Clonal depletion in neonatal tolerance

Specific unresponsiveness can be induced in neonatal and adult BALB/c mice by antibody against antigen-specific receptor (antireceptor antibody). When heterologous antireceptor antibody is used in the indirect fluorescence technique, the number of fluorescent cells in these animals is significantly lower than in normal animals. Fluorescent cells appear after a relatively brief incubation of cells from adult-suppressed animals, whereas no fluorescent cells are detected when cells from neonatally treated animals are incubated briefly. Evidently, treating neonatal mice with antireceptor antibody specifically depletes the antigen-responsive clone. In contrast, antireceptor antibody causes reversible blockade of responsive cells in adult-suppressed animals.     

凉水自然保护区土壤动物群结构特征

在５种生境中共获土壤动物５１类，６１６１只，隶属４门８纲２１目３９科。其中大型土壤动物优势类群３类，常见类群７类。中小型土壤动物的优势类群为２类，常见类群为８类，构成了本区土壤动物的主要成分。大型土壤动物类群和个体数最多的是原始阔叶红松林。中小型土壤动物类群数最多的是人工红松林，个体数最多的是人工云冷杉林。大型和中小型土壤动物的类群数和个体数均随土层深度的增加而递减     

Protein synthesis by ribosomes from heart muscle: effect of insulin and diabetes

Incorporation of phenylalanine into protein by ribosomes from the heart muscle of rats is decreased when the ribosomes are from alloxan-diabetic animals. Protein synthesis is increased when the ribosomes are obtained from nondiabetic animals I hour after treatment with insulin. The change due to insulin appears to be an alteration in the function of the ribosome.     

Reward and learning in the goldfish

An experiment with goldfish showed the effects of change in amount of reward that are predicted from reinforcement theory. The performance of animals shifted from small to large reward improved gradually to the level of unshifted large-reward controls, while the performance of animals shifted from large to small reward remained at the large-reward level. The difference between these results and those obtained in analogous experiments with the rat suggests that reward functions differently in the instrumental learning of the two animals.     

云南省陇川县景颇族药用动物传统知识现状

 景颇族传统医药是极具特色的中国少数民族传统医药之一,但目前对其药用动物传统知识方面缺乏系统性的研究。运用民族生态学和文化人类学的半结构访谈、问卷调查、参与观察对云南省陇川县境内的景颇族传统医生进行普查,研究其药用动物传统知识现状。结果表明,景颇族传统医生主要使用30种药用动物,治疗疾病18种;内服常配伍其他动植物药,外用则多为单用;60%的药用动物资源通过野生捕获,40%通过购买途径获取;目前景颇族传统医生年龄偏大,50%没有继承人,传承状况堪忧。并基于此对景颇族药用动物资源的可持续利用和传统知识的保护提出几点建议     

Plants compared to animals: the broadest comparative study of development

If the last common ancestor of plants and animals was unicellular, comparison of the developmental mechanisms of plants and animals would show that development was independently invented in each lineage. And if this is the case, comparison of plant and animal developmental processes would give us a truly comparative study of development, which comparisons merely among animals, or merely among plants, do not-because in each of these lineages, the fundamental mechanisms are similar by descent. Evidence from studies of developmental mechanisms in both kingdoms, and data from genome-sequencing projects, indicate that development evolved independently in the lineages leading to plants and to animals.     

论动物形象在艾特玛托夫小说中的作用

除了众多深入人心的人物形象之外,艾特玛托夫还为读者描绘了一个鲜活的动物世界,其中的主角形态各异,有着丰富的情感世界.这些充满灵性的动物不再是作品中可有可无的道具,它们与人物形象一样丰满重要.它们不再仅仅只协助铺展故事情节,提供情节转折的契机,而是积极参与人物的生活,成为作品中的另一主角,反映人类社会,观照人生,映衬人间善恶,具有多重作用.本文欲从生态伦理的角度来分析艾氏多部作品中出现的动物形象在协助阐释作者生态思想方面所起的作用,并进一步指出人与动物、与自然自古就存在姻缘纽带,动物也与人类一样有着丰富的情感世界,是人类的兄弟,理应得到人类的关照和尊重;人类善待万物生灵,与自然和谐相处是构建整个生态和谐的基础,也是确保整个生态系统健康和谐发展的重要条件.     

动物性产品中硝基呋喃类抗生素残留检测方法研究进展

对动物性产品中硝基呋喃类抗生素及其代谢物的残留及其危害进行综述,分别介绍了高效液相色谱、液相色谱质谱联用、液相色谱串联质谱和酶联免疫吸附分析等目前检测硝基呋喃类抗生素及其代谢物的残留的常用方法,同时对此类检测方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Apomorphine: modification of its hyperthermic effect in rabbits by p-chlorophenylalanine

The hyperthermic response of rabbits to apomorphine, a dopaminergic agonist, is abolished by prior treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine. If such 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-depleted animals are administered a peripherally acting decarboxylase inhibitor plus 5-hydroxytryptophan, central stores of 5-HT are regenerated and the hyperthermic response to apomorphine is restored in part. The effects of apomorphine in rabbits with elevated concentrations of 5-HT are not different from those in control animals. The behavioral effects of apomnorphine appear to be constant in all groups of animals tested. It is suggested that the hyperthermic effects of apomorphine in rabbits require the presence of 5-HT.     

浙江龙王山自然保护区兽类初步调查

1999年3月至2002年9月对浙江省龙王山自然保护区兽类进行了调查.结果表明,该保护区共有兽类8目19科40属50种.其中有国家一级重点保护动物4种,二级重点保护动物8种;毛皮动物29种,药用动物40种;观赏动物29种.表1参12     

Choosing and rejecting cattle and sheep: changing discourses and practices of (de)selection in pedigree livestock breeding

This paper examines the discourses and practices of pedigree livestock breeding, focusing on beef cattle and sheep in the UK, concentrating on an under-examined aspect of this—the deselection and rejection of some animals from future breeding populations. In the context of exploring how animals are valued and represented in different ways in relation to particular agricultural knowledge-practices, it focuses on deselecting particular animals from breeding populations, drawing attention to shifts in such knowledge-practices related to the emergence of “genetic” techniques in livestock breeding which are arguably displacing “traditional” visual and experiential knowledge’s of livestock animals. The paper situates this discussion in the analytical framework provided by Foucault’s conception of “biopower,” exploring how interventions in livestock populations aimed at the fostering of domestic animal life are necessarily also associated with the imperative that certain animals must die and not contribute to the future reproduction of their breed. The “geneticization” of livestock breeding produces new articulations of this process associated with different understandings of animal life and the possibilities of different modes of intervention in livestock populations. Genetic techniques increasingly quantify and rationalize processes of selection and deselection, and affect how animals are perceived and valued both as groups and as individuals. The paper concludes by emphasizing that the valuation of livestock animals is contested, and that the entanglement of “traditional” and “genetic” modes of valuation means that there are multiple layers of valuation and (de)selection involved in breeding knowledge-practices.     

环境激素对水生动物影响概述

环境激素是指干扰动物与人体正常内分泌机能的外源性化学物质。论述了环境激素的主要种类、性质、对水生动物的危害,并论述了目前环境激素对水生动物影响的研究动态。     

Estimating the number of animals: a rapid method for unidentified individuals

A proposed model yields the density of a mobile population from quick, cursory surveys in which the observer identifies none of the animals. When the spaces on which animals were seen are successively removed, the decline in the counts permits estimation of the average probability of seeing a given animal. The method showed promise in initial trials.     

嫩江下游湿地生物群落结构

通过对嫩江下游湿地3个生境动植物资源状况的调查,共统计了8个植物群落类型及66个植物群系,分布有植物78科269属462种;动物40科126种,其中鸟类101种,两栖类7种,爬行类2种,兽类16种。分析了湿地资源环境状况及存在的问题,并提出了相应的发展对策。     

链球菌病猪治疗前后的血液学变化

取健康杂种猪7头(37.1±2.9ks),人工复材猪链球菌病,探讨本病在发生和发展过程中动物血液成分的变化规律,每猪在皮下接种猪链球菌12.5亿(活菌数)后第5和10天,血液出现以出血性贫血、低血浆蛋白血症和高白细胞血症为特征的病理变化,且并发血沉速率和血小板数升高等反应,虽然发病过程中病猪血中的淋巴细胞和嗜中性细胞的比例无明显变化,但淋巴细胞中的T-细胞明显减少,B-细胞明显增加,活细胞数显著减少,死细胞数显著升高(p<0.05),白细胞的这些变化与机体的免疫反应相关联,颇具特征,从接种后第9天起,连续6天、每天两次给动物静注磺胺二甲嘧啶+TMP,能明显改善患猪的血液学状况,提高机体的抵抗力,使动物得到康复。本研究对阐明机体、病原和药物三者之间的关系有参考意义。     

