犊牛饲养福利关键点及生产意义

近年来我国奶牛养殖业迅速发展,犊牛作为发展养牛业的主要基础,也越来越受到人们的关注。提升犊牛成活率、规范初乳饲喂规程、降低犊牛应激反应,提升环境舒适度,是改善犊牛福利的主要措施。提升犊牛饲养管理福利,对奶牛终身产奶量的提升有积极的促进作用。本文从提高犊牛接产成活率,增强机体免疫机能,减缓机体应激,提高犊牛舒适度等方面综合分析了提高犊牛福利、促进奶牛健康养殖的关键点,旨在提升牛只健康养殖水平,为促进我国奶业蓬勃发展提供技术支持。     

Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention

Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. This is the first in a three part review series on calf health from birth to weaning, focusing on preventive measures. The review considers both pre- and periparturient management factors influencing calf health, colostrum management in beef and dairy calves and further nutrition and weaning in dairy calves.     

荷兰养牛业考察报告

小白牛肉生产是荷兰企业综合利用奶公犊资源的成功范例,其成功涉及到与全产业链相关的各个方面,包括“公司＋农户”的养殖模式,屠宰加工和“安全卫士（Safety Guard）”从农场到餐桌的全程可追溯管理系统,从饲养、繁殖配种到疾病诊治的高度社会化服务体系,技术培训和推广服务,高度环保的建筑和粪污处理设施,政府和银行扶持产业...     

犊牛的饲养管理关键技术

肉牛是人类重要的畜产品来源之一,其肉质鲜美,营养丰富,深受消费者的喜爱。近年来,随着我国经济的飞速发展和人民生活水平的提高,牛肉作为一种高质量的蛋白质来源,可以为消费者提供非常理想的饮食体验,导致国内高品质牛肉需求量正在日益增长,肉牛养殖成为了农牧业的重要支柱产业之一。而犊牛的培育将直接影响到肉牛养殖业的健康发展,因而保证犊牛的健康,提高犊牛的成活率和生长效率对推进肉牛产业发展具有重大意义。本文针对犊牛的消化生理特点,总结了犊牛的饲养要点和管理方法,旨在为犊牛的高效养殖提供参考。     

Investigation of calf health and welfare on dairy farms in south-west England

A questionnaire was designed to investigate calf health and welfare on dairy farms in the south west of England with regard to the degree of compliance with the Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2000. The level of veterinary involvement in calf rearing and management on dairy farms in the south west of England was also assessed. The questionnaire was sent to 32 large animal practices in the catchment area of the Veterinary Laboratories Agency--Langford. Compliance with the regulations was found to be variable. The requirements for the isolation of sick calves, provision of bovine colostrum within six hours of birth, the provision of fresh, clean water and restrictions concerning tethering were not well complied with. However, the requirements for twice-daily feeding and inspection, visual and tactile contact between calves, access to forage and the provision of clean, dry bedding were well complied with. The results also suggested that there was some lack of veterinary input into the health and welfare of calves on dairy farms visited by the practices routinely and non-routinely.     

年龄、胎次、配种月份对奶牛产犊性别的影响

根据西宁某奶牛场1984-1995年荷斯坦奶牛的配种产犊记录,按不同配种年龄、胎次与配种月份所产犊的性别进行统计分析。结果表明:配种年龄对奶牛产犊性别无显著影响(p>0.05);胎次与奶牛产犊性别的关系表现为第三胎所产公犊显著多于母犊(p<0.05),其它各胎次差异均不显著(p>0.05);配种月份对奶牛产犊性别的影响表现为3-5月配种所产犊牛有母犊多于公犊趋势,但差异不显著(p>0.05),6月-9月配种所产犊牛公犊显著多于母犊(p<0.05),其余各月份差异均不显著(p>0.05)。     

Newborn dairy calf management.

