Enhancing micronutrient uptake and yield of wheat through bacterial PGPR consortia

A pot experiment was undertaken under net house conditions, with three rhizobacterial strains AW1 (Bacillus sp.), AW5 (Providencia sp.) and AW7 (Brevundimonas sp.), applied along with 2/3 recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and full dose of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers (N₉₀P₆₀K₆₀). An enhancement of 14–34% in plant biometric parameters and 28–60% in micronutrient content was recorded in treatments receiving the combination of AW1?+?AW5 strains, as compared to full dose of fertilizer application. The treatment involving inoculation with AW5?+?AW7 recorded highest values of % P and N, with a two-fold enhancement in phosphorus and 66.7% increase in N content, over full dose application of P and K fertilizers. A significant correlation was recorded between plant biomass, panicle weight, grain weight, N, P and iron (Fe) with acetylene reduction activity, indicating the significance of N fixation in overall crop productivity. Our study illustrates the multiple benefits of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation in integrated nutrient management and biofortification strategies for wheat crop.     

棉花根际促生细菌的研究进展

综述了根际促生细菌(PGPR)的概念、研究手段、基因标记技术和荧光原位杂交技术在研究棉花根际促生细菌中的应用.植物根系可以分泌各种对微生物有益的物质,吸引微生物在根际的聚集.棉花凝集素对根际促生细菌菌株的胞外多糖具有凝集作用,在棉花根际促生细菌与棉花根部相互识别过程中具有重要作用,可以利用棉花凝集素作为筛选工具筛选对棉花具有促生作用的根际促生细菌菌株.基因标记技术证明棉花根际促生细菌能高密度地定殖在棉花根部,对棉花的生长起促进作用,并能抑制某些植物病原菌及根际有害微生物.分子生物学技术在微生物生态学领域的应用促进了棉花根际促生细菌的研究和应用,可以利用棉花根际促生细菌研发微生物肥料.     

Comparative Effect of Nitrogen Forms on Nitrogen Uptake and Cotton Growth Under Salinity Stress

The effects of nitrogen (N) forms (ammonium- or nitrate-N) on plant growth under salinity stress [150 mmol sodium chloride (NaCl)] were studied in hydroponically cultured cotton. Net fluxes of sodium (Na⁺), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and nitrate (NO₃^?) were also determined using the Non-Invasive Micro-Test Technology. Plant growth was impaired under salinity stress, but nitrate-fed plants were less sensitive to salinity than ammonium-fed plants due mainly to superior root growth by the nitrate-fed plants. The root length, root surface area, root volume, and root viability of seedlings treated with NO₃-N were greater than those treated with NH₄-N with or without salinity stress. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content of seedlings treated with NO₃-N was lower than that in seedlings treated with NH₄-N owing to higher root Na⁺ efflux. A lower net NO₃^? efflux was observed in roots of nitrate-fed plants relative to the net NH₄⁺ efflux from roots of ammonium-fed plants. This resulted in much more nitrogen accumulation in different tissues, especially in leaves, thereby enhancing photosynthesis in nitrate-fed plants under salinity stress. Nitrate-N is superior to ammonium-N based on nitrogen uptake and cotton growth under salinity stress.     

紫云英-小麦混作体系中氮素转移对小麦生长的促进作用

关于根瘤菌与非豆科植物关系的研究近年来已取得了一定的进展。已有的研究表明,在自然条件下,根瘤菌能够在水稻及一些非豆科植物的根圈定殖及固氮,具有植物根圈促生（PGPR）作用,能促进植物根系有效地吸收土壤中的水分和养分,从而促进植物的生长发育,同时对植物体其他生命活动进行调控。还可以提高植物的抗逆性,减轻或抑制有害的根际微生物,从而间接促进植物生长。     

