红壤旱地有机质的积累规律及其影响因素

长期(13年)定位试验表明:3种类型有机肥(厩肥、绿肥和秸秆)都能增加红壤旱地有机质的积累,但速度不同。在当地习惯用量的条件下,有机质的年增长量以厩肥最快、其次是绿肥、再次是秸秆。土壤有机质的积累和肥料用量间的关系服从规律:Y(有机质的积累量)=AebX (X为有机肥用量)。影响土壤有机质积累速度的主要因素是有机肥用量和它们的C/N。而有机肥的C/N则影响不同有机肥的有机质积累系数(单位肥料用量的有机质积累量)。 在生产实践上通过施用有机肥提高红壤(特别是红壤丘陵区)有机质水平要解决两个问题:肥源和运输,否则难以实行。本试验结果表明:本田秸秆就地还田也能增加红壤有机质的积累,但是速度较慢。秸秆就地还田不仅使作物吸收的大部分(>60%)K素重新还回土壤,而且解决了红壤旱地有机肥施用的肥源和运输问题,从而使这一措施在生产上实际可行。     

长期不同施肥对稻田土壤有机质和全氮的影响

通过对湖南新化、宁乡、株洲、桃江、武岗5个国家级稻田肥力长期定位试验点18年的田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式下0-20 cm土层土壤有机质和全N含量的演变规律。结果显示,中量和高量有机肥与化肥配合处理在提高土壤有机质和全N含量方面效果明显优于单施化肥和秸秆还田处理,且随有机肥用量的增加而增加,表明有机肥与化肥配合施用是提高土壤有机质和N素肥力的重要措施。在不同施肥方式下,稻田土壤有机质总体上呈现出上升或者下降的趋势,但在不同的年份会有波动。     

黑土颗粒有机碳和氮含量对有机肥剂量响应的定量关系

黑土是一种非常重要的耕种土壤,但是由于过度地开发利用和水土流失导致土壤有机质含量迅速下降,严重影响了耕地生产力和作物产量。为了能够快速恢复黑土肥力,利用海伦国家野外科学观测研究站内的长期定位试验,定量分析了黑土颗粒有机碳和氮含量对有机肥剂量的响应。田间试验开始于2001年,设置了4个施肥处理,分别为:1单施化肥(OM0);2低剂量有机肥与化肥配施(OM1);3中剂量有机肥与化肥配施(OM2);4高剂量有机肥与化肥配施(OM3)。在2011年播种前,采集各处理0~20 cm耕层土壤样品。应用有机碳物理分组方法,测定分析了土壤有机碳、氮及各组分的含量。研究结果表明长期不同剂量有机肥输入能够显著增加黑土总有机碳和全氮含量(P0.05),每增施1 t有机肥,土壤有机碳含量增加0.186 kg,土壤全氮含量增加0.02 kg,表明增加有机肥投入量是提高黑土有机碳含量的有效措施。有机肥的施用增加了土壤中粗颗粒和细颗粒组分,不同剂量有机肥处理表现为OM3OM2OM1OM0,而减小了土壤中矿质结合态组分的含量;随着有机肥施入量的增加,粗颗粒和细颗粒土壤有机碳和氮的含量呈增加的趋势,而矿质结合态中的有机碳含量则略有下降,表明粗颗粒和细颗粒有机碳和氮是黑土有机碳和氮的主要储存库,有机无机配施对土壤有机碳、氮的提升作用主要集中于对活性组分颗粒有机质的形成和积累。与OM0处理相比,有机肥的施入显著降低了颗粒有机质和矿质结合态有机质的C/N,并且随着有机肥施入量的增加而逐渐降低。与单施化肥相比,化肥有机肥配施能够显著增加土壤的总有机碳,全氮,颗粒有机碳、氮含量,其中以化肥配施高剂量有机肥效果最佳,有利于黑土土壤肥力的快速提升,改善黑土的土壤质量。     

Effects of Long-term Organic and Mineral N-fertilisation on Soil Microarthropods in Berlin (Germany), Madrid (Spain) and Tartu (Estonia)

Soil micro-arthropods play an important role in the nutrient cycle of agro-ecosystems and are considered to have a strong impact on microbial activity. The occurance of soil microarthropods was investigated in the International Organic Long-Term Field Experiment (IOSDV). The investigation took place in the experimental fields of Berlin/Germany, Madrid/Spain and Tartu/Estonia. Field plots "without organic fertisation", "farmyard manure" and "straw-beet-leaves-green manure" without mineral N-fertilisation and with 120kg/ha mineral N-fertilisation respectively have been investigated. Data shows that the effects of organic manure and mineral N-fertilisation are considerably influenced by specific site characteristics. The highest abundances were found in the experimental field of Madrid. In the two nothern sites soil microarthropods were found only in very low quantities. Data indicates that not only organic manure but also mineral N-fertilisation may influence the abundance of soil micro-arthropods positively.     

长期施用有机肥对红壤旱地土壤线虫群落的影响

基于红壤旱地(玉米)的长期施肥试验,研究长期施用有机肥对土壤线虫分布特征及群落结构的影响。田间试验处理包括:CK(对照)、ON1(低量有机肥)、ON2(高量有机肥)和ON2L(高量改良有机肥)。结果表明,施肥8a后,红壤旱地中共鉴定出15科、29属土壤线虫,包括8属植物寄生线虫、9属食细菌线虫、3属食真菌性线虫和9属捕食杂食性线虫,短体属(Pratylenchus)、小杆属(Rhabditis)和原杆属(Pro-torhabditis)为优势属。不同施肥处理中,土壤线虫总数的大小顺序为ON2>ON1>ON2L>CK。线虫群落生态指数对于施用有机肥有不同的响应:除SI外,其他虫群落生态指数均有显著差异,通过线虫群落结构的变化很好地反映了土壤的肥力变化状况,土壤线虫可以作为施有机肥过程中指示土壤健康质量的一个重要的生物学指标。     

The Yields and Carbon and Nitrogen Balances in the Polyfactorial Field Experiments

The polyfactorial long-term field experiments have been founded in 1979 in several experimental stations located in different soil and climatic conditions, representing a climate and pedosequence of arable soils in the Czech Republic. Four of these experiments exist till the present time. Essentially, the same experimental design that includes different fertilisation with farmyard manure and/or with mineral fertilisers (N, P, K), liming and stand density, each in five levels with four replications, have been applied for all these experiments. Practically, the same eight year crop rotations were applied during the first and second rotations. A conventional tillage has been applied. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in soil, dry matter of the main and second products, nitrogen uptake by the main and second products and carbon and nitrogen balances have been evaluated in six selected variants of organic and mineral fertilisation over the time period 1996 to 2000.     

The response of soil organic matter to manure amendments in a long-term experiment at Ultuna, Sweden

In a long-term field experiment started in 1956 on a clay loam soil at Uppsala, Sweden, changes of organic carbon in the topsoils receiving various organic amendments at the rate of 200 kg C ha^'1 year^'1 were studied to determine soil organic matter characteristics, variations of δ¹³C in the soil and to estimate a carbon balance. Fallow and mineral fertilizer without N led to a significant decrease of soil organic matter (SOM) in the soil, green manure maintained the SOM content, and animal manure and peat increased the SOM content significantly. The stable portion of the added organic materials after 37 years of continuous input was 12·8, 27·3, and 56·7%, for green manure, animal manure and peat, respectively. This was reflected by half-lives of organic carbon originating from the amendments between 3·0 (green manure) and 14·6 years (peat). The isotopic composition of SOM changed both due to mineralization (continuous fallow) and the addition of amendments is topically different from soil humus (green manure, animal manure). The isotopic effect was used to calculate the percentage of carbon derived from animal manure present for the year 1993. This value (55·4%) was larger than that derived from the carbon balance, which indicated a priming effect of the animal manure on the initial soil humus. Mineralization of microbially available organic substances led to an increase in the degree of humification on plots not receiving organic amendments. Adding peat and animal manure resulted in a decrease of the humification index due to the continuous input of poorly humified material. The extinction ratio (E₄/E₆) and ratio of fulvic acid to humic acid changed considerably in the peat treated plots. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-measurements of the extracts showed that peat characteristics can be detected in peat treated soils. The other amendments did not alter the characteristics of the extractable humic substances.     