Despite advances in dairy herd health and productivity, perinatal calf mortality rates are still unacceptably high on many dairy farms. The key features of successful newborn dairy calf management are ensuring heifers and cows are moved in time to calve in suitable maternity housing, discreet calving supervision and appropriate timing of any necessary calving assistance, immediate parturient evaluation of at-risk newborn calves followed by aggressive resuscitation, strategic navel antisepsis, early detection (and treatment) of perinatal problems, and prompt movement of the newborn calf to hygienic calf housing. Veterinarian-led producer implementation of active management of calving and newborn calf care can improve perinatal welfare and health.     

哺乳期犊牛小群饲养模式的相关研究进展

犊牛小群饲养和自动饲喂系统因能够显著提高犊牛福利和大幅降低劳动力成本的优势正在受到越来越多国内外牧场的青睐.本文总结了关于犊牛小群饲养模式的相关研究进展,并针对小群饲养模式对犊牛健康、生长发育及行为学等方面的影响进行了概括,以供牧场在生产实践中参考使用.     

欧盟犊牛福利养殖措施及其效果分析

小白牛肉为高档肉品,深受欧美一些国家消费者青睐。本文介绍了在小白牛肉生产中,传统的犊牛养殖方式在动物福利方面的弊端,欧盟国家为保障犊牛的基本福利采取的措施及取得的成效。对于有效利用我国丰富的小公犊牛资源,发展小白牛肉产业具有一定的参考价值。     

Influences on the assessment of resource- and animal-based welfare indicators in unweaned dairy calves for usage by farmers

Consumers, industrial stakeholders, and the legislature demand a stronger focus on animal welfare of all livestock at the farm level by using suitable indicators in self-assessments. In order to deduce farms’ animal welfare status reliably, factors that influence indicators’ results need to be identified. Hence, this study aimed to apply possible animal welfare indicators for unweaned dairy calves on conventional dairy farms with early cow–calf separation and evaluate influencing factors such as age and sex of calves or climatic conditions on the applied indicators’ results. An animal welfare assessment using 7 resource-based and 14 animal-based indicators was conducted at 42 typical Western German dairy farms (844 calves) in 2018 and 2019 by two observers. The effect of influencing factors was calculated by binary and ordinal logistic regressions and expressed as odds ratios. Although every unweaned calf was assessed during the farm visits, most farms had relatively few unweaned calves (average number of calves ± standard deviation = 20.1 ± 6.7 calves), with six farms having not more than 10 calves. The small sample sizes question the usage of those indicators to compare between farms and to set thresholds at the farm level. Only one assessed indicator (cleanliness core body) was not statistically affected by the evaluated influencing factors. Calf age was identified as the most decisive factor, as it affected 16 of 21 evaluated indicators, and calf age distribution on-farm varied greatly. Climatic conditions (ambient temperature and rainfall) influenced resource-based indicators such as access to concentrate and water or the cleanliness of feeding implements and bedding as well as animal-based cleanliness indicators and the occurrence of health-related impairments such as coughing and diarrhea. The authors found differences between calves on farms assessed by the different observers not only in resource-based hygiene indicators but also in animal-based indicators such as hyperthermia or hypothermia, highlighting the need for further evaluation of quality criteria in dairy calf welfare assessments. Nevertheless, animal welfare assessments by farmers themselves could be useful tools to sensitize farmers to animal welfare and thereby improve calves’ welfare.     

Coronavirus as an agent of neonatal calf diarrhea in a Chinese dairy cattle farm.

Neonatal calf diarrhea is a significant health problem in dairy industry in the whole world. Although the aetiological agents of neonatal diarrhea are diverse, it is obvious that viruses play an important role. One of them is bovine coronavirus (BCV). Since BCV was discovered (MEBUS et al., 1969), there have been many published reports describing the virus and its importance in calves. In China, we first investigated the seroepidemiological status of BCV infections in cattle (YAO et al., 1990). The results showed that the incidence of infections with BCV in cattle in different chinese regions are high. Further work on direct diagnosis of BCV as a causative agent of diarrhea was therefore necessary. In the last years we have developed diagnostic methods including a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA to detect BCV and other diarrheal viruses. In this study, the diagnosis of an outbreak of BCV in chinese dairy cattle is described.     