棉花根际细菌的生理活性和促生效果

测定了29株棉花根际细菌的溶磷、产铁载体、产吲哚乙酸、产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶和对致病霉菌的抑制能力等促生生理活性以及对棉花发育与生长的影响。结果表明:96.55%的供试菌株能分泌铁载体,其中46.67%的供试菌株产铁载体能力达到较高的水平;分泌吲哚乙酸的浓度在0.152~26.867 mg/L之间;溶磷能力在8.406~27.661μg/mL之间;菌株N1105(Derxia sp.)、P1108(Pseudomonas sp.)和P2107(Pseudomonas.sp)能抑制棉花枯萎霉菌;菌株P211和P2107具ACC脱氨酶活性。对棉花株高和干重结果分析显示:低浓度IAA分泌量的根际菌对棉花植株有促生作用;菌株N1105(Derxia sp.)、N3101(Azotobacter sp.)、P1(Pseudomonas sp.)、P7(Pseudomonas sp.)、P1108(Pseudomonas sp.)和P2117(Acinetobacter sp.)在促进棉花植株生长方面效果较佳。     

Effects of bacterial inoculant biofertilizers on growth,yield and nutrition of rice in Australia

Inoculant biofertilizer application increased fertilizer nitrogen (N) use efficiency in Vietnam in some previous field experiments. Similar results may be obtained in Australia. With this view in mind, a greenhouse experiment and two field experiments were conducted using a Vietnamese inoculant biofertilizer (BioGro) and several other plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria. In the greenhouse trial, bacterial inoculations increased shoot and root weights of rice plants significantly. In the field experiments, particularly with Rhizobium leguminosarum, similar effects including significant differences in nitrogen uptake in vegetative matter were observed at the panicle initiation (PI) stage. However, these effects were not significant on grain yield at harvest and it is concluded that the much longer period of growth for Australian rice may allow compensation between treatments. Re-inoculation of plants at the PI stage, and lower application rates of N fertilizer in at least two splits are suggested for future field experiments.     

K-priming positively modulates growth and nutrient status of salt-stressed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings

Being macronutrient, K⁺ is involved in a number of metabolic processes including stimulation of over 60 enzymes. The present study was conducted to investigate whether K-priming could alleviate the effects of salinity on the growth and nutrient status of cotton seedlings. The seeds of two cotton cultivars, namely FH-113 and FH-87, were primed with solutions of three potassium sources (KNO₃, K₂SO₄ and K₂HPO₄) using three concentrations (0%, 1.25% and 1.5%) of each potassium source. After 1 week of germination, the seedlings were subjected to salinity (0 and 200 mM NaCl) stress. The results showed that salinity significantly affected growth and nutrients status of cotton seedlings. The K-priming alleviated the stress condition and significantly improved dry matter as well as nutrient uptake in cotton seedlings. Of the priming treatments pre-sowing treatment with KNO₃ (1.5%) was most effective in increasing shoot and root lengths and biomass of cotton seedlings. The seedlings raised from seed treated with KNO₃ (1.5%) showed varied accumulation of cations (Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺) and faced less oxidative stress irrespective of cotton cultivars under salt stress. The results suggested that pre-sowing seed treatment with KNO₃ (1.5%) might be recommended for synchronized germination and sustainable production of cotton crop under saline environments.     

不同矿化度咸水膜下滴灌棉花土壤盐分累积规律及其数值模拟

咸水膜下滴灌技术是缓解干旱区灌溉水资源短缺的有效途径之一。该研究基于3 a不同梯度矿化度(2、3、4、5、6 g/L)水源膜下滴灌棉花测坑试验,分析棉花全生育期时段内不同土层盐分累积规律,并基于土壤水分及溶质运动理论构建了咸水滴灌棉田土壤盐分HYDRUS-2D数值模拟模型,分析数值模拟不同咸水矿化度下土壤盐分分布与运移累积特征的可行性。结果表明:1)3、4 g/L矿化度处理下盐分在时间水平上积累量少,且棉花株高、叶绿素、籽棉产量高于5、6 g/L矿化度处理,4 g/L为灌溉水源盐分阈值。2)土壤电导率随灌溉生育期整体呈现出逐渐累加的趋势,至吐絮期达到峰值;滴头位置处电导率随土层深度的增加均呈先增后减趋势,在60～70cm土层达到峰值,该土层各不同矿化度处理土壤电导率分别为3.04、3.18、3.15、3.00、3.12dS/m;3)盐分累积过程中呈锯齿型波动,灌溉水源矿化度越高累积趋势越显著;各土层盐分累积模拟精度以30 cm土层最高、10 cm土层最低,50 cm土层居中,不同土层实测值与模拟值的平均绝对误差小于等于0.168、平均相对误差小于等于15.321、均方根误差小于0.2、决定系数大于0.79,土壤盐分实测值与模拟值具有很好的一致性,说明数值模拟的可行性。研究结果可为干旱区不同矿化度水源膜下滴灌棉花土壤盐分运移机理研究提供依据。     

