A comprehensive study on irrigation management in Asia and Oceania

The aim of this paper was to study the land use index (equipped area for irrigation per cultivated area, AI) and irrigation management in Asia and Oceania during past decades. For this purpose, all necessary information was collected from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Among all presented data in the FAO database, 10 indices were selected. These indices were analysed for all 64 countries in Asia and Oceania, and the extent of AI was estimated by two different methods and other 9 indices. The results show that using all the 9 indices, the value of relative error will be less than 20%. Prioritization of the indices has shown that national rainfall index (NRI) and the difference between NRI and irrigation water requirement had a highlighted effect on the estimation of AI.     

雄安新区上游农业种植结构及需水时空演变

本文利用作物模型模拟小麦、玉米灌溉需水量,结合蒸发皿法估算蔬菜、果树等其他作物需水量,回溯雄安新区上游1986-2015年农业种植结构及农业需水的时空演变趋势,摸清不同作物的需水量比例及时间变化,并推算了消除降水年际波动的1970-2015年农作物灌溉需水量,探讨单纯人类活动下的农业需水量变化趋势。结果表明,1986-2015年,研究区作物播种总面积总体呈上升趋势,耕地面积多年平均84.9万hm²,有效灌溉面积平均71.3万hm²,占总耕地面积的84%。其中小麦播种面积稍有下降,玉米、蔬菜播种面积显著增加,果树种植比例在山区增加、平原区减少。研究区多年平均灌溉需水量22.52×10⁸ m³,小麦、玉米、蔬菜、果树和其他作物分别占灌溉需水总量的58.6%、12.6%、5.8%、16.3%和6.7%,受播种面积增加影响,1970-2015年,蔬菜和果树需水显著上升。从空间上来看,灌溉需水总量在上游山区上升显著,而在平原区表现为下降;排除降水的年际波动后,研究区作物需水自1970年以来一直呈上升趋势,进入20世纪80年代中期,虽然整体上升减缓,但随农业播种总面积增加和蔬菜、水果需水增加影响,需水量整体呈缓慢上升趋势。因此,控制上游农业用水,种植低耗水作物、减少耗水作物的种植面积,是恢复雄安新区清水产流的关键。     

Long-term nutrient leaching from a Swedish arable field with intensified crop production against a background of climate change

Abstract

Leaching of nutrients was studied at a tile drain outlet and in two pairs of groundwater pipes in an arable field in central Sweden in order to identify trends and impacts of the climate. In the study period (1973–2005), crop production was dominated by spring barley, winter wheat, rape and, in later years, potatoes. Winter crops were cultivated 60% of the time. Leaching of total nitrogen (TotN) and total phosphorus (TotP) to drain water was low, on average 10 kg ha^?1 year^?1 for TotN and 0.07 kg ha^?1 year^?1 for TotP based on measurements. Nitrogen fertilisation increased slightly from 121 to 142 kg ha^?1 year^?1 during the period in a balanced way in line with increasing crop yields of cereals, from 5.8 to 6.6 tonnes year^?1. For the entire study period, the temperature was estimated to increase significantly by a total of +2 °C for the growing season (April–September). Precipitation (+16 mm) and humidity (+11%) were also estimated to have increased significantly, mainly in June. Simulations with a deterministic and coupled N-leaching database model (SOILN-DB) indicated an increased rate of mineralisation (+2 kg ha^?1 year^?1) and increased N leaching to the drain pipes (+0.06 kg ha year^?1) as a result of climate changes. In this simulation spring tillage instead of autumn tillage was estimated to reduce N leaching by 10%. Mineral P fertilisers were applied to winter crops in autumn until 1999, but thereafter all mineral P fertilisers were applied in spring by drilling in bands. A weak trend for decreasing concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus was indicated based on the measurements in the tile drain outlet.     

YELLOW PASSION FRUIT PLANT NUTRITIONAL DIAGNOSIS AT DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES BY THE DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM METHOD

This work was performed in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with the objective to evaluate the nutritional status of yellow passion fruit plants along different phenological stages, using the DRIS method. Fifty-four passion fruit cultivated areas with an annual yield productivity ranging from 6.95 to 33.8 t ha^?1 year^?1 and average productivity of 16.9 t ha^?1 year^?1 were selected in the region. The contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) were evaluated. The reference standards were established (mean and variation coefficient) for the values of the nutrient concentration ratios, two by two, on samples from high yield productivity plantations and analyzed by the DRIS index of nutrients for the medium and low yield productivity areas. The established standards differed according with the phenological stage of the culture. In a general way, the mean content of the evaluated nutrients did not differed between the two productivity levels into each phonological stage. There was a difference for the Nutritional Limitation Order between different phenological stages of yellow passion fruit plants. The most negative DRIS indexes and the highest absolute values for the Average Nutritional Balance on yellow passion fruit plants in the region, were found for potassium in May, phosphorus in October and iron in January.     