桉树林取代马尾松树林后土壤动物组成变化研究

为深入了解不同林龄桉树林下土壤动物的多样性及相似性,客观评价桉树取代马尾松林后的生态效益,利用建立的标准养地,对比研究了广西柳州不同林龄桉树林和马尾松土壤动物群落结构特征。大型土壤动物采用野外分层手捡记数,中小型土壤动物采用取土器分层取土,带回实验室采用干漏斗分离并镜检。结果表明,桉树取代马尾松后,土壤动物物种丰富度增加了,但土壤动物的多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均下降,导致群落的稳定性变差。炼山导致生境的改变,影响了土壤动物的数量。随着桉树的持续经营,土壤动物相似程度增加,但与马尾松林下土壤动物的相似度逐渐降低。广西柳州桉树林和马尾松林具有山地雨林和季雨林的部分特点。管理及不同林型提供给土壤动物的食物类型及栖息生境的差异,是导致土壤动物数量和类群差异的主要原因。     

浙江省野生动物驯养繁殖业现状分析

为促进浙江省野生动物驯养繁殖产业的发展,于2006年4月至2007年3月,对全省野生动物驯养繁殖单位现状进行了调查。结果表明,全省现有野生动物驯养繁殖单位276家,驯养繁殖野生动物物种360种321．1万只（头、条）,其中观赏类驯养繁殖单位18家,囊括了全省所有的驯养繁殖物种;食用类驯养繁殖单位257家,驯养繁殖野生动物物种不到1／3;杭州、宁波和金华占全省养殖单位总量的54．34％;单物种存栏数在万只以上的有15个物种,主要是中华草龟Chinemys reevesii,虎纹蛙Rana tigrina rugulosa,棘胸蛙Rana spinosa,梅花鹿Cervus nippon等。浙江省野生动物驯养繁殖业具有很大的发展空间,应及时增补驯养繁殖技术成熟的陆生野生动物种类,对现有野生动物驯养繁殖单位加强监管并正确引导,对欠发达地区进行野生动物驯养繁殖技术推广。图3表2参12     

奶牛腰荐尾段脊髓灰质板层构筑的研究

本研究取８头初生黑白花奶牛的腰荐尾段脊髓，分节后横切成３ｍｍ厚的脊髓块。其中７例在切片剪用苯胺蓝或尼氏混合液的块染法作细胞染色；１例用Ｗｅｉｌ氏法作髓鞘染色。均作石蜡切片。结果表明：奶牛腰荐尾段脊髓灰质基本上象猫那样分为１０个板层，但在层的范围，形态，结构等方面也有自己的特点。本文还与其它一些动物和人的脊髓灰质板层构筑进行了比较。     

免疫防御酶类:海洋动物L-氨基酸氧化酶的研究进展

L-氨基酸氧化酶(L-amino acid oxidase,LAAO)是一类以黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)或黄素单核苷酸(FMN)为辅酶的黄素蛋白酶,该酶具有明显的抑菌、抗病毒、杀灭寄生虫、诱导细胞凋亡和细胞毒性等生物学功能。LAAO在自然界分布广泛,以有关蛇毒源LAAO研究最为深入,但有关海洋动物LAAO的报道与研究尚处于起步阶段。本研究中对海洋动物LAAO的结构特征、相对分子质量、等电点、氧化催化特异性、热稳定性、组织分布、生物学功能和异源表达等方面进行综述,旨在为后续海洋动物LAAO的进一步研究提供参考。     

Cumulative sperm whale bone damage and the bends

Diving mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and humans develop dysbaric osteonecrosis from end-artery nitrogen embolism ("the bends") in certain bones. Sixteen sperm whales from calves to large adults showed a size-related development of osteonecrosis in chevron and rib bone articulations, deltoid crests, and nasal bones. Occurrence in animals from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans over 111 years made a pathophysiological diagnosis of dysbarism most likely. Decompression avoidance therefore may constrain diving behavior. This suggests why some deep-diving mammals show periodic shallow-depth activity and why gas emboli are found in animals driven to surface precipitously by acoustic stressors such as mid-frequency sonar systems.