盐胁迫对棉田土壤微生物数量与酶活性的影响

在盆栽条件下模拟滨海盐土组成,研究土壤盐胁迫对不同耐盐性棉花品种\"中棉所44\"和\"苏棉12号\"土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:从苗期到吐絮期,两个品种的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,以及土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性均随土壤盐分的增加呈现逐渐下降的一致趋势,处理间差异均达显著水平。土壤水分亏缺加重盐胁迫影响,相同盐分水平下,正常灌水处理的土壤微生物数量和酶活性显著高于相应干旱处理。棉株的生长发育亦受到土壤盐分的显著抑制,根系活力、根重、生物量和籽棉产量均随土壤盐分水平升高而一致降低,根冠比则相反。耐盐性品种中棉所44各项测定指标的下降幅度均小于苏棉12号。相关性分析表明,各菌类数量和酶活性与籽棉产量之间存在显著的正相关关系,同时各菌类数量和酶活性之间密切相关,其中碱性磷酸酶和纤维素酶活性与各菌类数量之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平。说明土壤微生物与土壤酶活性对盐胁迫反应极为敏感,并与棉花产量密切相关,是盐胁迫下棉花显著减产的一个重要原因,可作为土壤盐胁迫过程中的重要指标。     

新疆棉花膜下滴灌条件下盐分变化及最优洗盐模式的确定

通过对棉花生育期的监测实验数据进行分析,研究了滴灌条件下不同灌溉定额土壤盐分的变化.结果表明,灌水量对棉花地土壤盐分的影响十分显著,灌后土壤含盐量明显低于初始土壤含盐量,随着灌水量的增加洗盐效果趋于明显.灌水周期为7 d的处理抑盐效果优于灌水周期为3.5 d的处理.土壤盐分含量呈现随距滴头距离的增加而增加的趋势.在滴头下方土壤含盐量减少幅度最明显,在水平方向距滴头50 cm以内基本无明显的盐分累积发生.通过对棉花主根区范围内土壤盐分的量化分析,得出最优的洗盐模式为灌水周期7 d,灌溉定额为3 900～4 500 m3/hm2的方案.     

Soil Plus Foliar Nitrogen Application increases Cotton Growth and Salinity Tolerance

Soil or foliar application of nitrogen (N) can increase plant growth and salinity tolerance in cotton, but a combination of both methods is seldom studied under salinity stress. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil application (S), foliar application (F), and a combination of both (S+F) with labeled nitrogen (¹⁵N) on cotton growth, N uptake and translocation under salinity stress (ECe = 12.5 dS m^?1). Plant biomass, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf net photosynthetic (Pn) rate, levels of ¹⁵N and [Na⁺] and K⁺/ Na⁺ ratio in plant tissues were determined at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after N application (DAN). Results showed that soil or foliar nitrogen fertilization improved plant biomass, leaf area per plant and leaf photosynthesis, and a combination of soil- plus foliar-applied N was superior to either S or F alone under salinity stress. Although foliar application favored a rapid accumulation of leaf N and soil application a rapid accumulation of root N, S+F enhanced N accumulation in both leaf and root under salinity stress. The combined N application also maintained significantly greater [K⁺] and K⁺/Na⁺ than either soil or foliar application alone. Therefore, the improved plant growth and salinity tolerance under S+F relative to soil or foliar N application alone was attributed to the increased total uptake of N, balanced N concentrations in different tissues through enhanced uptake and accumulation in both leaves and roots, and higher ratio of K⁺/Na⁺.     