Long‐term irrigation effects on soil organic matter under temperate grazed pasture

Irrigation of grazed pasture significantly increases plant and animal production, which may in turn increase soil organic carbon (SOC), depending on the balance between primary production and below‐ground allocation of C on the one hand, and the decomposition and export of C from the soil on the other. To evaluate the effect of irrigation on SOC we sampled a grazed pasture field experiment maintained under different irrigation treatments for 62 years. The dry‐land treatment in this experiment only received rainfall at an average of 740 mm year^?1. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments involved application of 100 mm of irrigation when the soil reached 10 and 20% gravimetric moisture content, respectively. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments received average total annual irrigation inputs of 260 and 770 mm year^?1, respectively. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments increased pasture production by 44 and 74%, respectively, compared with that from the dry‐land. Analysis of soils taken to 1‐m depth revealed that amounts of SOC were not significantly different between the dry‐land (125.5 Mg ha^?1) and 10% irrigation (117.8 Mg ha^?1) treatments, but these were significantly greater than the 20% irrigation treatment (93.0 Mg ha^?1). At 50–100 cm, SOC was also less (34%) for the 20% irrigation treatment than for the 10% irrigation treatment. The relative quantities of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the light fraction (LF) at all soil depths decreased successively from dry‐land to the 20% irrigation treatment, suggesting that wetter soil conditions accelerated decomposition of the LF fraction, a comparatively labile SOC fraction. The C‐to‐N ratio of the bulk soil was also less for the 20% irrigation treatment, indicating more decomposed SOM in the irrigated than in the dry‐land treatment. There were no significant differences in the microbial biomass between the three different irrigation treatments, but the respiration rate (CO₂ production) of soil organisms in the 20% irrigation treatment was consistently greater than in the other two treatments. It was concluded that large increases in plant productivity as a result of irrigation had either no effect or significantly reduced SOC stocks under grazed pasture. The reduced SOC content observed in the 20% irrigation treatment was attributed to a combination of increased C losses in animal products and drainage associated with greater stocking, together with accelerated decomposition of organic C resulting from elevated soil moisture maintained throughout the growing season.     

基于生态位理论的东北黑土区耕地整治适宜性评价——以公主岭市为例

耕地整治是保护耕地的重要举措,耕地整治适宜性评价则是开展耕地整治的重要前提和基础。本研究以生态位理论为基础,以吉林省公主岭市为例,从自然条件、基础设施条件、生态可持续性和空间稳定性4个维度选取14个指标,采用Delphi与AHP相结合的方法确定指标权重,在评判影响耕地整治的各项指标实际值(现实生态位)与耕地整治在理想条件下各项指标能够达到的最佳状态(最适生态位)的贴近程度的基础上,确定了3种类型指标的评价模型,并通过加权求和模型计算各评价单元耕地整治生态位适宜度,最终通过Ward聚类法将公主岭市耕地整治适宜性划分为4个等级,同时引入障碍性因素模型,定量确定不同等级区域耕地整治的障碍性因素,并提出整治的方向和对策。研究结果表明,研究区可分为4个整治区,Ⅰ级高度适宜区生态位适宜度大于0.75,耕地面积13 799.89 hm2,占总耕地面积的4.16%,主要障碍性因素为农田防护林覆盖率、道路通达度和田块规整度;Ⅱ级中度适宜区生态位适宜度在0.70到0.75之间,耕地面积77 754.36 hm2,占总耕地面积的23.41%,主要障碍性因素为灌溉条件、道路通达度和农田防护林覆盖率;Ⅲ级轻度适宜区生态位适宜度在0.61到0.70之间,耕地面积177 192.38 hm2,占总耕地面积的53.36%,主要障碍性因素为土壤有机质含量、距主交通干线距离和土壤pH;Ⅳ级不适宜区生态位适宜度小于0.61,耕地面积63 325.61 hm2,占总耕地面积的19.07%,主要障碍性因素为土壤质地、灌溉条件和耕层厚度。研究基于生态位适宜度模型对耕地整治适宜性进行评价,丰富了耕地整治适宜性评价方法,同时评价结果为耕地整治分区建设以及整治方向提供了科学依据。     