施肥对灌漠土作物产量、土壤肥力与重金属含量的影响

有机物还田是提升土壤肥力的主要措施,但也存在造成土壤金属污染的潜在风险。为查明不同有机物还田对土壤质量及作物产量的影响,本文通过长期定位试验,研究了无肥对照、常规施化肥(氮磷配施)以及70%常规化肥与牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪配施对土壤理化性状、有机碳和氮的固存率、氮磷钾活化系数、作物产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪与70%化肥配施虽作物产量与常规施化肥相似,但6种有机物处理土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量都较常规施化肥处理显著增加,污泥、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤全磷与速效磷含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,而且牛粪、沼渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理的速效钾、土壤磷活化系数和土壤钾活化系数较常规施化肥处理也显著提升。牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤有机碳固存率为36.42%～71.61%,较常规施化肥处理都显著提高;而其氮固存率为6.47%～49.44%,仅有菌渣处理与常规施化肥处理差异不显著,而其他处理较常规施化肥处理显著增加。长期施鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤铜含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为4.17mg·kg~(-1)和14.2mg·kg~(-1);而污泥、鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤锌含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为13.53 mg·kg~(-1)、22.60 mg·kg~(-1)和49.73mg·kg~(-1)。综上,等有机质(4 500kg×hm~(-2))的牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪可替代30%氮磷肥,作物产量不受影响;不同有机物培肥土壤效果为污泥、鸡粪和猪粪优于牛粪和沼渣,而沼渣的培肥效果略差。为保证土壤环境质量稳定不恶化,种植小麦时有机物铜和锌的年携入量应分别低于53.01g×hm~(-2)和221.30 g×hm~(-2),而种植玉米时应分别低于153.40 g×hm~(-2)和347.04 g×hm~(-2)。     

砂质潮土施用有机肥后效研究

采用长期定位试验 ,研究了砂质潮土一次性施入不同数量有机肥对数年小麦的产量效应、产量构成、品质、水分利用和土壤肥力的变化和影响 .结果表明 ,有机肥不仅能显著增加当季小麦产量、单位面积穗数和穗粒数 ,提高耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效钾含量和水分利用效率 ,而且有较长的后效 .小麦产量与有机肥用量的关系 ,随着时间的推移 ,由二次曲线回归效应转变为直线相关 ;小麦粗蛋白质、干湿面筋含量与有机肥用量呈显著正相关     

Transfer of carbon incubation parameters to model the SOC and SON dynamics of a field trial with energy crops applying digestates as organic fertilizers

The fertilization with organic amendments and digestates from biogas plants is increasingly used to increase carbon stock and to improve the soil quality, but little is still known about their long-term effects. A common method to analyse organic amendments and their mineralization is incubation experiments, where amendments get incubated with soil while CO₂ release is measured over time. In a previous study, carbon models have been applied to model the carbon dynamics of incubation experiments. The derived parameters describing the carbon turnover of the CCB model (CANDY Carbon Balance) are used to simulate the SOC and SON dynamics of a long-term field trial. The trial was conducted in Berge (Germany) where organic amendments like slurry, farmyard manure or digestates were systematically applied. To grant a higher model flexibility, the amounts of crop residues were calculated for roots and stubble separately. Furthermore, the mineralization dynamics of roots and stubble are considered by the model parameters for each crop. The model performance is compared when using the dry matter and carbon content received from the field trial and the incubation experiments, to evaluate the transferability. The results show that the incubation parameters are transferable to the field site, with rRMSE < 10% for the modelled SOC and rRMSE between 10% and 15% for the SON dynamics. This approach can help to analyse long-term effects of unexplored and unusual organic fertilizers under field conditions, whereat the model is used to upscale the C dynamics from incubation experiments, considering environmental conditions.     

长期定位施肥对亚热带丘陵地区红壤旱地质量的影响Ⅰ.酸度

研究了中国科学院红壤生态实验站长期定位施肥试验5种不同施肥处理对土壤pH、土壤交换性氢、铝的影响,及其与土壤有机质之间的相关性。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤交换性氢和交换性铝含量,改良了红壤的酸性。施用有机肥(M)、有机肥+菌剂(BM)、有机肥+菌剂+微量元素(BMT)显著优于施用化肥(F)和化肥+微量元素(TF)的处理。添加微量元素和有效菌剂后土壤交换性氢、铝含量略有提高。土壤有机质与土壤pH呈显著正相关,与土壤交换性氢含量的相关性不显著,而与土壤交换性铝含量呈显著负相关。随着土壤有机质含量的增加,土壤交换性氢占土壤交换性酸度比例越大。长期施用有机肥、提高土壤有机质含量是改良红壤酸度和减轻铝毒较好的农艺措施。     

The influence of mineral and organic fertilisers on the growth of the endogeic earthworm Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny)