Field Application Strategies for the Inoculant Biofertilizer Biogro Supplementing Fertilizer Nitrogen Application in Rice Production

Biofertilizer research for rice in Vietnam has focused on the isolation and selection of strains that can fix nitrogen, solubilize inorganic phosphates, stimulate plant growth, and breakdown soil organic matter. This paper assesses the consistent positive effect of BioGro on grain yield and agronomic parameters, including the rates and times for its application, the need for continued inoculation of crops grown in the same site, varietal differences, and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) combinations on the effectiveness of BioGro. The commercial biofertilizer, BioGro, consists of four strains, one formerly considered as nitrogen fixing, Pseudomonas fluorescens, a soil yeast strain, Candida tropicalis is P-solubilizing, and two other bacilli, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis, potentially breaking down cellulose, protein, and starch. All four strains contribute to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) effect as shown by enhanced root growth. BioGro can be produced in local factories providing there is technical backup in the supply of starter culture and quality control of the final product.     

滴灌条件下盐分对棉花养分及盐离子吸收的影响

在温室条件下,通过盆栽试验研究了滴灌条件下不同土壤盐度对棉花养分、盐离子吸收的影响。结果表明,棉花干物质生产受土壤盐分影响显著,高盐度条件下棉花生育进程滞后,生殖生长与营养生长不协调,造成脱落率增加,经济产量下降。土壤盐度显著影响棉花对N、P和K养分的吸收和分配;N、P和K的积累总量以及在籽棉和铃壳中的吸收量随土壤盐度增加显著降低,而茎秆和叶片受影响较小。棉花植株体内的盐分离子（Ca2+、Na+与Cl-）含量随土壤盐度的增加显著增加;吸收的盐分离子主要积累在茎叶,尤其以叶片中的盐分离子含量为最高,而籽棉的盐分离子含量较少。     

不同有机肥对盐渍化耕地土壤盐分、养分及棉花产量的影响

为了分析比较不同有机肥对盐渍化土壤盐分及养分改良效果,通过田间试验研究了不同有机肥对盐渍化耕地土壤盐分含量、土壤肥力指标及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:各有机肥处理对土壤盐分的影响在吐絮期效果最好,其中30—90 cm土层中油渣处理表现最为明显,较对照低了69.55%。等量供肥条件下,不同有机肥与化肥对棉花产量的贡献无明显差异。施用不同有机肥对土壤各肥力指标有不同程度的提升,施用油渣能促进盐渍化棉田土壤有机质的积累,尤其在耕层（0—30 cm）较对照处理高出了18.78%～36.85%;同时,油渣对土壤碱解氮提升也有促进作用,苗期时较对照增幅最大,达到32.70%～35.90%;各有机肥处理土壤速效磷含量较对照有不同程度的增加,其中在0—30 cm土层中羊粪和油渣在不同生育期较对照增幅分别为27.20%～47.14%,4.80%～38.57%;羊粪对于土壤速效钾的释放在苗期有良好的效果,较对照提高了5.20%～70.94%。     

Influence of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Corn Growth Under Different Fertility Sources

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on root establishment and biomass production of corn (Zea mays L.) using three fertility sources (poultry litter (PL), biosolids, and urea). Applying PL significantly improved root morphological parameters and increased plant biomass at the V4, V6, and VT growth stages when compared to the other fertility sources. At the V4 stage, PGPR stimulated root growth and enhanced aboveground biomass with urea and PL, while no differences were observed with biosolids. At the V6 stage, PL, biosolids, and urea with PGPR significantly increased some growth parameters (e.g., plant height, leaf area, and root morphology). However, at the VT stage, PGPR’s influence on plant growth was minimal regardless of fertility source. Applying the fertility sources at 135 kg N ha^?1 may have masked PGPR’s influence on corn growth as the plants reached their later vegetative growth stages.