陕西黄土台塬区土地系统变化特征分析

基于GIS和RS支持,采用土地利用变化系列指标对陕西黄土台塬区1985-2010年土地利用变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,2010年黄土台塬区耕地984337.30 hm²,草地143030.47 hm²,建设用地105871.35 hm²,分别占总面积77.89%,11.32%和8.38%;研究时段内耕地、草地、林地、水域依次减少20866.61,11065.22,1186.44和748.96 hm²,分别比1985年减少了2.08%,7.18%,4.60%和11.64%;建设用地增加33902.8 hm²,为1985年的47.11%;建设占用耕地26668.8 hm²,占建设用地转入流的96.26%;草地转耕地18923.9 hm²,占草地转出流的93.24%;1985-1990年土地系统较为稳定,综合动态度为0.52;1990-1995土地利用变化活跃,综合动态度达到3.60,其后逐渐降低,到2005-2010降低为1.16,土地系统趋于稳定。空间上,耕地转建设用地在城镇周边幅度较大,草地和耕地互转主要在渭南台塬东部、咸阳塬北部以及宝鸡台塬区。     

Is Cadmium Loss in Surface Runoff Significant for Soil and Surface Water Quality: A Study of Flood-Irrigated Pastures?

Cadmium (Cd), a naturally occurring element, is a potentially biotoxic metal in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Whether it is biotoxic or not will depend upon the concentration in the soil, its bioavailability and its potential transfer through the ecosystem. However, little data are available for losses to waterways, especially via surface runoff. A study was conducted on two long-term trials under pasture to determine how the concentration of Cd in the soil was affected by different irrigation and fertiliser regimes and in turn how this affected the potential for transfer in surface runoff and outwash of flood irrigation. Concentrations of total Cd in the soil varied from 0.06 to 0.58 mg kg^?1 and reflected different rates of P fertiliser applied (from 0 to 376 kg superphosphate ha^?1?year^?1), but was also less (20–25% compared to dryland) in treatments receiving more frequent irrigation when the same rate of P was applied. This indicated that there was potential for transfer. An experiment using simulated rainfall to generate surface runoff indicated that the major form of Cd lost was dissolved (on average 65% <0.45 μm) and could be predicted by water extraction of the soil. Loads of Cd in outwash were significant (0.17 to 0.92 g ha^?1?year^?1) and at least as great as the measured leaching losses in other studies. Loads confirmed the loss of Cd from each trial was largely dissolved, and related to soil water-extractable Cd and the frequency of irrigation. While Cd concentrations in sediment from ditches receiving outwash were enriched, indicating potential transfer to waterways, the effect will likely be small due to dilution and sorption by sediment and thereby localised to areas closer to the farm. However, to minimise any potential impact, management should be directed to minimising the occurrence of outwash (e.g. by better irrigation timing) or Cd transfer by using less Cd-rich P fertiliser or minimising P fertiliser use in areas susceptible to surface runoff.     

Agricultural water management in the world during past half century

The present paper aims to estimate the areas equipped for irrigation and desirability of agricultural water management in the world. For this purpose, all necessary information was gathered from Food and Agriculture Organization and checked using World Bank Group. The selected 18 indices were analysed for all 26 regions in the area studied, and the extent of area equipped for irrigation to cultivated area was estimated by 2 different formulas and other 9 indices. In addition, an average index was calculated using various methods to assess region conditions for agricultural water management. The results show that Central Asia is the best region for agricultural water management and the value of relative error is less than 20%. The capability of irrigation and drainage systems was studied using other eight indices with more limited information. The results indicated that trial-and-error policies should be avoided and expert comments be applied to irrigation systems for any crop.     

基于遥感蒸散发数据的耕地灌溉保证能力评价方法

灌溉保证能力是耕地质量的重要方面,为了提高区域耕地质量监测信息的获取效率,该文构建了一种基于遥感蒸散发的耕地灌溉保证能力评价方法。以MODIS蒸散发产品(MOD16)为数据基础,在水量平衡原理的基础上,利用降雨量、MOD16A2产品中的实际蒸散发参量,计算年度有效灌溉量;利用地面气象站点计算的参考作物需水量和MOD16A2月合成产品中潜在蒸散发参量,建立回归方程,得到空间连续的参考作物需水量;采用作物系数法结合区域作物类型分布图计算年度作物需水量,并在此基础进一步计算年度灌溉需水量;将有效灌溉量与灌溉需水量之间的比值作为灌溉保证能力评价的基础,利用多年的灌溉保证能力评价指标,监测和评价耕地灌溉保证能力。以河北省衡水市为研究区,开展了试验验证,结果表明,耕地灌溉保证能力综合评价结果与2012年补充完善后农用地分等成果中灌溉保证率的分级结果相比,除了在空间整体分布上具有较好的一致性外,级差小于1级的栅格单元达到75%以上。该文构建的灌溉保证能力评价指标物理意义明确、可获取性强,评价方法能够满足区域耕地质量监测与评价的应用需求。     

基于水量供需平衡的河北省张家口市崇礼区水资源承载力分析

[目的]对农业需水量进行了情景预测,旨在为河北省张家口市崇礼区冬奥会(2022年举办)以及未来水资源合理利用以及可持续发展提供基础。[方法]基于水资源供需关系分析了2005—2016年水资源承载力并预测了不同规划年(2022年、2035年)水资源承载力。[结果] 2005—2016年水资源平衡指数(IWSD)从0.54下降至0.06,2016年水资源承载能力已趋于临界状态;当保证率P=25%时,2022,2035年IWSD分别为0.27,0.25,水资源承载盈余,当P=50%,75%,水资源承载力均超载,尤其当P=75%时,IWSD分别为-0.77,-0.81,水资源严重超载;通过调整灌溉面积以及需水定额,P=25%,50%时,IWSD0,P=75%时不同规划年缺水量减少了22.68%,36.31%。[结论]未来崇礼区可通过调整灌溉面积、灌溉需水定额,减少地下水开采量,提高地表水利用率来提高水资源承载力。     

Changes in soil organic carbon stocks and soil quality: land-use system effects in northern Ethiopia

Abstract

In Tigray, Ethiopia, land degradation is a dominant environmental problem and hence the regional government has undertaken restoration measures on degraded soils since 1991. The present study was aimed to assess the impact of land uses and soil management practices on soil properties, and consequently on soil quality of degraded soils. The catchments selected were Maileba and Gum Selassa, and land uses included cultivated (CL), grazing (GL), plantation (PA) and area exclosure (AE). Replicated soil samples were collected from topsoil and profiles of four land-use types in both catchments. Soils in area exclosure showed higher soil organic carbon (SOC), total N and extractable K than grazing land, cultivated land and plantation area mainly at 0–40 cm soil depth. Estimated soil organic carbon stock at Maileba in 0–40 cm depth varied between 54 to 74 Mg C ha^?1, being lowest in cultivated land and highest in area exclosure, and the soil organic carbon stock in area exclosure represents 63% of total carbon stock stored in the profile. Soil organic carbon stock (0–40 cm) at Gum Selassa ranged between 33 to 38 Mg C ha^?1, being higher in cultivated land and lower in plantation area. Soil quality index (SQI) of area exclosure (0.794) at Maileba and cultivated land (0.721) at Gum Selassa scored highest among all land uses, and the order was area exclosure>grazing land>plantation area>cultivated land at Maileba and cultivated land>grazing land>plantation area at Gum Selassa, highlighting the effectiveness of area exclosure in restoring soil quality of degraded soils.     

Impact of mineral and organic fertilization on yield,C content in the soil,as well as on C,N and energy balances in a long-term field experiment

Data from a 49-year-long organic–mineral fertilization field experiment with a potato–maize–maize–wheat–wheat crop rotation were used to analyse the impact of different fertilizer variations on yield ability, soil organic carbon content (SOC), N and C balances, as well as on some characteristic energy balance parameters. Among the treatments, the fertilization variant with 87 kg ha^?1 year^?1 N proved to be economically optimal (94% of the maximum). Approximately 40 years after initiation of the experiment, supposed steady-state SOC content has been reached, with a value of 0.81% in the upper soil layer of the unfertilized control plot. Farmyard manure (FYM) treatments resulted in 10% higher SOC content compared with equivalent NPK fertilizer doses. The best C balances were obtained with exclusive mineral fertilization variants (?3.8 and ?3.7 t ha^?1 year^?1, respectively). N uptake in the unfertilized control plot suggested an airborne N input of 48 kg ha^?1 year^?1. The optimum fertilizer variant (70 t ha^?1 FYM-equivalent NPK) proved favourable with a view to energy. The energy gain by exclusive FYM treatments was lower than with sole NPK fertilization. Best energy intensity values were obtained with lower mineral fertilization and FYM variants. The order of energy conversion according to the different crops was maize, wheat and potato.     

Arsenic Concentrations in Groundwater,Soils, and Irrigated Rice in Southwestern Bangladesh

Arsenic (As) poisoning of groundwater in Bangladesh has become a major environmental and health issue. The extensive use of groundwater in irrigation of rice has resulted in elevated As in soils and crops. A study was undertaken to determine As concentrations in groundwater, soils, and crops in 16 districts of southwestern Bangladesh. Groundwater samples were collected from shallow-tube and hand-tube wells (STW and HTW) used for irrigation and drinking water. Soil and rice plants were sampled from the command area of the tube wells. Arsenic concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with flow injection hydride generator. Groundwater samples contained <10 to 552 μg As L^?1. Arsenic concentrations in 59% of STW samples exceeded 50 μg As L^?1, the national standard for As in drinking water. Unlike groundwater, most of the surface water samples contained <10 μg As L^?1. Concentrations of As in the soils from the command area of the tube wells ranged from 4.5 to 68 mg kg^?1. More than 85% of the soils contained <20 mg As kg^?1. The mean As concentration in the rice grain samples was 0.23 mg kg^?1, which is much less than the maximum food hygiene standard. A positive relationship was observed between groundwater and soil As, implying that soil As level increases as a result of irrigation with contaminated water. However, irrigation water As did not show any relation with rice grain As. The findings suggest that surface water bodies are a safe source of irrigation water in the As-contaminated areas.     

"藏粮于地"视角下西北地区耕地适宜性及开发潜力评价

中国耕地资源匮乏,人均耕地不足世界平均水平的40%。西北"水三线"地区是中国耕地后备资源的关键区域,识别潜在耕地资源中适宜开发的土地数量及空间分布,对确保极端情况下国家耕地红线和粮食安全、推动西部大开发进入新格局具有重大现实意义。基于多源栅格数据,采用综合指数法与极限条件法评价潜在耕地资源的自然适宜性潜力;同时考虑土地利用结构风险、土壤侵蚀风险、土地荒漠化风险限制,构建潜在耕地开发的生态风险模型;将自然适宜性潜力和生态风险评价结果进行叠置分级,评估潜在耕地资源的综合开发潜力。结果表明:旱地农业情景下,西北"水三线"地区具备耕地开发潜力的土地面积约0.2万km~2,主要分布在内蒙古半干旱草原区;灌溉农业情景下,西北"水三线"地区具备耕地开发潜力的土地面积约9.5×10~4 km~2,这些土地需要通过引水灌溉和土壤改良等措施才能实现粮食生产,主要集中在天山北麓、塔里木河流域、疏勒河流域和内蒙古东部等内陆干旱区,未来如果具备灌溉水源条件,实施适宜的土壤改良措施,有较大可开发潜力。     

Land use change and gully formation over the last 200 years in a hilly catchment

Gully erosion can be widely observed on cultivated hillslopes in Hungary. Loose sediments covering two thirds of the total area of the country are prone to gully erosion.A detailed study of gully formation was carried out in the Rakaca catchment (58 km²), northeastern Hungary. The objectives include (1) a detailed survey of the present gullies, (2) an explanation of differences in gully distribution within the catchment, (3) clarification of the role of influencing factors like slope gradient, vegetation cover and soil type and (4) a study of changes of gully distribution and development in time over the last 200 years based on the comparison of topographic maps.The present gully distribution was first surveyed by applying 1:10 000 topographic maps and aerial photographs. The total length of the network is 70.9 km, i.e. 1.22 km/km². Distribution inhomogeneities within the catchment can well be explained by differences in slope gradient and vegetation cover.The rate of increase of the gully length per unit area (1 km²) calculated for different time periods shows the following trends: (1) until 1860, when more than 50% of the catchment was forested, it was 5 m year⁻¹ km⁻²; (2) between 1860 and 1920, when forest area dropped to almost 25% and agricultural land use was extended to slopes steeper than 25%, it still remained at roughly 5 m year⁻¹ km⁻²; (3) after 1920, with 24–25% forest cover and with the extension of farming activity to the steepest slopes, it reached 10 m year⁻¹ km⁻².It could be shown that gully erosion on cultivated slopes leads to the development of gully systems in 50–60 years even if slope gradient is below 12%.To prevent further development of gully systems, it is suggested that at least 30% of the area should be forested and slopes steeper than 17% should not be cultivated at all.     

Energy balances and SOC and N stocks as affected by organic amendments and inorganic N fertilization in a semi-arid environment (IOSDV-Madrid)

A long-term field experiment (1984–2011), was conducted on a Calcic Haploxeralf from semi-arid central Spain to evaluate the combined effect of three treatments: farmyard manure (FYM), straw and control without organic amendments (WOA) and five increasing rates of mineral N on: (1) some energetic parameters of crop production, and (2) the effect of the different treatments on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N stocks. Crop rotation included spring barley, wheat and sorghum. The energy balance variables considered were net energy produced (energy output minus energy input), the energy output/input ratio and energy productivity (crop yield per unit energy input). Results showed small differences between treatments. Total energy inputs varied from 9.86 GJ ha^?1 year^?1 (WOA) to 11.14 GJ ha^?1 year^?1 in the FYM system. For the three crops, total energy inputs increased with increasing rates of mineral N. Energy output was slightly lower in the WOA (33.40 GJ ha^?1 year^?1) than in the two organic systems (37.34 and 34.96 GJ ha^?1 year^?1 for FYM and straw respectively). Net energy followed a similar trend. At the end of the 27-year period, the stocks of SOC and total N had increased noticeably in the soil profile (0–30 cm) as a result of application of the two organic amendments. Most important SOC changes occurred in the FYM plots, with mean increases in the 0–10 cm depth, amounting an average of 9.9 Mg C ha^?1 (667 kg C ha^?1 year^?1). Increases in N stocks in the top layer were similar under FYM and straw and ranged from 0.94 to 1.55 Mg N ha^?1. By contrast, simultaneous addition of increasing rates of mineral N showed no significant effect on SOC and total N storage.     

Effects of Land Use Conversion from Native Forests to Exotic Plantations on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Retention in Catchments of Southern Chile

In six small catchments located at the Cordillera de la Costa in southern Chile (40° S), concentrations and fluxes of NO₃-N, NH₄-N, organic-N, total-N and total-P in bulk precipitation and runoff water were measured. The main objective of this study was to compare nitrogen and phosphorus retention of catchments with varying land cover of native forest and exotic plantations, in order to evaluate possible effects of land use change. Nitrate-N was the dominant fraction (>50%) of nitrogen loss, especially in the catchments dominated by exotic plantations. In the catchment with native forests, NO₃ ^? only contributed with 34% of the nitrogen loss and DON was the main output with 55%. Annual NO₃ ^? export was lower in the catchment with native forest compared to the catchments with exotic plantations where the streamflow output exceed the precipitation input. Average inputs of total-N were 2.6 kg ha^?1 year^?1 (DIN?=?1.4 kg ha^?1 year^?1, DON?=?1.2 kg ha^?1 year^?1) and outputs were 1.7 kg ha^?1 year^?1 (DIN?=?1.2 kg ha^?1 year^?1, DON?=?0.5 kg ha^?1 year^?1). Annual retention of total nitrogen fluctuated between 61% in a catchment dominated by native forests to 15% in catchments dominated by exotic plantations of Eucalyptus sp. Nitrogen retention was positively related with native forest coverage. The N retention capacity of the catchments could be both attributed to consequences of clear cutting practices and differences in vegetation cover.     

基于GIS的吉林省县级耕地地力评价与评价指标体系的研究——以九台市为例

在耕地地力调查的基础上,采用GIS技术和模糊评价、层次分析、综合指数法等,对吉林省九台市基本农田耕地地力评价。结果表明,全市263.9万亩基本农田耕地可分为六级,其中,一级地IFI(地力综合指数)>0.85,面积为31.09万亩,占总面积的11.8%;二级地IFI 0.8~0.85,面积85.77万亩,占32.5%;三级地IFI 0.75~0.80,面积67.45万亩,占25.6%;四级地IFI 0.70~0.75,面积37.37万亩,占14.2%;五级地IFI 0.65~0.70,面积27.55万亩,占10.4%;六级地IFI<0.65,面积14.65万亩,占5.5%。并采用归纳法,建立起九台市耕地地力评价的指标体系。     

利用无人机多光谱数据监测玉米对不同灌溉模式的响应差异

[目的]作物水分状况的实时监测对于节水灌溉、缓解我国水资源紧缺具有重要意义.本研究旨在探寻利用无人机多光谱影像数据实时监测玉米干旱胁迫状况的可行性,比较无人机数据和田间实测农学指标对作物干旱胁迫的敏感程度.[方法]大田试验在河北吴桥进行,采用两个玉米品种'富民985'和'郑单958',设置畦灌、滴灌和雨养3种模式.分别...