初中生在英语描述性写作方面的特点——以主位及主位推进模式为理论支撑

主位述位理论及主位推进模式是英语语篇分析的重要手段,因为英语是形态型语言,而主位推进模式又恰恰是从语篇的结构入手。本文分析比较了初一学生和初二学生在人物描写方面主位的异同及使用的主要主位推进模式。本文运用主述位理论比较说明了初一、初二和初三学生在人物描写方面的异同,并研究发现其主要主位推进模式类型,有助于教师们根据现有理论方法将人物描写的基本结构思想灌输给学生。     

对英语广播新闻主位推进模式的分析

在黄衍提出的主位推进模式基础上划分了六种模式，随机选取共50篇VOA和BBC广播新闻稿，研究并归纳出英语广播新闻语篇中主位、述位推进模式的运用特点，旨在提高英语广播瓶闻听力的水平。     

主位推进模式在大学英语写作中的应用——以大学英语四级范文为例

系统功能语言学的主位推进模式理论是通过对语句的主位和述位的划分和分析,来揭示语篇的构成规律,强调语篇的整体信息和结构。本文结合主述位理论和主位推进模式,对英语四级范文进行分析,为教师的写作教学提供了一些写作方法方面的启示。     

浅论主位结构与英语阅读教学

主位和述位系统是功能语法中语篇功能的重要组成部分。主位结构理论有助于了解和掌握有关中心内容的信息在语篇中的分布情况。主位结构的研究成果为英语阅读教学提供了有益的启示。因此,在英语阅读教学中,教师向学生传授一些这方面的知识是有必要的,它可以帮助学生在阅读时克服盲目性和困惑性,也有益于学生把握语篇发展的结构线索、脉络主题,从而提高阅读理解水平。     

工程领域英汉学术期刊研究方法的体裁结构对比分析

本研究运用Swales体裁分析法分析从中外核心期刊工程学领域选取的汉英论文。通过双语语料,对工程学领域内用不同语言撰写的研究方法部分的语篇模式和体裁结构进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)工程领域英汉论文研究方法部分的体裁结构总体上是一致的,但在不同的语言环境中,为确保研究的可信度,作者撰写方法部分的侧重点不一致。(2)工程领域英汉论文研究方法部分在语篇结构上的差异表明:英汉文化的不同导致了在同样学科中对语步-话步的使用不同。     

英语语篇教学与实践效果分析

语篇中的情景图式直接影响着阅读的效果和理解的深度,并制约着学生的语言运用能力。语篇策略以获取最大限度有利于语篇接受者的语篇组织形式为目的,作出选择的主位或主题一致性语篇建构的策略。因此,在实践中围绕语篇的图示结构分析教学模式,重新建构语篇的言语和意义,进而提出相应的情景模式就显得至关重要。     

主位推进在旅游景点介绍英译中的作用——以马鞍山旅游景点为例

随着全球化的进一步深入,跨国旅游也随之发展起来。因此,各地的景点介绍便以多国语言对照的形式表现出来,从而使游客更加深刻地体会其中的文化底蕴。然而,景点外文介绍中存在的问题也层出不穷,影响了文化的交流和体会。本文将以马鞍山旅游景点为例,从主位推进的角度出发,以主位推进模式为分析工具,以期探究该地区景点介绍语的英译现状。     

汽车配件说明书英汉翻译衔接手段的对比分析

英汉两种语言有着不同的思维方式和语言结构,因此在翻译的过程中做到衔接合理、逻辑清晰且语意连贯十分重要。通过对英汉两种语言的衔接手段进行研究和对比,不仅能使得译者更加系统地了解两种语言的语篇系统,还能使他们更容易获取语篇所表达的信息,从而对翻译起到更好的指导作用。本文将运用衔接理论和衔接手段做一个整理,通过汽车配件的产品说明书的实例剖析,使理论更加清晰明了,起到帮助和指导翻译的作用。     

主位理论与英汉主位结构对比

本文从主位理论角度出发,分析英汉主位结构的各自特点及其差异,对两种语言进行对比分析。     

《静夜思》汉英语篇功能对比分析

运用系统功能分析的方法，从衔接系统，主位——述位系统和信息系统以及逻辑——语义关系的角度，来探讨英汉诗歌语篇的一些功能差异，所用的例子来自于大家都熟悉的李白的诗《静夜思》及徐忠杰和Tr．W．J．B．Flether的译文。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein