in the fatty acid composition of rotifers fed baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Chlorella or Isochrysis. Rotifers fed on baker's yeast for several generations contained considerable amounts of PUFA (1.6% of 22:6 ω3) although this yeast contains mainly 16:1 and 18:1 acids and is completely devoid of 16:3, C:20 and C:22 unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. This observation suggests that fatty acid synthesis and elongation had occurred. De novo synthesis of PUFA was further suggested by experiments in which 1-¹⁴C acetate was incorporated into radioactive acids and was verified by chemical degradation. Upon decarboxylation, approximately 10% of the total radioactivity in the PUFA was recovered as ¹⁴CO₂, indicating that all the uneven C-atoms must contain ¹⁴C. Oxidative cleavage of all of the double bonds of PUFA yielded ¹⁴C-labelled propionic and hexanoic acid from the methyl end of the molecule. However, the rate of synthesis of these acids is rather low. Hence, in order to supply large amounts of PUFA to marine fish larvae, rotifers must be fed on PUFA-rich food.     

Preliminary results of fish population distribution in a Senegalese coastal area with depths less than 15m,using acoustic methods

In order to manage the fish stock of the Senegal coastal zone it is necessary to carry out direct assessment surveys by acoustic methods. Acoustic surveys were carried out in this region from a sports-fishing boat, using a split-beam echo sounder in vertical mode, in areas with depth less than 15 m. On a short time scale, spatial structure of the fish population remained stable. The average acoustic biomass detected was variable, but we observed a relative stability of target strength distribution of single fish. The use of acoustic methods in these areas of shallow depths, the consequences of escape behaviour of the fish, and sampling strategies are discussed.     

鱼腥藻毒素及其检测、去除方法研究进展

水体富营养化加剧而引起有害藻类水华的频繁发生已经成为相关研究者普遍关注的环境问题。鱼腥藻毒素被划分为鱼腥藻毒素a、鱼腥藻类毒素同系物a、高鱼腥藻毒素a、鱼腥藻毒素a(s)以及antx3/b、antx-b(s)。综述了鱼腥藻毒素的化学结构和化学特性,并从食品生物安全的角度综述了其检测及去除方法。     

不同输精时间和次数对母猪人工授精效果的影响研究

实验旨在探讨不同输精时间和次数对母猪人工授精效果的影响。选择45头后备母猪,随机分成3组进行对比试验。A组静立就配,之后每隔12h再配,直至发情结束。B组静立后12h配,之后隔24h再配1次,然后不再配种。C组静立就配,之后隔12h再配1次,然后不再配种。实验结果表明,A组返情率13.33%,B组返情率6.7%,C组返情率33.33%。A、B组间差异不显著,P>0.05。C组与A组、B组间差异显著,P<0.05。利用B组方法进行输精,能够在减少配种次数的基础上降低返情率,可以为猪人工授精在生产中的推广应用提供一定的参考。