Endogeic earthworms play an important role in mobilisation and stabilisation of carbon and nitrogen in forest and arable soils. Soil organic matter is the major food resource for endogeic earthworms, but little is known about the size and origin of the organic matter pool on which the earthworms actually live. We measured changes in body mass of juvenile endogeic earthworms, Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny), in soils with different C and N contents resulting from different fertiliser treatments. The soil was taken from a long-term experiment (Statischer Düngungsversuch, Bad Lauchstädt, Germany). The treatments included (1) non-fertilised soil, (2) NPK fertilised soil, (3) farmyard manure fertilised soil and (4) NPK + farmyard manure fertilised soil. The soil was incubated in microcosms with and without one juvenile O. tyrtaeum for 80 days.Earthworm biomass decreased in non-fertilised soil by 48.6%, in NPK soil by 9.4%, but increased in farmyard manure soil by 19.7% and 42.8% (soil with additional NPK application). In farmyard manure treatments the biomass of bigger individuals decreased, but in smaller individuals it increased. In NPK fertilised soil without farmyard manure only small O. tyrtaeum increased in body mass, whereas in the non-fertilised soil all individuals decreased in body mass. Generally, soil respiration correlated positively with soil carbon content. Earthworms significantly increased soil respiration and nitrogen leaching and this was most pronounced in farmyard manure treatments. Microbial activity was generally higher in farmyard manure soil indicating that farmyard manure increases labile organic matter pools in soil. Also, biomass of earthworms and microorganisms was increased in farmyard manure soil. The presence of earthworms reduced microbial biomass, suggesting that earthworms feed on microorganisms or/and that earthworms and soil microorganisms competed for similar organic matter pools in soil. The results demonstrate that NPK fertilisation only is insufficient to sustain O. tyrtaeum, whereas long-term fertilisation with farmyard manure enables survival of endogeic species due to an increased pool of utilisable soil organic matter in arable soil.     

不同有机厩肥输入量对土壤团聚体有机碳组分的影响

土壤是重要的有机碳库,其微小变化可能引起大气CO2浓度水平的较大变异。土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳具有物理保护作用。有机厩肥的输入既可以提高土壤有机碳含量,又可以促进土壤团聚体的形成,对土壤有机碳的截获和保持有重要意义。本实验采用湿筛的方法分离土壤团聚体,并对团聚体进行有机碳组分分离。通过对连续8年施加不同量有机厩肥试验的研究发现:适量的有机厩肥施用可以显著地提高土壤的平均质量直径(MWD),改善土壤结构;过量施用有机厩肥则明显降低了>2 000μm团聚体含量。潮棕壤有机碳主要分布在250～53μm和2 000～250μm团聚体中,两者相加约占有机碳全量的73.7%～78.5%。并且随着有机碳输入量的增加,土壤有机碳主要贮存在2 000～250μm团聚体中。有机厩肥的施加明显地加快了>2 000μm团聚体的更新速率。土壤轻组分有机碳含量也随有机厩肥输入量的增加而不断增加,高量有机厩肥下占全量的22.1%。土壤固定有机碳的能力有限,存在明显的等级饱和现象。因此,在有机质匮乏的土壤施用有机肥意义重大,应尽量减少向高有机质土壤输入有机碳。     

长期施肥对土壤肥力的影响

基于长期试验资料,从土壤肥力的角度综述了长期施肥对土壤肥力指标有机质、N素、P素和K素含量,微生物生物量及数量和土壤酶活性的影响,指出长期施用有机肥及有机肥与化肥配施是维持和提高土壤肥力的关键,可促进农田生态系统可持续发展。     

Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions

 Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg^–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg^–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil, are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers. Received: 6 May 1998     

A comparison of soil organic carbon stock in ancient and modern land use systems in Denmark

During the South Scandinavian Early Bronze Age about 3300 years ago, thousands of burial mounds were constructed of sods from fallow ground used for grazing in Denmark and northern Germany. In some of these mounds a wet, anaerobic core developed, preventing the decomposition of organic matter. A comparison of the organic matter content in these mound cores and the plough layer in modern farmland offers an opportunity to compare the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in ancient and modern land use systems and to evaluate the long-term trends in carbon (C) sequestration in relation to modern farmland with varying inputs of manure and inorganic fertilizers. In the present paper we compare SOC stocks based on integrated horizon-specific densities and SOC contents in three 3300-year-old buried farmland soils, representing the land use system at that time, with results from soil surveys representing modern land use systems with low and high inputs of manure. Results show that, within the upper 0.28 m, which is the average depth of present day plough layers in Denmark, soils receiving manure from intensive pig or cattle production hold c . 60% more SOC than the ancient soils from the South Scandinavian Bronze Age. In contrast, modern arable soils mainly receiving limited inputs of manure hold a SOC stock similar to that of the ancient soils.     