Natural transmission of Demodex Bovis stiles to dairy calves

Hides from cattle exposed to their infested dams for known periods and from sibling cattle were examined to determine when transmission of Demodex bovis occurred in an experimental dairy herd. Five of the 7 (71.4%) calves exposed to infested dams for 2 days, all 5 calves exposed for 3 days, and 1 calf exposed for 0.5 day became infested. Sibling cattle from 6 dams were examined; each had at least 1 calf that became infested. One dam produced twins, both of which became infested.These observations indicate that calves can acquire mites from an infested dam in 0.5 day and that sibling cattle from an infested dam do not always become infested.     

奶牛性别控制冻精和普通冻精对比试验研究

用奶牛性控冻精共授配奶牛948头,妊娠893头,情期受胎率平均为67.37%;母犊率达到93.95%,普通冻精产母犊率51.63%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。对其中20头母犊出生时的体重、体尺进行了测定,并与常规冻精所产母犊的生长发育指标进行比较,两者差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验表明,奶牛性控冻精对实现规模化奶牛场的快速扩群和品质提升具有较高的实用价值。     

洛阳生生牧业犊牛健康管理经验

近年来,牧场逐步走向现代化、规模化发展,生产水平大幅度提高,后备牛的培育也提升到了新的高度。犊牛健康管理是牧场成败的关键,但如何做好犊牛健康管理,成为制约奶牛业健康发展的瓶颈之一。为此,本文对河南洛阳生生牧业有限公司的犊牛健康管理工作进行了认真总结,旨在了解犊牛管理现状,分析存在的问题,探索适合大型牧场应用的犊牛管理模式,促进奶业健康、可持续发展。     

犊牛病毒性腹泻的发病机理与防控措施

犊牛腹泻是严重危害犊牛成长的常见病之一,治疗不及时可导致犊牛死亡和发育不良,给奶牛养殖业造成巨大的经济损失。临床上犊牛腹泻的发病原因主要有非感染性因素和感染性因素,感染性因素主要包括细菌性感染、病毒性感染和寄生虫感染。主要针对病毒性感染引起的犊牛腹泻的发病机理和防控措施进行了介绍,以期对奶牛养殖业的健康发展提供理论依据。     

Twinning in Dairy Cattle

Twinning in dairy cattle is an unavoidable outcome of reproduction and is undesirable because it reduces the overall profitability of a dairy operation through negative effects on cows calving twins as well as on calves born as twins. Cows calving twins are at greater risk for many periparturient reproductive and metabolic disorders than nontwinning herdmates, and incidences of abortion, stillbirth, neonatal calf mortality, and reduced birth weight are greater among twin compared with singleton calves. Twinning is a complex trait with multiple causative factors, and empirical evidence supports a role for both genetic and environmental risk factors in cattle. Risk factors for twinning include genetics, season, parity, ovulation rate, and milk production. The observation that twinning has increased in the dairy cattle population over time suggests a concurrent change in one or more of these causative factors during this same period. At present, dairy farmers and their consultants are ill prepared to make sound-management decisions to mitigate the negative effects of twinning on their operations because of a lack of applied scientific data on management strategies for periparturient dairy cows carrying twin fetuses. A clear understanding of the factors responsible for twinning is essential for future development of strategies to manage twinning in dairy operations.     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛后备牛健康问题及淘汰情况分析