长期施用有机肥和磷肥对潮褐土土壤有机质及腐殖质组成的影响

采用长期肥料定位试验,研究了施用有机肥和磷肥对土壤有机质、腐殖质含量与组成的影响。结果表明:与本试验布置时的基础土样相比,连续10年隔年施用有机肥、有机肥和磷肥配施使土壤有机质增加了8.4%~17.3%,单施磷肥土壤有机质下降了7.8%~10.7%,其差异均达显著水平;与P0M0相比,单施磷肥、有机肥、有机肥和磷肥配施处理的土壤中有机质分别增加了2.9%~6.2%、24.8%~29.8%、25.2%~35.1%;土壤腐植酸总量及胡敏酸含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关关系;施用磷肥利于土壤富里酸的积累,并影响土壤胡富比。     

黄土高原区长期施用有机肥对土壤肥力及小麦产量的影响

黄土高原区长期定位试验麦秸、玉米秸、绿肥、厩肥及化肥等培肥物质对土壤养分及小麦产量的影响结果表明,长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全量养分和速效养分含量,提高土壤酶活性,改善土壤有机无机复合体、土壤水分、物理形状和土壤团聚度,提高调节土壤水、肥、气、热等能力,其中秸秆增产效果最显著。     

Effect of organic,inorganic, and combined organic and inorganic P fertilization on plant P uptake and soil P pools

Phosphorus (P) is a limited resource, and its efficient use is a main task in sustainable agriculture. In a 6‐year field experiment on a loamy‐sand soil poor in P, the effects of organic, inorganic, and combined organic‐inorganic fertilization on crop yield, P uptake into grain, and soil properties (organic matter [OM] content, pH, water‐extractable P [P_w], double lactate–extractable P [P_dl], oxalate‐extractable P [P_ox], P‐sorption capacity [PSC], and degree of P saturation [DPS]) were investigated for the maritime climate in northeast Germany. Nine treatments were compared: a control treatment without fertilizer application, two organic fertilizers (cattle manure [CM] and biowaste compost [BC]; applied at a rate of 30 t ha^–1 in autumn 1998 and 2001), application of triple‐superphosphate (TSP; applied once a year either in autumn or in spring to evaluate the effects of application date), and combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizations. Several winter and spring crops (oilseed rape, barley, wheat) were cultivated according to good agricultural practice. The 6 year–average yield and P uptake were significantly higher for fertilized plots than for nonfertilized plots. Although the combination of organic × inorganic fertilizers resulted in higher soil P contents, significant yield increases were only found when organic fertilization was combined with TSP in spring. Small effects of P supply on yield in some years indicate that plant‐available soil P (despite of low P_dl values) was sufficient for crop growth. Phosphorus supply affected soil P_dl and P_w more than the parameters measured in the oxalate extract (P_ox, PSC, DPS). In general, periodically applied cattle manure and biowaste compost had the same effect on yield, P uptake, and soil P status as annually applied soluble mineral P.     

施肥结构对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响

冷浸田因长期受冷泉水浸渍,土体封闭,难以通气与氧化,土壤溶液Eh下降,有效养分低,水稻产量低。本研究通过田间小区试验和动态取样与室内测定,探求了单质化肥、稳定性肥、复合肥配施生鸡粪和熟鸡粪等施肥方式对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响。结果表明:与单质化肥处理比较,复合肥与熟鸡粪配施处理土壤松结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例提高10.8%,紧结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例降低15.5%,土壤有机质和活性有机质含量分别提高8.9%和4.0%,土壤阳离子交换量提高10.2%,早稻土壤细菌数和微生物活性分别提高390.0%和13.0%;同时土壤磷酸铝盐和磷酸钙盐含量分别提高40.0%和28.0%,且磷酸铝盐和磷酸钙盐占无机磷总量的比例提高,闭蓄态磷占无机磷总量的比例降低,促使土壤中难溶性磷向易溶性磷转化,提高土壤有效磷含量;最终早稻磷、钾吸收量分别提高14.0%和127.0%,早、晚稻产量分别增加11.0%和8.0%。由此得出,有机无机平衡施肥是适合于冷浸田土壤培肥、水稻增产的施肥方式。