为揭示宁夏地区荷斯坦牛后备牛在周岁前的健康问题和淘汰情况,收集了2013—2020年宁夏地区12 个规模化牧场的后备牛出生记录、健康问题记录和淘汰记录,统计了后备牛周岁前发生的主要健康问题,重点分析了后备牛腹泻和肺炎的发生情况随后备牛月龄和自然月份的关系;此外,还分析了后备牛周岁前的淘汰情况,以及淘汰风险与后备牛月龄和自然月份的关系。宁夏地区的荷斯坦牛中,腹泻和肺炎是后备牛在周岁前最易发生的健康问题,占所有健康问题的75%。后备牛腹泻集中发生在2月龄以内的犊牛中,肺炎病例在周岁前的各生命阶段中均有分布,总体上随着后备牛月龄的增加而减少。不同自然月份中,后备牛腹泻和肺炎的发生情况存在较大差异,腹泻在1~2月发生较多,肺炎在1~6月发病较多,冬季是宁夏地区规模化牧场健康管理的重点季节。周岁前的后备牛淘汰时,其平均淘汰日龄为160.21±110.00 天;随着后备牛月龄的增加,后备牛淘汰风险逐渐降低;不同自然月份中,8~12月淘汰的后备牛较多。结果揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛后备牛周岁前的健康事件和淘汰发生情况,为该地区规模化牧场的后备牛管理提供了有用信息。     

Colostrum management for dairy calves.

Colostrum management is the single most important management factor in determining calf health and survival. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of North American dairy calves suffer from failure of passive transfer of antibodies from colostrum, contributing to excessively high preweaning mortality rates and other short- and long-term losses associated with animal health, welfare, and productivity. A successful colostrum management program requires producers to consistently provide calves with a sufficient volume of clean, high-quality colostrum within the first few hours of life. This article reviews the process of colostrogenesis and discusses important components of colostrum. The key components of delivering and monitoring a successful colostrum management program are discussed.     

Dairy calf rearing unit and infectious diseases: diarrhea outbreak by bovine coronavirus as a model for the dispersion of pathogenic microorganisms

Dairy calf rearing unit is a management system that is only recently being implemented by some milk producer’s cooperatives in southern Brazil. However, aspects related to the health profile of the heifer calves that arrive in the rearing unit as well as about biosecurity practices and microbiological challenges have not yet been evaluated in this rearing system in a tropical country. Diarrhea is the main and most frequent consequence of enteric infections in newborn calves. This study, through some etiological and epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of neonatal diarrhea, has the aim to alert to the possibility of pathogenic microorganism spread in a dairy heifer calf rearing unit. The diarrhea outbreak presented some non-regular characteristics observed in bovine coronavirus (BCoV) enteric infections in dairy calves. The spread of infection was extremely rapid (1 week); the attack rate (>?50%) was much higher than that observed in calves subjected to conventional rearing; and the age range (5 to 90 days) of the affected heifer calves was much broader than that often observed in the BCoV diarrhea worldwide. These unusual epidemiological characteristics observed in this BCoV diarrhea outbreak raise awareness of the health threat present in calf rearing units as well as of the easy and rapid viral spread in a population of young animals from different dairy herds and, therefore, with very distinct immunological status.

     

奶牛育种中关注的新性状

各国奶牛群体的选育目标建立之后,选育目标一直在不断发展,选择指数中性状的组成、定义和权重等都在不断变化。奶牛的选育是从关注产奶性能而开始,随后增加了体型外貌性状。由于奶牛的健康和繁殖问题的增加以及社会对动物福利的不断关注,20世纪末,世界范围内平衡育种理念在奶牛育种中逐渐形成,一些重要的功能性状加入各国的选择指数中;进入21世纪后,随着奶牛养殖业和社会的发展,育种家们开始关注和研究更多的性状,部分新性状已经开始在育种实践中选育应用。本文通过整理奶牛育种中有关新性状的研究并收集各国奶牛选育方案中的相关信息,综述了近十年奶业发达国家在奶牛遗传选育中正在研究或已经开始应用的新性状,并将这些新性状分为生产效率相关的新性状、应对环境挑战的新性状、健康福利相关的新性状、产品和加工相关的新性状及管理相关的新性状五大类,总结了这些性状的选育背景、定义方法、遗传基础和选育应用情况等,最后还总结了奶牛育种中新性状的研究应用过程,以期为我国奶牛遗传育种研究和育种目标完善提供一定的借鉴。